影响冰淇淋膨胀率主要的质构因素

应用统计学模型研究了影响冰淇淋膨胀率的质构因素。样品配方中采用三种甜味剂和三个水平的蔗糖酯,测定的因素包括凝冻前浆料的黏度以及成品冰淇淋的各项TPA质构参数。由多元线性回归方程得出冰淇淋的凝聚性、硬度、黏附性等质构参数能够影响冰淇淋的膨胀率。     

奇亚籽皮多糖对冰淇淋乳化稳定性及品质的影响

考察不同质量浓度（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mg/mL）的奇亚籽皮多糖作为乳化稳定剂在冰淇淋产品中的应用,通过对冰淇淋浆料稳定性和冰淇淋膨胀率、融化率、质构、气泡分布及结构特性等指标的测定,考察不同质量浓度奇亚籽皮多糖对冰淇淋品质的影响规律。结果表明：随着奇亚籽皮多糖质量浓度的增加,冰淇淋浆料的稳定性及冰淇淋的膨胀率、质构特性（弹性、黏附性、咀嚼性）提高,融化率和硬度降低,冰淇淋中气泡分布更加均匀,气泡直径均一,数量增多。添加奇亚籽皮多糖可提高冰淇淋浆料的表观黏度,冰淇淋浆料均表现出假塑性非牛顿流体。与空白冰淇淋样品对比,添加0.5 mg/mL质量浓度的奇亚籽皮多糖冰淇淋,其各性质测定结果略有改善,但质量浓度大于1.5 mg/mL时,可显著提高冰淇淋抗融性及稳定性,降低其硬度,改善其微观结构,气泡分布更均匀,使冰淇淋组织更加光滑。相较于空白冰淇淋样品,奇亚籽皮多糖的添加对冰淇淋的品质特性、结构特性及稳定性方面均有显著改善作用,为奇亚籽皮多糖应用于冰淇淋食品生产提供一定科学依据。     

超高压处理对冰淇淋浆料及其成品品质的影响

该研究主要探究超高压（ultra-high pressure,UHP）处理对分别以卡拉胶、黄原胶和塔拉胶为稳定剂制得的冰淇淋浆料及其成品品质的影响。以稳定剂添加量0.15%,分别经50、100、150、200 MPa处理60 min为处理组,以老化处理（2℃下静置24 h）为对照组,测定冰淇淋浆料的乳化性、乳化稳定性、混料粘度、粒径,分析荧光强度分布趋势,测定冰淇淋成品的硬度、膨胀率和融化率。结果表明,浆料经超高压处理后,其乳化性呈先升高后降低的趋势,当压力为150 MPa时乳化稳定性最高;内源荧光光谱扫描结果显示浆料中酪蛋白分子发生去折叠现象;该条件下以卡拉胶为稳定剂制得的冰淇淋成品的硬度、膨胀率和融化率最好。由此可知,由卡拉胶为稳定剂制得冰淇淋浆料在150 MPa处理后能在一定程度上改善冰淇淋的成品品质。     

小麦麸脂肪替代品对低脂冰淇淋品质的影响

研究了小麦麸脂肪替代品(WBFS)部分和全部替代冰淇淋中的脂肪对冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明:WBFS可以提高冰淇淋浆料的黏度,改善冰淇淋的膨胀率;全部脂肪被替代的冰淇淋(FFS)在抗融性、感官评定和质构方面表现出与常规冰淇淋(RF)相似或者略优的品质,而部分脂肪被替代的冰淇淋(MFS)却表现出较差的抗融性和差异明显的感官和质构特性。     

乳化型大豆分离蛋白对冰淇淋质构的影响及工艺优化

主要研究了乳化型大豆分离蛋白(ESPI)以40%~80%的添加量替代全脂乳粉在冰淇淋中的应用,通过测定冰淇淋浆料黏度、膨胀率、融化率等指标,研究ESPI的添加量对冰淇淋品质的影响。单因素实验表明,冰淇淋浆料粘度及硬度均随ESPI取代率的增加而显著提高;冰淇淋的膨胀率随着ESPI添加量的增加而提高;随着ESPI添加量的增加,冰淇淋的融化率有升高的趋势,达到60%的添加量时,融化率开始下降;ESPI冰淇淋感官评价综合指标随着添加量的增加先升高后降低。结果还表明,跟其他大豆分离蛋白相比,这种乳化型大豆分离蛋白的替代量处于较高的水平。大豆分离蛋白冰淇淋的品质与加工过程中的ESPI替代量、CMC-Na添加量、单甘酯添加量以及水的添加量有很大关系,4个因素对ESPI冰淇淋感官评定的影响大小顺序为:单甘酯添加量(C)CMC-Na添加量(B)水的添加量(D)ESPI替代量(A)。结合冰淇淋的膨胀率、融化率以及感官评定的结果,其最佳组合为:ESPI替代量为60%,CMC-Na添加量为0.3%,单甘酯添加量为0.2%,水的添加量为60%。     

以果胶为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋品质的影响

以果胶为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋中的脂肪,随着脂肪替代率的增加,冰淇淋浆料黏度和膨胀率增大,抗融化率下降,硬度增大.不同替代比例制得的低脂冰淇淋的各项感官指标均与中脂冰淇淋无显著差异;当替代全部脂肪时,所制得的无脂冰淇淋也有较好的感官接受性.     

改性大豆分离蛋白-磷脂复合物对冰淇淋品质的影响

针对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)取代部分乳粉生产冰淇淋,产品膨胀率低、易融化、口感较硬和有豆腥味等问题,本实验采用超高压改性大豆分离蛋白(USPI)、大豆分离蛋白-磷脂复合物(SPI-PLW)和超高压均质改性大豆分离蛋白-磷脂复合物(USPI-PLW)分别替代乳粉生产冰淇淋,研究了不同改性条件的大豆蛋白对冰淇淋浆料的静态流变学、膨胀率、融化率、硬度和微观结构的影响。通过对比研究得出,以USPI-PLW为原料制作成的冰淇淋的各项标准都优于其它类型的大豆分离蛋白冰淇淋。USPI-PLW冰淇淋融化率为33.17%,膨胀率可达86.86%,较传统低脂冰淇淋融化率降低26.86%,膨胀率提高了94.84%,且储藏硬化后无较大冰晶,相对于传统冰淇淋口感更绵软。     

以乳清蛋白为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋品质的影响

以乳清蛋白WPC-80为基质制备脂肪替代品,替代中脂冰淇淋中25%的脂肪。随着脂肪替代率的增加,冰淇淋浆料黏度和膨胀率增大,抗融化率和硬度下降,制得的低脂冰淇淋的各项感官指标均与中脂冰淇淋相当。当替代全部脂肪时,所制得的无脂冰淇淋也有较好的感官接受性。     

魔芋胶、琼脂及他拉胶对软冰淇淋品质影响研究

对反应软冰淇淋品质的各指标进行测试,以考察魔芋胶、琼脂、他拉胶对软冰淇淋品质的影响.结果表明,在没有乳化剂存在情况下,三种稳定剂相比,琼脂对软冰淇淋浆料黏度和热稳定性基本无影响,对膨胀率、抗溶性和硬度起降低作用,但相对其他2种稳定剂而言抗融性最好,硬度最大;魔芋胶对软冰淇淋浆黏度起增大作用,提高膨胀率,但硬度和抗融性最差;他拉胶对冰淇淋浆料黏度的影响随添加量的增加缓慢增大,对膨胀率、硬度和抗溶性均由降低作用,但对各指标的影响程度稍好于魔芋胶.     

酸奶冰淇淋乳化稳定剂的开发研究

通过单因素实验和正交实验,以感官评价和冰淇淋的浆料黏度、膨胀率、融化率为指标,对羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、瓜尔胶、黄原胶、刺槐豆胶组成的复配稳定剂和单硬脂酸甘油酯、山梨醇单硬脂酸酯(司盘60)组成的复配乳化剂进行优化,确定了应用酸奶粉的酸奶冰淇淋的复配乳化稳定剂。结果表明,该冰淇淋的复合乳化稳定剂优化配方为:CMC-Na 0.35%,瓜尔胶0.030%,黄原胶0.040%,刺槐豆胶0.040%,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.03%,司盘60 0.03%,产品的膨胀率为96.0%,融化率为4.8%(均为质量分数,下同),感官评分为98分。     

Ice cream structural elements that affect melting rate and hardness

Statistical models were developed to reveal which structural elements of ice cream affect melting rate and hardness. Ice creams were frozen in a batch freezer with three types of sweetener, three levels of the emulsifier polysorbate 80, and two different draw temperatures to produce ice creams with a range of microstructures. Ice cream mixes were analyzed for viscosity, and finished ice creams were analyzed for air cell and ice crystal size, overrun, and fat destabilization. The ice phase volume of each ice cream were calculated based on the freezing point of the mix. Melting rate and hardness of each hardened ice cream was measured and correlated with the structural attributes by using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. Fat destabilization, ice crystal size, and the consistency coefficient of the mix were found to affect the melting rate of ice cream, whereas hardness was influenced by ice phase volume, ice crystal size, overrun, fat destabilization, and the rheological properties of the mix.     

Influence of the partial substitution of skim milk powder for soy extract on ice cream structure and quality

In the present work, we aimed to study the influence of the partial substitution of skim milk powder for soy extract (SE) on the quality characteristics of ice cream. Physical and chemical composition, rheologic behavior, overrun value, hardness, melting characteristics, and sensory properties were evaluated at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30% substitution. The size and distribution of the ice crystals were measured before and after heat shock testing. The addition of a SE instead of skim milk powder promoted an improvement in the protein content, pH, and consistency coefficient, and it reduced the carbohydrate content of the ice cream mix. Treatment with a 10% substitution led to the highest overrun value and to the lowest hardness value. Ice cream containing SE in the formulation exhibited a greater melting resistance, a larger amount of small ice crystals, and a lower amount of ice crystal growth after heat shock. SE could be incorporated into ice cream formulation until the substitution level of 20% devoid affects its sensory acceptance.     

Effect of Okra Cell Wall and Polysaccharide on Physical Properties and Stability of Ice Cream

Stabilizers are used in ice cream to increase mix viscosity, promote smooth texture, and improve frozen stability. In this study, the effects of varying concentrations (0.00%, 0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45%) of okra cell wall (OKW) and its corresponding water‐soluble polysaccharide (OKP) on the physical characteristics of ice cream were determined. Ice cream mix viscosity was measured as well as overrun, meltdown, and consumer acceptability. Ice recrystallization was determined after ice cream was subjected to temperature cycling in the range of ?10 to ?20 °C for 10 cycles. Mix viscosity increased significantly as the concentrations of OKW and OKP increased. The addition of either OKW or OKP at 0.15% to 0.45% significantly improved the melting resistance of ice cream. OKW and OKP at 0.15% did not affect sensory perception score for flavor, texture, and overall liking of the ice cream. OKW and OKP (0.15%) reduced ice crystal growth to 107% and 87%, respectively, as compared to 132% for the control (0.00%). Thus, our results suggested the potential use of OKW and OKP at 0.15% as a stabilizer to control ice cream quality and retard ice recrystallization. OKP, however, at 0.15% exhibited greater effect on viscosity increase and on ice recrystallization inhibition than OKW.     

油脂对冰淇淋品质的影响

研究了不同品种及组成油脂、不同含量油脂对不同冰淇淋的结构、口感、膨胀率、抗融性的影响。实验表明:椰子油、奶油及其组合较适合冰淇淋中的应用,油脂的使用必须同整体配方及工艺相配套,它对产品的结构、口感、膨胀率影响重大,对抗融性的影响一般。     

Technological and sensorial properties of liquid nitrogen ice cream enriched with protein from brewing waste (trub)

Debittered trub (brewing waste) is an important source of protein source (70.26%). Trub and whey protein were used for 5% protein enrichment of ice cream frozen by liquid nitrogen. Three formulations were elaborated: ice cream standard (ICS), ice cream with whey protein (ICW) and ice cream with trub (ICT). Chemical composition, rheological properties, texture, overrun, melting rate, scanning electron microscopy and a sensorial test were performed. Results showed that ICT presented a higher viscosity, obtained on the upward curve up to 6.76 Pa s⁻¹, consistency index (22.96 (Pa s⁻¹)ⁿ), hysteresis area (140.40 mPa s⁻¹) and hardness (31113.33 g) but a lower melting rate (0.38 g min⁻¹), overrun (13.92%) and sensorial acceptability than the other formulations. The addition of trub debittered for protein enrichment improved ice cream properties and demonstrated that it could be used as a food ingredient.     

The microstructural,melting, rheological,and sensorial properties of high-overrun frozen desserts

Air incorporated during dynamic freezing influences the development of the microstructure and the final texture of frozen desserts. Frozen desserts were manufactured with 100–175% overrun from a constant ice cream mix formulation. Microstructural elements (fat, air, and ice phases) of the frozen desserts were then investigated and related to the melting, rheological, and sensory properties of the product. Mean ice crystal and air cell size were found to decrease with increasing overrun, and the extent of fat destabilization increased. Frozen desserts manufactured with higher overrun had slower drip-through rate and better shape retention after melting at ambient conditions, demonstrating that fat destabilization and the interplay of fat, air, and serum phases affect the melting behavior. Structural elements also influenced the rheological behavior, as measured by oscillatory thermo-rheometry. Frozen desserts had similar rheological properties at temperatures below the freezing point due to the presence of ice, and the values of G′ and G″ (solid-like and viscous-like character, respectively) increased with increasing overrun above the freezing point, corresponding to a more solid-like structure. Slight differences in sensory denseness and breakdown were detected, but sensory texture was not significantly different for the frozen desserts studied. This study provided insights into the role of air in ice cream and frozen desserts, and its influence on product texture.     

A modified ice cream processing routine that promotes fat destabilization in the absence of added emulsifier

The quality of ice cream made without added emulsifier using a modified processing routine was compared to ice cream made conventionally with and without added emulsifier. “Two-phase process” ice cream was created by preparing two separate phases; emulsion (fat, some protein, water) and solution (remaining protein, sugar, corn syrup solids, stabilizer, water) and combining them just before freezing. Quality indicators included percent fat destabilized, overrun and meltdown rate. Conventional process ice cream containing emulsifier exhibited a high degree of fat destabilization, high overrun and slow meltdown. Ice cream produced conventionally without emulsifier underwent little fat destabilization, had low overrun and melted rapidly. Ice cream produced by the two-phase process showed good fat destabilization and slow meltdown with moderate overrun, suggesting this method was successful in promoting desirable structure formation without added emulsifier.     

不同类型稳定剂和乳化剂对冰淇淋品质特性的影响

本文研究了不同类型的稳定剂和乳化剂在冰淇淋中的作用,以三种代表性的不同类型的稳定剂:卡拉胶（离子型多糖）、瓜尔豆胶（非离子型多糖）和明胶（蛋白质）,以及具有不同亲水亲油性的乳化剂:单硬脂肪酸甘油酯（Glyceryl Monostearate, MG,HLB=3.8）和吐温80（HLB=15）作为研究对象,以冰淇淋的物理特性（粘度、膨胀率与融化率）和感官（粘稠度、顺滑性、口融性与颗粒感）为指标,讨论了稳定剂和乳化剂对冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明,与吐温80相比,加入MG的冰淇淋膨胀率更高,抗融性更好,二者对浆料粘度的作用无显著性差异（P<0.05）;三种稳定剂均可增大冰淇淋浆料的粘度,其中,卡拉胶较瓜尔豆胶和明胶对浆料粘度的影响差异显著（P<0.05）,抗融性最强,瓜尔豆胶对膨胀率影响最大。其中MG与卡拉胶复配所得浆料粘度和抗融性最佳,分别为898.35 cp,融化率4.74%;与瓜尔豆胶复配所得冰淇淋膨胀率最高为66.95%。在此基础上,以MG作为乳化剂,复配瓜尔豆胶和卡拉胶,研究不同复配比例的稳定剂在冰淇淋中的作用。结果表明,稳定剂总添加量为0.25%时,卡拉胶与瓜尔豆胶的质量比为1:1.5,冰淇淋的浆料粘度可达1036.5 cp,融化率为17.4%,感官评分最高。