’96上半年化工市场趋势

’９６上半年化工市场趋势市场看好的品种硝酸，硫酸，盐酸，液氯，烧碱，铬盐，氰化钠，双氧水，钛白粉，硫酸铜，黄磷，磷酸，三氯化磷，三氯氧磷，炭黑，氯酸钾，亚硝酸钠，一氯甲烷，四氯乙烯，烷基苯，丁二烯，对二甲苯，新戊二醇，三羟甲基丙烷，环氧氯丙烷，冰醋酸...     

2001—2002年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2001年7月到2002年6月有关国外塑料工业的相关期刊资料，介绍了2001年到2002年国外塑料工业的发展情况，提供了世界各地域塑料原材料的产量及构成比，日本，美国，加拿大，德国，法国，比利时，墨西哥，芬兰，西班牙等国家的树脂产量，消费量及增长率，以及日本，西欧，北美等地区的不同品种塑料原料消费量和增长率统计，按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯，聚丙烯，聚苯乙烯，聚氯乙烯，ABS树脂），工程塑料（尼龙，聚碳酸酯，聚甲醛，热塑性聚酯，聚苯醚），通用热固性树脂（酚醛，聚氨酯，不饱和树脂，环氧树脂），特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚，液晶聚合物，聚醚醚酮）不同品种的顺序，对树脂的产量，消费量及合成工艺，产品应用开发，树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等有关技术作了详细的介绍。     

380余种化工产品取消出口退税行业影响重大

根据调整目录，从2007年7月1日起，我国约380余种化工产品完全取消了出口退税。所涉及的化工产品包括粗苯，粗甲苯，粗二甲苯，萘，氟，氯，溴，碘，升华、沉淀、胶态硫磺，钠，汞，氯化氢（盐酸），氯磺酸，硫酸，发烟硫酸，红发烟硝酸，五氧化二磷，磷酸及偏磷酸、焦磷酸，硼的氧化物，硼酸，氨，氨水，     

巧心为用 寄托遥深——论陶瓷美术艺术手法

陶瓷美术作品的艺术魅力，在于巧用艺术手法，艺术手法大致可分引用，映衬，象征，双关，拟人，夸张，借代，对比，比喻，渲染等类，巧用这些手法，能大大地增强作品的艺术感染力。     

小尿素生产管理中应充分发挥台帐作用

尿素生产不仅具有高温、高压、易燃，易爆，易中毒的化工特点，而且介质腐蚀性强，易发生泄漏，结晶堵塞，管理不好，很容易使生产装置开开停停，造成生产的极大波动，生产管理中，我们建立了健全的安全，工艺，设备，质量等方面的各类台帐，并对其分析，归纳，总结，解决了生产中多种棘手的问题，为生产的安，稳，长，优，满运行打下了基础，诸如泵进出口阀内漏，造粒机溢流尿液，冷却器列管泄漏及泵不打量等因素对生产的影响都得有效地遏制和解决。     

紫砂器造型美

温润如君子，豪迈如丈夫，风流如词客，丽娴如佳人，葆光如隐士，潇洒如少年，短小如侏儒，朴讷如仁人，飘逸如仙子，廉洁如高士，脱俗如衲子。美名众多的宜兴紫砂在历史发展的长河中，造型变化繁多，各类品种万余种，既有源于自然，又有作者创作构思，结构外形趋向简洁明快，符合时代的节奏，给人以美的享受，同时又是很好的实用茶具，因而成为众多茶具中出类拔萃的优秀工艺品之一。     

顺酐生产与市场分析

顺酐又名马来酸酐，化学品称顺丁烯二酸酐，是一种重要的有机化工原料，是仅次于苯酐，醋酐的第三大酸酐，顺酐主要用于生产不饱和聚酯，醇酸树脂，另外还用于农药，涂料，油墨，润滑油添加剂，造纸化学品，纺织品整理剂，表面活性剂等领域，以顺酐为原料可以生产1，4－丁二醇，γ－丁内酯，四氢呋喃，马来酸，富马酸和四氢酸酐等一系列重要的有机化学品和精细化学品。     

关于含短纤维硫化橡胶

橡胆虽有良好的伸缩弹性，却无理想的强度，故早已使用补强性填料和各种骨架材料加以增强，以帘线，帘布和布等形式使用的上述骨架材料大部分由连续长纤维组成，虽有强能力高，制品形状保持性好等特点，但因伸长小，在使用上受到限制，此外，加工比较复杂，而且短纤维补强的胶料，虽无大如长纤维的补强效果，但去有充分的制品形状保持性，能控制纤维的取向和胶料的定伸强度，以及加工简便等优点，故自用添加石棉的胶料制作密封胶件始，今已广泛应用来制作胶管，三角带，轮胎，胶鞋，汽车橡胶配件，圈垫，保护面罩，防弹背心，火箭件垫，查胶海绵，电磁波屏蔽材料，防静电材料和导电橡胶等产品。     

我国精细化工中间体与催化技术的状况

我国精细化学品的分类及催化剂的应用 根据国情和国民经济发展的需要，中国将精细化学品分为农药，染料，涂料，颜料，试剂和高纯物，信息用化学品，食品和饲料添加剂，粘合剂，催化剂和各种助剂，化学药品和日用化学品。高分子聚合物中的功能高分子等11个大类。其中催化剂包括炼油，石油化工，有机化工，精细化工，合成氨，硫酸，环保用催化剂和其它催化剂；助剂包括印染助剂，塑料助剂，橡胶助剂，水处理化学品，纤维抽丝用油剂，有机抽提剂，高分子聚合物添加剂，表面活性剂，皮革化学品，农药用助剂，油田化学品，混凝土外加剂，机械和冶金用助剂，油田添加剂，炭黑，吸附剂，电子化学品，造纸化学品及玻璃防雾剂和乳胶凝固剂等其它助剂。将生产精细化学品的工业称为精细化工。     

水的预处理

水的预处理是在水精制处理之前，预先进行初步处理，以便在水的精处理时取得良好效果，提高水质。因为自然界的水都有大量的杂质，如泥沙，粘土，有机物，微生物，机械杂质等，这些杂质的存在，严重影响精制水的水质与处理效果，因此必须在精处理之前将一些杂质降低或除去，这就需要预处理，有时也称前处理。预处理的方法很多，主要有预沉，混凝，澄清，过滤，软化，消毒等。用这些方法预处理之后，可以使水的悬浮物（浊度），     

The effect of water on the characteristics of the flow microcalorimeter

The effect of water on the heats of absorption from solution is shown when the water is adsorbed on the solid or dissolved in the solvent, n-heptane. The effects are examined by taking rigorous steps to exclude water and by deliberately pre-adsorbing water onto the solid or dissolving water in the solvent. The results show that water must be excluded from the solvent and many types of solid, particularly those produced in the presence of water, must be pre-treated in a carefully standardised way if calorimetry is to be used as a standard method for surface area measurement.     

油田采出水悬浮液微观形态研究

采用动态法测定了固体颗粒-液体的接触角及固体颗粒的润湿性,创新性地采用显微镜法观察了油-水-固体颗粒体系的微观形态。结果表明,固体颗粒的极性力为22.04 mN/m,稍强于非极性力;模拟水和原油模拟油在固体颗粒上的表观接触角分别为64.65°和74.09°,固体颗粒对模拟水和模拟油均有一定的润湿性;油-水-固体颗粒体系中存在多种形态,即:固体颗粒粘附在油珠表面、油珠附着在固体颗粒表面、固体颗粒的聚集体以及单独的油珠,且原油中含有微生物。     

功能表面材料与流体界面相互作用对垂直降液膜流动特性的影响

通过调节水温度、添加表面活性剂以及铝合金壁面表面改性处理来改变降膜流体与固体表面之间的表面自由能差值,运用JDC-2000型精密测微仪测定垂直降液膜的厚度,研究固体表面和液体间相互作用对流体垂直降膜流动特性的影响;考察了液膜雷诺数、流体温度、添加表面活性剂、固体表面材料物理化学性质等因素对垂直壁面降液膜流动特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:改变固体表面与降液膜流体的物理化学特性,即改变固液界面的相互作用能够改变流体的降膜流动特性。降液膜平均厚度随液固表面自由能差的增大而减小。     

万年矿选煤厂煤泥水生产系统的工艺改造与管理

介绍了万年矿选煤厂扩能改造后煤泥水系统存在处理能力不足等问题,分析了煤泥水中固体物料粒度组成、洗水浓度对跳汰作业的影响以及絮凝剂与投药量的关系,对沉淀池、洗煤储水池、压滤系统、煤泥输送管路、高频筛和浓缩机进行了相应的改造和调整,提高了煤泥系统处理能力,实现了洗水闭路循环。     

Contribution of the solid phase polymerization to the molecular weight distribution in acrylonitrile precipitation copolymerization

Molecular weight distribution of copolyacrylonitrile, which was obtained from precipitation copolymerization without and with using dispersants in mixed solution, is studied. The contribution ratio of liquid phase polymerization and solid phase polymerization under different polymerization conditions could be worked out through the formula, which has been deduced in literature. From the calculated results, common points of each reaction system are, i) contribution ratio (r) of solid phase to liquid phase decreases with the increase of water content; thus the solid phase polymerization is gradually strengthened, which is apt to form chain of high molecular weight, ii) the higher temperature leads to higher compatibility between water and DMSO; thus the solid phase polymerization contribution would decrease, while the value of r is considerably larger. The limit molecular weight distribution of the system without dispersants in 100% water is approaching to 2; thus the corresponding r becomes larger, the molecular weight distribution ratio (Q) decreases in the system with dispersants.     

Examination of the parameters governing oily soil removal from synthetic substrates

The rate of removal of mineral oil soils from model polyester sub-strates by the roll-up mechanism shows a marked dependence on nonionic surfactant concentration even above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Similarly, although the solid/water interfacial tension is observed to be constant, the equilibrium oil/water inter-facial tension in these systems consistently decreases as the nonionic surfactant concentration is increased. The dependence of removal time and oil/water interfacial tension on surfactant concentration above the cmc is most pronounced for nonionic surfactants having relatively high cmc. At a given concentration, surfactants exhibiting the lowest equilibrium oil/water interfacial tension generally provide the most effective soil removal, suggesting that the reported depen-dence of removal time on surfactant concentration is related to the commensurate lowering of the oil/water interfacial tension. Nonyl phenol ethoxylates perform exceptionally well with mineral oil on polyester substrates because of the combination of a low oil/water interfacial tension and high solid/water adhesion tension. Regardless of surfactant structure, mineral oil on Teflon FEP maintains a high contact angle in the water because the solid/oil interfacial tension is less than the solid/water interfacial tension. Oil removal in such systems occurs only by an inefficient necking and drawing process. Oleyl alcohol displays a high contact angle in the water on both Teflon FEP and Mylar substrates for reasons similar to that of mineral oil on Teflon FEP. Partial oil removal occurs from both substrates in selected built systems, presumably because a low oil/ water interfacial tension promotes necking and drawing. Given sufficient time, unremoved oils develop a liquid crystalline phase which results in slow oil removal via dispersion. Triolein soils also possess a relatively low solid/oil interfacial tension and similarly exhibt a high contact angle (in water) on both Teflon FEP and Mylar substrates in unbuilt surfactant systems. Builder addition lowers the oil/water interfacial tension and thereby prompts necking and drawing action.     

The significance of helium diffusion measurements in studying the removal of structural water in inorganic hydrated systems

Helium diffusion studies were made on six different inorganic hydrated systems: portland cement, magnesium oxysulfate, magnesium oxychloride, tricalcium silicate, gypsum and selected molecular sieves. The helium intake versus time curves obtained after structural water was removed incrementally, starting at 11% RH, provided data that enabled an assessment of the changing character of the solid phase. Changes in solid volume and solid density were monitored as water was removed from these systems. Factors influencing physico-chemical processes such as structural collapse due to removal of interlayer or compositional water are discussed with reference to the systems studied. This comparative study also provided a further elucidation of the factors that affect the relocation of the water molecule into the structure.     

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Cypress: Effect of Water Amount on Structural Characteristics of the Solid Residue

Hydrothermal liquefaction of cypress was performed in an autoclave with various amounts of water. The obtained acid‐soluble and acid‐insoluble solid residues were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, sugar analysis, elemental analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance to help understand the reaction mechanisms of this process. The characteristics of solid residues were significantly affected by the water amount. Cellulose was more stable at high water amount and hemicelluloses were much more reactive than cellulose. Comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of milled wood lignin and milled solid residues indicated a significant cleavage of the side chains. The components of milled solid residues were mainly derived from decomposition and repolymerization of lignin. The decomposition of the side chains was substantial for lignin depolymerization during hydrothermal liquefaction.     

On the Predominant Electron-Donicity of Polar Solid Surfaces

The reasons for the predominant electron-donicity of almost all solid polar surfaces and its implications are discussed in this paper. By contact angle or interfacial tension measurements, the electron-accepting as well as the electron-donating properties of polar liquids can be ascertained, through the interplay between their energies of adhesion and cohesion. For the solid-liquid interface, direct interfacial tension measurements are not possible, but indirectly, solid/liquid interfacial tensions of polar systems can be obtained by contact angle measurement. However, as the energy of cohesion of a solid does not influence the contact angle formed by a liquid drop placed upon its surface, one can only measure the solid surface'ks residual polar property, manifested by the energy of adhesion between solid and liquid. This residual polar property is of necessity the dominant component; in most cases this turns out to be its electron donicity. When, by means of contact angle measurements with polar liquids, both electron-accepting and electron-donating potentials are found on a polar solid, it is most likely still partly covered with a polar liquid: usually water. The amount of residual water of hydration of a polar solid follows from its polar (Lewis acid-base) surface tension component (γ^AB). The degree of orientation of the residual water of hydration on a polar solid can be expressed by the ratio of the electron-donating to electron-accepting potentials (γ^⊖/γ^⊕), measured on the hydrated surface.     

聚氨酯弹性体在固体浮力材料上的应用

固体浮力材料是一种低密度、高强度多孔结构材料。将聚氨酯弹性体喷涂在材料表面作为阻水层使用,能有效降低材料吸水率和体积变形率,对提高固体浮力材料水下使用安全性和可靠性具有重要意义。