纳米Ni和Ni/SiCp纳米复合材料的超塑性

研究了用电沉积方法制备的纳米Ni和Ni/SiCp纳米复合材料的超塑特性,在试验温度410℃和450℃,应变速率为8.3×10-4s-1～5×10-2s-1的条件下,纳米Ni和Ni/SiCp纳米复合材料均表现出超塑性.当温度为450℃、应变速率为1.67×10-2s-1时,在Ni/SiCp中获得最大延伸率为836%;在同样的温度下应变速率为1.67×10-3s-1时纳米Ni获得最大延伸率为550%.对超塑性变形后组织的分析表明,晶界滑移是主要变形机制,晶粒长大至亚微米/微米量级后,变形机制是位错协调晶界滑移和位错滑移塑性.     

基于Murty准则的SiCp/Al复合材料热加工图研究

采用热模拟压缩试验对15%(体积分数)SiCp/Al复合材料在温度为623~773K、应变速率为0.001~10s~(-1)的热变形行为进行了研究,基于Murty准则建立了该材料的热加工图,并在此基础上建立了SiCp/Al复合材料临界失稳应变分布图。结果表明,随变形温度升高,SiCp/Al复合材料中的强化机制逐渐减弱,软化机制逐渐增强。基于临界失稳应变图可以确定出适合SiCp/Al复合材料加工的两个区域,分别为变形温度700~773K、应变速率0.001~0.01s~(-1)和变形温度740~773K、应变速率0.02~0.14s~(-1)。     

LY12CZ 铝合金超塑性孔洞长大及其对断裂的影响~*

供应状态 LY12CZ 铝合金具有超塑性,平均晶粒尺寸为15.3μm,在490℃,(?)_0=1.67×10~(-4)s~(-1)时,延伸率为346%,m 值为0.52—0.6。该材料为孔洞敏感材料,孔洞长大规律可用本文提出的二阶段孔洞模型描述。同时考虑材料的应变速率敏感性(m)和孔洞长大效应,可从理论上预测该材料的延伸率。     

碳化硅颗粒增强LY12铝合金复合材料超塑性研究

本文研究了粉末冶金法制造的SiCp/LY₁₂复合材料的超塑性。测定了热挤压态SiCp/LY₁₂复合材料的拉伸、压缩m值,分析了工艺参数对超塑性的影响,确定了超塑性成形工艺参数,并初步分析了SiCp/LY₁₂复合材料的显微结构和超塑拉伸试样断口形貌和断裂机制。      

碳化硅增强LY12铝基复合材料的超塑性

本文研究了以搅拌铸造法生产的碳化硅颗粒增强LY12铝基复合材料(SiCp/LY12)的超塑性预处理工艺及超塑性变形条件。经均匀化退火—热反挤压—温轧—再结晶预处理后,SiCp/LY12复合材料具有较好的超塑性。在T=793K、ε₀=6.4×10-4S-1的变形条件下,其最高延伸率达293%。并探讨了碳化硅颗粒在超塑性预处理及超塑性变形中的作用。     

基于材料静动态力学性能分析的SiCp/Al本构模型构建

基于SiCp/Al复合材料的静态和动态力学性能分析,构建SiCp/Al复合材料的本构模型。针对体积分数为20%的SiCp/2a14Al复合材料采用电子万能试验机进行准静态拉伸试验,研究材料的静态力学性能;采用霍普金森压杆试验进行不同温度(20～400℃)、不同应变率(500～3 000 s^-1)动态压缩试验,分析材料的动态力学性能。基于材料静态及动态下应力-应变试验数据构建SiCp/Al复合材料的Johnson-Cook(JC)本构模型,并通过遗传算法对模型进行优化。结果表明,SiCp/Al复合材料在准静态条件下表现出应变强化效应;在动态载荷条件下,材料流动应力随着应变速率的增加而增加,表现出应变率强化效应,这与碳化硅颗粒的体积分数有关;随着温度的增加,流动应力减小,表现为温度软化效应。最小二乘法拟合的JC模型与试验值的平均误差较大,经过遗传算法优化后模型误差减小,能够准确预测SiCp/2a14Al复合材料的流变行为。     

喷雾沉积法制造的铝基复合材料的超塑性

喷雾沉积法制造的SiC_P/LY12复合材料经热压和热正挤压后,晶粒得以细化,SiC_P分布的均匀性大大改善.超塑性拉伸试验结果表明:SiC_P/LY12复合材料具有超塑性;变形温度、应变速率对极限延伸率和应变速率敏感性指数m值均有较大的影响.在变形温度为500℃和初始应变速率为1.0×10-3s-1时,获得的极限延伸率为345%.      

SiCp/AZ91D镁基纳米复合材料的室温拉伸行为及塑性变形机理

为得到高强度和高塑性的镁基复合材料,通过高能超声分散法和金属型重力铸造工艺制备了SiC纳米颗粒分散均匀的SiCp/AZ91D镁基纳米复合材料,并进行T4固溶热处理和室温拉伸。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对试样拉伸后的显微组织和塑性变形机理进行观察与研究。结果表明:T4态SiCp/AZ91D镁基纳米复合材料室温下抗拉强度达到296 MPa,伸长率达到17.3%。经室温拉伸变形后复合材料基体微观组织中出现了大量的孪晶和滑移,孪生和滑移是复合材料塑形变形的主要机制。在室温拉伸过程中,α-Mg基体中SiC纳米颗粒周围形成高应变场,高应变场内形成大量位错和堆垛层错,这些位错和堆垛层错在拉伸应变的作用下演变成大量的滑移带和孪晶,这是SiCp/AZ91D镁基纳米复合材料在室温下具有高塑性的微观塑性变形机理。     

碳化硅增强铝基复合材料的力学性能和断裂机制

研究了碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)尺寸对用粉末冶金法制备体积分数为15%的SiCp/2009铝基复合材料力学性能和断裂机制的影响.结果表明,复合材料的强度随着SiCp尺寸的增大而减小,塑性则随着颗粒的增大而增大.当SiCp尺寸为1.5μm时,SiCp/2009A1复合材料的断裂主要以界面处撕裂和基体材料的开裂为主;当SiCp尺寸为20 μm时,复合材料的断裂主要以SiCp断裂为主;当SiCp尺寸处于两者之间时,SiCp/2009A1复合材料界面处撕裂和SiCp断裂的共同作用决定复合材料的断裂.     

7075Al/SiCp复合材料的热压缩变形流变应力和组织行为

采用圆柱试样在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对喷射沉积7075Al/SiCp复合材料进行高温压缩变形实验,实验条件为:变形温度300～450℃,应变速率0.001～1s-1.结果表明:7075Al/SiCp复合材料的流变应力大小受到变形温度和应变速率的强烈影响,流变应力随应变的增加而逐渐增加,出现一峰值后逐渐下降;流变应力随变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低而降低.可用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦形式来描述7075Al/SiCp复合材料高温压缩变形流变应力.随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,7075Al/SiCp复合材料热变形过程中SiCp的分布逐渐均匀化,有利其热加工性能的改善.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...