杂多酸季铵盐催化氧化脱除柴油中硫化物的研究

随着国内燃料油标准日益严格,催化氧化脱硫技术被使用于柴油深度脱硫研究。实验合成新型杂多酸季铵盐催化剂,催化脱除柴油中硫化物的研究,实验中使用单因素对脱硫工艺进行优化,得出:使用[BMIM]2[CTMA]PMo12O40催化剂,在(n(C)/n(S)=0.06、n(H2O2)/n(S)=5、T=60℃、t=40 min、萃取剂(乙腈)=5 mL)反应条件下,柴油的脱硫率高达93.1%,硫含量从原来的369μg/g降至25.5μg/g。     

杂多酸离子液体催化汽油氧化萃取耦合脱硫研究

采用两步合成法制备了杂多酸离子液体[HMIM]_3PMo_(12)O_(40),研究了其在汽油氧化萃取耦合脱硫中的催化性能。通过单因素实验,分别考查了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和氧化剂H_2O_2的用量对模拟汽油中硫化物苯并噻吩的脱除效果影响。研究表明,当T=70℃,催化剂[HMIM]_3PMo_(12)O_(40)用量n_([HMIM]3PMo12O40)/n_(S)=0.04,氧化剂用量n_(H_2O_2)/n_(S)=6,t=90min,萃取剂乙腈用量V=4m L时,脱硫率可达84.6%,且杂多酸离子液体[HMIM]_3PMo_(12)O_(40)具有较好的循环使用性能。     

离子液体脱除汽油中含硫化合物的研究

Brφnsted酸性吡咯烷酮离子液体N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮氟硼酸盐([Hnmp]BF4)为萃取剂和催化剂,质量分数30%双氧水为氧化剂,将萃取脱硫和氧化脱硫相结合,对含有噻吩的模型油和FCC汽油进行萃取氧化脱硫研究。考察了氧与硫摩尔比、温度等对脱硫率的影响。结果表明:[Hnmp]BF4既是萃取剂又是催化剂,与H2O2作用产生的羟基自由基能将模型油中的噻吩和FCC汽油中的含硫化合物氧化,离子液体再生4次后脱硫性能开始下降,汽油的脱硫率达到82.7%。     

氨基酸杂多酸盐在模拟汽油催化氧化脱硫中的应用研究

分别以甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)和谷氨酸(Glu)为阳离子,磷钨酸和磷钼酸为阴离子,合成了氨基酸杂多酸盐[Gly]_3PW_(12)O_(40)、[Ala]_3PW_(12)O_(40)、[Glu]_3PW_(12)O_(40)和[Glu]3PMo12O40。以氨基酸杂多酸盐为催化剂、离子液体1-甲基-3-辛基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Omim]PF6)为萃取剂、过氧化氢为氧化剂,考察了模拟汽油催化氧化脱硫效果。其中,[Glu]_3PW_(12)O_(40)-[Omim]PF6-H2O2催化氧化脱硫体系的脱硫效果最好,采用该体系考察了脱硫条件对模拟汽油脱硫率的影响。结果表明,当n(过氧化氢)∶n(硫)∶n(催化剂)=100∶25∶1、反应时间为60 min、反应温度为50℃、V([Omim]PF6)∶V(模拟汽油)=1∶5时,模拟汽油中二苯并噻吩(DBT)的脱除率可达98.5%,重复使用5次脱硫率仍高于95%。     

功能化杂多酸盐在燃料油催化氧化脱硫中的应用研究

采用一步合成法制备了以甘氨酸为阳离子、磷钨酸为阴离子的功能化杂多酸盐[Gly]_3PW_(12)O_(40)。以[Gly]_3PW_(12)O_(40)为催化剂,以离子液体[Hmim]PF6、[Hmim]BF4、[Bmim]PF6、[Bmim]BF4分别为萃取剂,以过氧化氢为氧化剂,构建了杂多酸盐耦合离子液体的催化氧化脱硫体系。研究表明,以[Hmim]PF6为萃取剂可以获得最佳的脱硫效果。采用单因素实验研究了脱硫工艺条件对[Gly]_3PW_(12)O_(40)/[Hmim]PF6/H2O2体系脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,在n(过氧化氢)/n(硫)=4、反应时间为90 min、反应温度为60℃、n[Gly]_3PW_(12)O_(40)/n(硫)=0.025、[Hmim]PF6用量为1 m L条件下,燃料油的脱硫率可达99.2%,并且脱硫体系[Gly]_3PW_(12)O_(40)/[Hmim]PF6具有很好的重复使用性能。     

相转移催化氧化脱除噻吩的应用研究

以噻吩溶液为模型化合物,应用季铵盐类相转移催化剂,对FCC汽油相转移催化氧化-萃取脱硫工艺进行了系统研究。考察了相转移催化剂、氧化时间、氧化温度、氧化剂加入量等工艺条件对脱硫率的影响。研究结果表明,季铵盐相转移催化剂的阴阳离子对脱硫率有重要影响。以四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)为相转移催化剂,反应温度40℃,反应时间150 min,氧化剂用量为n(H2O2):n(S)=4,萃取剂为二甲基亚砜时脱硫率可达93.1%。     

酸性离子液体[Hnmp]HSO_4在模拟汽油脱硫中的应用研究

制备了酸性离子液体N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐[Hnmp]HSO_4,以其同时作为催化剂和萃取剂,H_2O_2作为氧化剂,用于氧化萃取脱除模拟汽油中硫化物的研究,采用单因素实验,优化了模拟汽油脱硫的工艺条件。研究表明,当氧化剂H_2O_2的用量为n(H_2O_2)/n(S)=6,反应时间为60 min,反应温度为50℃,离子液体用量为V([Hnmp]HSO_4):V(模拟汽油)=0.3时,模拟汽油的脱硫率可达98.5%。离子液体[Hnmp]HSO_4回收重复使用6次后,脱硫率无明显降低。     

一步法柴油相转移催化氧化脱硫研究

制备了两种磷钼酸季铵盐类相转移催化剂[C16H33(CH3)3N]2[HPMo12O40]和[(CH3CH2)4N]2[HPMo12-O40],以30%的H2O2为氧化剂,易回收、无毒复合溶剂为萃取剂,采用一步氧化萃取脱硫法和两步氧化萃取脱硫法对直馏柴油进行了氧化脱硫研究。结果表明,一步法脱硫效果比两步法好,[C16H33(CH3)3N]2[HPMo12O40]的脱硫效果优于[(CH3CH2)4N]2[HPMo12O40],适宜的反应条件为:O/S比(摩尔比)为8∶1,催化剂用量5%,反应温度40℃,反应时间80 min,萃取剂油比1(体积比),此时直馏柴油的脱硫率为61.3%,收率为95%,催化剂重复使用5次后,脱硫率没有明显下降。     

负载型磷钨酸对汽油模型化合物氧化脱硫研究

以噻吩溶液为模型化合物,采用浸渍法将磷钨酸(HPWA)负载在HY分子筛上,并用负载后的催化剂对FCC模拟汽油催化氧化脱硫。考察了氧化温度、催化剂负载量、氧化时间、催化剂用量、氧化剂加入量等工艺条件对脱硫率的影响。研究结果表明,负载型磷钨酸作为催化剂,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,萃取剂（S）为二甲基亚砜,反应温度40 ℃,反应时间150 min,氧化剂用量为n(H2O2)/n(S)为8时脱硫率可达9289%。反应后模型化合物的硫含量降至36 μg/g,满足我国汽油含硫标准,此方法可用于生产低硫汽油。     

离子液体[Bmim]BF_4合成反应后的纯化工艺

考察了离子液体[Bmim]BF4(四氟硼酸1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑)合成反应后纯化步骤中CH2Cl2用量、H2O用量及不同萃取水洗方式等因素对[Bmim]BF4得率的影响,得到了纯化时合理的CH2Cl2用量及H2O用量,质量比为:CH2Cl2:H2O:[Bmim]BF4粗品=7:3:10,其中H2O采用多次加入方式进行萃取水洗效果较好、离子液体的得率较高,纯化后[Bmim]BF4得率约为93.15%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。