ICP等离子体辅助对共蒸发法制备Cu-Zn-Sn金属前驱体和CZTS薄膜的优化

本文在传统蒸发沉积制备工艺的基础上, 引入ICP (Inductively coupled plasma)等离子体辅助技术, 在玻璃衬底上制备了铜锌锡(CZT) 金属前驱体. 在蒸镀过程中保持衬底温度为220oC, 气压为6.5×10-2Pa, 氩气放电辅助蒸发舟蒸镀. 采用Langmuir探针测量Ar气等离子体参数,等离子体密度和电子温度随着放电功率的增加而增大. 改变等离子体的放电功率, 探究功率对CZT前驱体薄膜结构和形态的影响. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行表征. 结果表明: 等离子体的引入可以改善传统蒸镀法制备的前驱体中Zn缺失的现象; 使得金属前驱体的晶粒尺寸变大, 排列致密, 结晶程度较高.最后,制备Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)薄膜并测量其性能,进一步证明ICP可以优化薄膜的生长.     

八羟基喹啉镉薄膜制备及其光学特性

用真空蒸镀方法,在玻璃衬底上制备了衬底温度不同的八羟基喹啉镉薄膜.XRD分析表明,八羟基喹啉镉薄膜呈多晶态,且衬底温度越高,衍射峰越强,薄膜的结晶性能逐渐变好,结晶晶粒尺度也越大.AFM研究表明,衬底温度升高,薄膜表面形貌越均匀有序,质量变好.MM-16相调制型椭圆偏振光谱仪研究发现,衬底温度升高导致反蒸发增强,薄膜生长速率减小,随着入射光波长的增加,薄膜的折射率和消光系数逐渐减小.随着衬底温度升高,因薄膜晶粒尺度增大,折射率和消光系数也增大;并给出了它们的变化范围.     

CuInSe2薄膜的化学溶液制备方法

采用了一种低成本化学溶液法制备铜铟硒(CuInSe_2,CIS)薄膜.研究了预退火温度、硒化温度及基片衬底等实验参数对材料性能的影响.采用硝酸铜和氯化铟配置前驱体溶液,旋涂法制膜,后经480℃硒化退火得到CIS薄膜.XRD测试结果表明薄膜结晶性良好,具黄铜矿结构;SEM测试结果显示薄膜由较大晶粒组成,表面相对平整致密;EDX测试显示薄膜组分相对合理,略贫Cu而富Se.采用此薄膜为吸收层制备CIS原型薄膜太阳能电池,其光电测试显示单层CIS光伏响应达到1.6%.     

八羟基喹啉镉薄膜制备及其光学特性

用真空蒸镀方法,在玻璃衬底上制备了衬底温度不同的八羟基喹啉镉薄膜.XRD分析表明,八羟基喹啉镉薄膜呈多晶态,且衬底温度越高,衍射峰越强,薄膜的结晶性能逐渐变好,结晶晶粒尺度也越大.AFM研究表明,衬底温度升高,薄膜表面形貌越均匀有序,质量变好.MM-16相调制型椭圆偏振光谱仪研究发现,衬底温度升高导致反蒸发增强,薄膜生长速率减小,随着入射光波长的增加,薄膜的折射率和消光系数逐渐减小.随着衬底温度升高,因薄膜晶粒尺度增大,折射率和消光系数也增大;并给出了它们的变化范围.     

不同衬底温度生长的La_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoO_3薄膜椭圆偏振光谱研究

采用脉冲激光沉积法(PLD)在不同Si(100)衬底温度下制备了La_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoO_3(LSCO)导电金属氧化物薄膜.X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,随着衬底温度升高LSCO薄膜的结晶质量增加,在650℃和700℃下制备的薄膜是具有单一钙钛矿结构的多晶薄膜.通过椭圆偏振光谱仪测量了400～1100nm波长范围内该导电金属氧化物薄膜的光学性质,采用双Lorentz振子色散关系及三相结构模型(Air/LSCO/Si)拟合获得了薄膜的光学常数.结果表明,薄膜的折射率随着衬底温度的升高而减小,然而在可见-近红外波长范围内消光系数随着衬底温度的升高而增大.这主要与薄膜的晶化质量和导电性能有密切的关系.     

铜薄膜的直流磁控溅射制备与表征

根据薄膜的形成机理,用直流磁控溅射方法制备出了表面结构平滑、致密的Cu薄膜.实验中,采用纯度＞99.9%的铜靶,工作气压保持在2.7 Pa不变,玻璃衬底温度随环境温度变化.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)研究了薄膜的织构、晶粒尺寸和表面形貌.结果表明,随着溅射功率增大,薄膜织构减弱;溅射功率增大和溅射时间增加均可使薄膜的晶粒尺寸增大,在溅射功率≤100 W时获得的薄膜晶粒细小,有裂纹缺陷;溅射功率为150 W,溅射时间为30 min时,薄膜表面结构平滑、致密,晶粒尺寸相对较大.须进一步改进工艺参数,如衬底温度等,从而制备出表面结构平滑、致密、晶粒细小的薄膜.     

热蒸发紫外LaF3薄膜光学性能和结构表征

在不同的沉积温度下,用热蒸发方法在熔融石英(JGS1)上制备了LaF3单层薄膜。分别采用分光光度计测量了薄膜样品的透射率和反射率光谱,反演得出薄膜的折射率和消光系数;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察了样品的表面形貌,并通过表面粗糙度计算得出总积分散射损耗;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测试了薄膜的晶体结构,由衍射谱图拟合得到衍射峰的半峰全宽,进而计算出薄膜晶粒的平均尺寸。实验结果表明,随着沉积温度的升高,LaF3薄膜的结晶状况明显变好,晶粒尺寸逐渐变大,膜层变得更加致密,薄膜的光学常数和折射率不均匀性均呈线性变化。沉积温度的增加对薄膜表面粗糙度的影响不明显,散射损耗在光学损耗中所占比例较小,所以光学损耗的变化主要由吸收损耗引起。     

用MOCVD方法在GaAs衬底上低温生长ZnO薄膜

采用二乙基锌(DEZn)和水(H2O)作为生长源,利用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)的方法,在100～400℃低温范围内,在GaAs(001)衬底上制备了ZnO薄膜.利用X射线衍射(XRD),室温PL,AFM,SEM研究了薄膜的晶体结构特性、发光特性及表面形貌特性.XRD分析表明ZnO薄膜具有很强的c轴取向,(002)峰的FWHM平均值为0.3°.当生长温度达到400℃时从SEM测量结果可以观察到薄膜表面呈六角状结晶.随着生长温度的升高,薄膜的晶粒尺寸变大,结晶质量得到提高但同时表面变粗糙.室温PL测量显示薄膜在370nm附近有强的近带边发射,没有观测到深能级发射峰.     

用MOCVD方法在GaAs衬底上低温生长ZnO薄膜

采用二乙基锌(DEZn)和水(H2O)作为生长源,利用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)的方法,在100～400℃低温范围内,在GaAs(001)衬底上制备了ZnO薄膜.利用X射线衍射(XRD),室温PL,AFM,SEM研究了薄膜的晶体结构特性、发光特性及表面形貌特性.XRD分析表明ZnO薄膜具有很强的c轴取向,(002)峰的FWHM平均值为0.3°.当生长温度达到400℃时从SEM测量结果可以观察到薄膜表面呈六角状结晶.随着生长温度的升高,薄膜的晶粒尺寸变大,结晶质量得到提高但同时表面变粗糙.室温PL测量显示薄膜在370nm附近有强的近带边发射,没有观测到深能级发射峰.     

电化学沉积铜铟镓硒薄膜中溶液温度的影响

摘要：使用电化学沉积技术可低成本制备铜铟镓硒（CIGS）薄膜,并应用于太阳电池。本文研究恒压法电化学沉积中电解液温度对制备CIGS薄膜性能的影响。以柠檬酸钠为缓冲剂,Mo玻璃为衬底,电位恒定为-0.75V,电解液温度分别为20,40,60℃,均得到厚度约为1μm的CIGS薄膜。结果表明以电沉积法成功制备出黄铜矿结构的CIGS多晶薄膜,晶粒均匀,X射线衍射谱表明其组分为CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2。电解液温度对制备薄膜的质量有显著影响,随着电解液温度升高,CIGS薄膜的结晶性变好,晶粒尺寸呈现增大趋势。电解液温度变化对薄膜组分无明显影响。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks