基于Catmull-Clark细分的曲面布尔运算基础研究

基于Catmull-Clark细分,提出一种对平面四边型网格进行操作的基础布尔运算,包括曲面求交、裁剪和网格级基础布尔运算,首先将细分曲面的求交转换为对一定细分层次的细分控制网格求交,得到满足一定精度要求的交线;采用局部修改交点处的控制网格拓扑结构和控制网格顶点位置的方法,实现了对细分曲面的裁剪;最后提出一种对一定细分层次的四边形控制网格进行操作的布尔运算,称之为细分曲面网格级布尔运算,包括布尔交、布尔并和布尔差3种运算,并给出了运算的基本原则与应用实例.     

基于形状控制的细分曲面的局部渐进插值方法

提出一种基于形状控制的 Catmull-Clark 细分曲面构造方法,实现局部插值任意拓扑的四边形网格顶点。首先该方法利用渐进迭代逼近方法的局部性质,在初始网格中选取若干控制顶点进行迭代调整,保持其他顶点不变,使得最终生成的极限细分曲面插值于初始网格中的被调整点;其次该方法的 Catmull-Clark 细分的形状控制建立在两步细分的基础上,第一步通过对初始网格应用改造的 Catmull-Clark 细分产生新的网格,第二步对新网格应用 Catmull-Clark 细分生成极限曲面,改造的 Catmull-Clark 细分为每个网格面加入参数值,这些参数值为控制局部插值曲面的形状提供了自由度。证明了基于形状控制的 Catmull-Clark 细分局部渐进插值方法的收敛性。实验结果验证了该方法可同时实现局部插值和形状控制。     

一种基于矩形网格加速的曲面裁剪算法

在地质模型中.曲面一般用三角网格来表示.在三维地质建模过程中经常需要对曲面进行裁剪操作,本文描述了一种网格曲面裁剪算法.它是将传统裁剪算法中的曲面三角网格和三角网格求交简化为曲面三角网格和矩形网格求交,由于矩形网格的数据结构简单.查找和定位方便(可以直接根据坐标值定位到所位于的矩形网格单元),算法简练,较大的提高了计算速度.     

Catmull-Clark细分曲面的形状调整

提出一种调整细分曲面形状的算法．该算法用cosα(Ck)取代C-B样条的形状因子α，并将Ck的定义区间从[-1，1]扩大到[-1，∞)；然后用这种扩展了的GB样条来构造catmull—clark细分曲面；使得生成细分曲面的形状不仅能够在C-B样条的范围内可调，而且还能在标准的catmull-clark细分曲面和初始的控制网格之间任意调整．该算法保留了C-B样条和catmull-clark细分曲面的主要特点，如精确表示圆柱体、处理任意拓扑结构的控制网格等。     

细分曲面求交交线计算方法的研究

主要针对三角网格的细分曲面求交提出了一种有效的交线计算的方法,该方法适用于任意三角网格的细分曲面中.在利用AABB和二部图进行初始控制网格相交性检测后,利用该方法快速有效地求出细分曲面的交线.     

散乱数据点的细分曲面重建算法及实现

提出一种对海量散乱数据根据给定精度拟合出无需裁剪和拼接的、反映细节特征的、分片光滑的细分曲面算法．该算法的核心是基于细分的局部特性，通过对有特征的细分控制网格极限位置分析，按照拟合曲面与数据点的距离误差最小原则，对细分曲面控制网格循环进行调整、优化、特征识别、白适应细分等过程，使得细分曲面不断地逼近原始数据．实例表明：该算法不仅具有高效性、稳定性，同时构造出的细分曲面还较好地反映了原始数据的细节特征。     

表驱动的细分曲面GPU绘制

为了充分利用GPU的并行计算能力高效地绘制递归定义的细分曲面,提出一种基于GPU的面分裂细分曲面的实时绘制算法.该算法通过离线预计算生成可以复用的细分查找表,它由细分矩阵组成,其大小仅与奇异点度数和最大细分深度线性相关,与输入网格无关;对于细分曲面控制网格的每个曲面片,如果包含2个或2个以上奇异点,则进行一次局部预细分;之后对于不规则曲面片,利用细分查找表由初始控制网格直接计算得到各细分层次上的控制顶点,无需逐层计算,从而最大限度地发挥GPU的并行处理能力;最后对各层次上的规则曲面片使用硬件细分着色器绘制,大大提高绘制效率.实验结果表明,文中算法可以高效地绘制细分曲面的极限曲面.     

隐式裁剪曲面的造型及绘制

隐式曲面没有参数域的概念,故对其裁剪问题的研究,很少有人问津.提出了一种隐式裁剪曲面的造型和绘制方法:先把投影平面变换到xy平面,将该xy平面作正交化网格剖分,由参数表示或隐式表示的裁剪曲线在该xy平面定义裁剪区域,再把裁剪后留下的区域内的网格投影到隐式曲面上,从而实现了隐式裁剪曲面的多边形化绘制.     

基于任意拓扑网的细分可控表达方法

在初始控制网格确定的情况下,生成的曲面形状惟一确定,最终的物体造型也随之确定,不具有可调性.通过在曲面细分过程中引入一个参数,给出一种新的细分曲面构造的算法,使得所得的细分曲面的表达度可控.调节一个参数值,可以得到一系列的细分曲面.最后给出了曲面设计的实例,表明这种算法简单、有效.     

隐式曲面的多分辨率法向网格逼近

法向网格是一种新型的曲面多分辨率描述方式，其中每个层次都可以表示为其前一个粗糙层次的法向偏移．文中提出一种基于法向网格表示的隐式曲面多分辨率网格逼近算法．首先通过基于空间剖分技术的多边形化算法获得隐式曲面的粗糙逼近网格，并利用网格均衡化方法对粗糙网格进行优化，消除其中的狭长三角形；然后利用法向细分规则迭代地对网格中的三角面片进行细分，并利用区间算术技术沿法向方向对隐式曲面进行逼近．最终生成的隐式曲面分片线性逼近网格为法向网格．该逼近网格为隐式曲面提供了一种多分辨率表示，网格具有细分连通性，其数据量较传统的多边形化算法所生成的网格有大幅度的压缩．该算法可用于隐式曲面的多级绘制、累进传输及相关数字几何处理．     

Sharp Features on Multiresolution Subdivision Surfaces

In this paper we describe a method for creating sharp features and trim regions on multiresolution subdivision surfaces along a set of user-defined curves. Operations such as engraving, embossing, and trimming are important in many surface modeling applications. Their implementation, however, is nontrivial due to computational, topological, and smoothness constraints that the underlying surface has to satisfy. The novelty of our work lies in the ability to create sharp features anywhere on a surface and in the fact that the resulting representation remains within the multiresolution subdivision framework. Preserving the original representation has the advantage that other operations applicable to multiresolution subdivision surfaces can subsequently be applied to the edited model. We also introduce an extended set of subdivision rules for Catmull–Clark surfaces that allows the creation of creases along diagonals of control mesh faces.     

一种通用的trimmed曲面三角化算法

本文提出一种既可用于进行trimmed曲面求交,也可用于进行trimmed曲面显示的快速trimmed曲面三角化算法。算法主要基于本文首次提出的对trimmed曲面的空间及参数trimmed边界进行相关离散的思想和入边、出边、跨边三角形等新概念。算法已经成功地应用于雕塑立体造型系统MESSAGE中,进行trimmed曲面的求交与显示。     

Feature-based decomposition of trimmed surface

A trimmed surface is usually represented by a parametric surface and a set of trimming curves. Because of the complexity in manipulating trimmed surfaces, many CAD processes and algorithms cannot be applied to trimmed surfaces directly. It is thus desirable to represent a trimmed surface by a group of regular surfaces. In this paper, an algorithm for decomposing a trimmed surface is presented. First, bisectors of the Voronoï diagram developed in the parametric space are used to define an isolated region for every trimming curve. Feature points on the trimming curves are extracted by considering curvatures of the curves. Correspondence between feature points and vertices on the bisectors are established by considering the similarity between the trimming curves and the bisectors. Regions of parametric patches are then identified. Finally, a group of regular surfaces are constructed by interpolating a set of sampled surface points on each of the identified regions.     

Ray-tracing triangular trimmed free-form surfaces

This paper presents a new approach to rendering triangular algebraic free-form surfaces. A hierarchical subdivision of the surface with associated tight bounding volumes provides for quick identification of the surface regions likely to be hit by a ray. For each leaf of the hierarchy, an approximation to the corresponding surface region is stored. The approximation is used to compute a good starting point for the iteration, which ensures rapid convergence. Trimming curves are described by a tree of trimming primitives, such as squares, circles, polygons, and free-form curves, combined with Boolean operations. For trimmed surfaces, an irregular adaptive subdivision is constructed to quickly eliminate all parts outside the trimming curve from consideration during rendering. Cost heuristics are introduced to optimize the rendering time further     

Computing offsets of trimmed NURBS surfaces

Offsetting of trimmed NURBS surfaces is one of the widely used functionalities in the design and manufacture simulations of composite laminates. This paper presents an approach for the offsetting of a trimmed NURBS surface. The approach has been developed mainly to meet the stringent accuracy requirements in the simulation of composite laminate design and manufacturing processes. However, the approach is applicable for the offset of a general trimmed NURBS surface. Though the method is based on known techniques in literature, the practical approach and the treatment of the subject presented is unique and has not been reported earlier. The basic approach consists of offsetting the underlying surface, offsetting of all the trimming loops and the creation of offset trimmed surface using the offset surface and the offset trimming loops. This is a unified offset approach for trimmed surfaces where in the offset of underlying surface and the offset of trimming loops are obtained using the same approach. The approach has better error control and results in less number of control points. Further the approach can be extended to obtain offsets of a general B-Rep. The approach has been used in the creation of offset surfaces of various aircraft components.     

基于解析法的裁剪PDE曲面的生成技术

为解决基于偏微分方程的曲面裁剪问题,研究一种广泛应用于偏微分方程曲面的裁剪方法.首先介绍基于偏微分方程的曲面生成方法,其次由参数域内的曲线在曲面上的投影,得到所求裁剪曲面的边界,然后利用解析法求得裁剪后的PDE曲面,最后列举一系列的实例来说明该裁剪方法的应用并且专门研究多个裁剪区域的问题.     

C-C细分曲面的交互形状修改

为了增强细分曲面的造型功能,讨论了C-C细分曲面的交互形状修改算法。通过实时建立局部坐标系定义C-C细分曲面上点、法向量和局部等参数线等约束并将其转化为对控制顶点的约束,得到全局线性系统,从而可以在满足不同类型的几何约束时修改曲面的形状。基于最小二乘法和能量优化法给出两种修改算法,前者可以保持控制顶点扰动量的总和最小,运行速度快,适合于局部、精确调整;后者利用罚函数法给出了能量极小意义下的最优解,适合于保持光顺性要求的全局修改。两种方法都可以利用广义逆矩阵求得显式解,具有可逆性、可交换性、结合性等优点,提高了曲面形状修改的效率和可控性。     

A new curve-based approach to polyhedral machining

This paper presents a new approach to three-axis NC tool path generation for sculptured surfaces. In the proposed curve-based approach, the gouge-free tool paths are generated from a polyhedral model of the STL (stereolithography) format. The polyhedral model is offset by a local-offsetting scheme. Then, the offset elements such as triangular facets, trimmed cylinders, and trimmed spheres are sliced by a series of drive planes. The curve segments on a drive plane are sorted, trimmed and linked, while the concave gouge is removed during the trimming process. The method is implemented on a PC, and some illustrative examples are provided in this paper. The main advantage of the proposed method is that the tool path can be generated from a polyhedral model without any concave and convex gouge, especially on an NC machine that supports NURBS interpolation. Other advantages and disadvantages of the proposed model are also discussed.     

Multiresolution Surfaces having Arbitrary Topologies by a Reverse Doo Subdivision Method

We have shown how to construct multiresolution structures for reversing subdivision rules using global least squares models (Samavati and Bartels, Computer Graphics Forum, 18(2):97–119, June 1999). As a result, semiorthogonal wavelet systems have also been generated. To construct a multiresolution surface of an arbitrary topology, however, biorthogonal wavelets are needed. In Bartels and Samavati (Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 119:29–67, 2000) we introduced local least squares models for reversing subdivision rules to construct multiresolution curves and tensor product surfaces, noticing that the resulting wavelets were biorthogonal (under an induced inner product). Here, we construct multiresolution surfaces of arbitrary topologies by locally reversing the Doo subdivision scheme. In a Doo subdivision, a coarse surface is converted into a fine one by the contraction of coarse faces and the addition of new adjoining faces. We propose a novel reversing process to convert a fine surface into a coarse one plus an error. The conversion has the property that the subdivision of the resulting coarse surface is locally closest to the original fine surface, in the least squares sense, for two important face geometries. In this process, we first find those faces of the fine surface which might have been produced by the contraction of a coarse face in a Doo subdivision scheme. Then, we expand these faces. Since the expanded faces are not necessarily joined properly, several candidates are usually at hand for a single vertex of the coarse surface. To identify the set of candidates corresponding to a vertex, we construct a graph in such a way that any set of candidates corresponds to a connected component. The connected components can easily be identified by a depth first search traversal of the graph. Finally, vertices of the coarse surface are set to be the average of their corresponding candidates, and this is shown to be equivalent to local least squares approximation for regular arrangements of triangular and quadrilateral faces.