抗痢疾志贺氏菌的特异性IgY的研究

以痢疾志贺氏菌为抗原免疫产蛋母鸡,从鸡卵黄中提取免疫球蛋白,建立抗痢疾志贺氏菌的特异性IgY的效价检测方法,并研究母鸡的免疫应答性以及抗体的提取方法和体外抑菌效果。研究结果表明:用108cfu/mL和109cfu/mL剂量的抗原分别免疫的鸡的卵黄中,于初次免疫后的第12天出现抗痢疾志贺氏菌IgY,两组效价均为1∶3600。经加强免疫后效价迅速上升,至第48天低剂量免疫组达到最高效价1∶28800;第60天高剂量免疫组达到最高效价1∶57600。低剂量免疫组的效价维持了210d,高剂量免疫组的效价在免疫后360d时仍维持在1∶7200水平。用水稀释法、硫酸铵溶液分级盐析、SephadexG-25凝胶过滤以提取IgY,提纯后IgY的效价翻倍。SDS-PAGE鉴定抗体的纯度,电泳图谱中出现抗体的轻链和重链两条带。体外抑菌实验表明,IgY能抑制痢疾志贺氏菌的生长。     

特异性抗肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7内毒素鸡卵黄抗体的制备

目的:比较研究LPS和O-SP的免疫原性,制备出特异性抗内毒素(LPS)鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白(eggyolkimmunoglobulin,IgY),用于对E.coliO157:H7的免疫预防及检测。方法:分别用灭活E.coliO157:H7菌体、不同浓度内毒素(LPS)及O-特异性多糖链(O-SP)与不完全弗氏佐剂充分乳化后作抗原免疫临产蛋母鸡,以水稀释法从卵黄中提取抗体,阴离子交换色谱法实现对抗体的纯化,间接ELISA及双向免疫扩散检测抗体产生效价与活性。结果与结论:所制内毒素(LPS)和O-SP均有较好的免疫原性,刺激鸡体后可产生高效价抗体,灭活菌体、600μg/mlLPS、1200μg/mlLPS、2000μg/mlLPS、O-SP抗体产生效价最高可分别达1:32000、1:28000、1:32000、1:12000、1:40000。结合离子交换色谱,用0.185mol/L的离子强度可实现一步洗脱纯化抗体,制备出高纯度、高活性、特异性强的鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白IgY,为大肠杆菌O157:H7的感染防治提供了可靠的保证,在此实验基础之上可进一步探讨应用特异性IgY对大肠杆菌O157:H7的检测。     

双抗夹心ELISA检测食品中大肠杆菌O157:H7方法研究

研究获得纯化抗大肠杆菌O157:H7IgY抗体,经检测10mg/ml纯化IgY抗体的效价为1:320;以大肠杆菌O157:H7免疫新西兰大耳白兔,获得兔抗大肠杆菌O157:H7IgG抗体,效价达1:25600。以兔抗大肠杆菌O157:H7IgG抗体稀释3200倍作为捕获抗体,抗大肠杆菌O157:H7IgY抗体为检测抗体建立双抗夹心ELISA方法检测大肠杆菌O157:H7,正交试验分析表明,捕获抗体于37℃包被2h、不封闭、抗原与捕获抗体于37℃结合2h、检测抗体浓度为0.25mg/ml、与抗原于37℃结合1h为最优反应条件。该方法对纯培养菌液检出限为105CFU/ml,具有良好的敏感性及特异性。染菌样品经在EC增菌液中选择性培养后进行双抗夹心ELISA检测,接种量为0.1～1CFU/g(ml)的样品在培养12h后可检出阳性反应,1～10CFU/g(ml)的样品在培养8h后可检出阳性反应。     

抗变链球菌鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白(IgY)的制备及活性检测

以远缘链球菌(S.sorbrinus 6715血清型g)免疫产卵母鸡,应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定鸡卵黄中免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin of Yolk,IgY)的活性,研究鸡免疫应答并制备出高免抗-S.sorbrinus IgY.结果显示以109 cfu/只剂量免疫的母鸡,第一次免疫后的第七天卵黄中出现特异性IgY,加强免设后抗体效价上升更快,经ELISA法检测,卵黄中的抗体效价到1384.而冷冻干燥后的IgY,其效价要超过12000.     

3种特异性IgY与IgG相对亲和力特性的比较研究

采用硫氰酸铵和尿素洗脱ELISA法两种方法,分别对牛β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白和大肠杆菌O157:H7与对应抗原的卵黄抗体(IgY)与免疫球蛋白(IgG)抗体相对亲和力特性进行比较研究。结果表明：3种特异性IgY与抗原的相对亲和力比IgG要高,对蛋白抗原,两种抗体的相对亲和力相差不大,而对大肠杆菌O157:H7,两种抗体的差别明显加大,IgY的相对亲和力较IgG强。两类乳源蛋白抗体亲和力比较,发现κ-酪蛋白抗体与抗原的亲和力高于β-酪蛋白抗体,前者用于乳品免疫检测中,可提高方法灵敏度。     

单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogens)鸡卵黄抗体的制备及其抑菌活性研究

以单增李斯特菌为抗原免疫产蛋母鸡,比较了不同方法对于鸡卵黄中单增李斯特菌抗体(IgY)的分离效果,研究确定了所得IgY的主要理化性质及其对于单增李斯特菌的体外抑菌效果。研究结果表明,采用硫酸铵盐析法可以取得较好的提取纯化效果,提取液中的单增李斯特菌抗体效价可以达到1∶10 000以上,且蛋白组分较为单一。IgY具有较好的理化稳定性,pH3～9范围内均可保持70%以上的免疫活性,经60℃、4 h处理后仍保持约67%的免疫活性。体外抑菌实验显示,液态培养8 h、固态培养24 h后,该抗体能够对于单增李斯特菌的生长产生显著的抑制率效应;这表明其有望作为新型天然抗菌剂用于生物体及动物性食品中单增李斯特菌的预防和控制。     

大肠杆菌O157:H7量子点免疫层析试纸条的研制

研制一种大肠杆菌O157:H7量子点免疫层析试纸。利用自制水溶性量子点静电偶联大肠杆菌O157:H7单克隆抗体,将大肠杆菌O157:H7单克隆抗体和羊抗兔二抗划线于硝酸纤维素膜分别作为检测线和质控线,制备双抗体夹心法检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的量子点免疫层析试纸。该试纸条能在5min内完成检测,检测限制为1×104 CFU/mL,对常见的8种食源菌无交叉反应。基于量子点的大肠杆菌O157:H7免疫层析试纸操作简便,灵敏度和特异性较好,可用于食品快速检测。     

杭变链球菌鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白（lgY）的制备及活性检测

以远缘链球菌（S.sorbrinus 6715血清型g)免疫产卵母鸡，应用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）测定鸡卵黄中免疫球蛋白（Immunoglobulin of Yolk,lgY)的活性，研究鸡免疫应答并制备出高免抗－S.sorbrinus lgY。结果显示出10^9cfu/只剂量免疫的母鸡，第一次免疫后的第七天卵黄中出现特异性lgY，加强免设后抗体效价上升更快，经ELISA法检测，卵黄中的抗体效价到1：384。而冷冻干燥后的lgY，其效价要超过1：2000。     

贮藏于4℃的家制酸奶中低浓度大肠杆菌O157:H7的存活研究

牛奶预热后分装并分别接种体积分数3%的酸奶和2.15(lg(CFU/mL))的大肠杆菌O157:H7,在45℃下发酵5h后贮藏于4℃的冰箱中。利用Pathatrix大体积循环系统中偶联了抗体的免疫磁珠特异性地捕获这些酸奶中的大肠杆菌O157:H7。免疫磁珠重悬于1%的蛋白胨水后涂布于添加了新生霉素(5mg/L)的山梨醇麦康凯固体培养基中,培养基在37℃恒温培养箱中放置24h。实验结果表明,酸奶中大肠杆菌O157:H7的数量逐渐减少,12d后才检测不到。因此乳制品加工及保存过程中,需要加强对大肠杆菌O157:H7污染的监测,以保证乳制品的安全性。     

一株肠出血性大肠杆菌O157H7免疫奶牛实验即抗EHEC O157H7免疫乳的试制

用1株O157H7菌株和另外11株人类肠道主要病原细菌配制O157H7单菌疫苗和多菌联合多价疫苗,对荷斯坦牛进行免疫实验。对免疫常乳中抗EHEC O157H7特异性抗体凝集价进行了长期监测,并对受试奶牛的免疫反应、应激反应及疫苗对奶牛可能产生的毒性作用进行了观察。结果证明,疫苗免疫效果很好,所有奶牛在整个泌乳期一直保持较高的特异性抗体效价(滴度),均在27以上,下个泌乳期开始阶段也未见明显下降的迹象。本次实验意外发现约有30%的未进行过免疫注射的对照组乳样有较高的O157H7特异性抗体滴度,个别乳样凝集价高达27,这可能说明这些牛群中有较高的O157H7感染率或携带率。O157H7是人类近二十余年来才开始认识到的出血性结肠炎(HC)的主要致病菌,能造成出血性腹泻和其它严重并发症。是值得研究和重点防范的病原细菌。     

Growth Inhibitory Effect of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY) on Escherichia coli O157:H7

Escherichia coli O157:H7‐specific antibodies (immunoglobulin Y [IgY]) were isolated by the water‐dilution method from the egg yolk of chickens that were immunized with E. coli O157:H7 whole cells. The specific‐binding activity of IgY against E. coli O157:H7 as determined by the enzyme immuno assay showed high levels of activity against bacterial whole cells. IgY binding activity was further demonstrated to have an inhibitory effect on E. coli O157:H7 growth in a liquid medium. The antibacterial function of IgY appeared to result from the interaction of IgY with surface components of E. coli O157:H7, as proven from observation of immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.     

Effect of Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum probiotic feeding on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in BALB/c mice

The effectiveness of Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum RBL 71 as a probiotic against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection was studied using a murine model. BALB/c mice were fed the probiotic for 7 days before or after single challenge with E. coli O157:H7. Fecal B. thermacidophilum RBL 71 and E. coli O157:H7 counts obtained by selective culturing methods were assessed for 1 week before and after infection while feed intake, body weight and composition were monitored during 1 week after infection. Histology of gut tissue (jejunum, ileum and colon) and production of fecal IgA antibodies and serum IgG+IgM antibodies to E. coli O157:H7 were analyzed until 1 and 2 weeks post-infection, respectively. The pathogenicity of E. coli O157:H7, marked by body weight loss and intestinal histopathological changes in the infected group, was significantly reduced in the B. thermacidophilum-treated group. Feeding B. thermacidophilum RBL 71 for 7 days before infection resulted in greater post-challenge feed intake and weight gain and lower fecal levels of E. coli O157:H7. Post-infection levels of anti-E. coli O157:H7-specific IgA in feces and IgG+IgM in serum were higher in mice fed bifidobacteria. Intestinal injuries were also attenuated and reaction of the lymphoid component in the mucosa of the ileum was greater in the bifidobacteria-fed group. A lesser degree of protection against E. coli O157:H7 infection was observed when bifidobacteria were given during the 7 days after E. coli O157:H7 infection. These results demonstrate that feeding the probiotic B. thermacidophilum RBL 71 to mice can reduce the severity of E. coli O157:H7 infection, and suggest that this strain represents a good candidate for the prevention of enteric infections in human.     

Inactivation of escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle drinking water by sodium caprylate

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen. Cattle serve as one of the major reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7, excreting the pathogen in feces. Environmental persistence of E. coli O157:H7 is critical in its epidemiology on farms, and the pathogen has been isolated from cattle water troughs. Thus, there is a need for an effective method for killing E. coli O157:H7 in cattle drinking water. In this study, the efficacy of sodium caprylate for killing E. coli O157:H7 in cattle drinking water was investigated. A four-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated (6.0 log CFU/ml) into 100-ml samples of well water containing 0, 75, 100, or 120 mM sodium caprylate. Water samples containing 1% (wt/vol) bovine feces or feed also were included. The samples were incubated at 21 or 8 degrees C for 21 days. Water samples were analyzed for viable E. coli O157:H7 on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 and weekly thereafter. Triplicate samples of each treatment and control were included, and the study was repeated twice. The magnitude of E. coli O157:H7 inactivation in water significantly increased (P < 0.01) with increases in caprylate concentration and storage temperature. At 120 mM, sodium caprylate completely inactivated E. coli O157:H7 in all the samples after 1 to 20 days, depending on the treatments. The presence of feces or feed also had a significant effect (P < 0.01) on the antibacterial property of caprylate; the presence of feces decreased the antibacterial effect, whereas addition of feed enhanced the effect. These results indicate that sodium caprylate is effective in killing E. coli O157:H7 in cattle drinking water, but detailed cattle palatability studies of water containing caprylate are necessary.     

Growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the manufacture and ripening of raw goat milk lactic cheeses

The behaviour of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was studied during the manufacture and ripening of raw goat milk lactic cheeses. Cheese was manufactured from raw milk in the laboratory and inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 to a final concentration of 10, 100 and 1000 cfu ml(-1). E. coli O157:H7 was counted by CT-SMAC (Mac Conkey Sorbitol Agar with cefixim and tellurite) and O157:H7 ID throughout the manufacturing and ripening processes. When the milk was inoculated with 10, 100 or 1000 cfu ml(-1), counts decreased to less than 1 log(10) g(-1) in curds just prior to moulding. However, viable E. coli O157:H7 were found in cheeses throughout processing, and even after 42 days of ripening. Results indicate that E. coli O157:H7 survives the lactic cheese manufacturing process. Thus, the presence of low numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in milk destined for the production of raw milk lactic cheeses can constitute a threat to the consumer.     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage in pressure-treated orange juice.

The effect of a high-pressure treatment on the survival of a pressure-resistant strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (NCTC 12079) in orange juice during storage at 3 degrees C was investigated over the pH range of 3.4 to 5.0. The pH of shelf-stable orange juice was adjusted to 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 4.5, and 5.0 and inoculated with 10(8) CFU ml(-1) of E. coli O157:H7. The orange juice was then pressure treated at 400 MPa for 1 min at 10 degrees C or was held at ambient pressure (as a control). Surviving E. coli O157:H7 cells were enumerated at 1-day intervals during a storage period of 25 days at 3 degrees C. Survival of E. coli O157:H7 during storage was dependent on the pH of the orange juice. The application of high pressure prior to storage significantly increased the susceptibility of E. coli O157:H7 to high acidity. For example, after pressure treatment, the time required for a 5-log decrease in cell numbers was reduced from 13 to 3 days at pH 3.4, from 16 to 6 days at pH 3.6, and from >25 to 8 days at pH 3.9. It is evident that the use of high-pressure processing of orange juice in order to increase the juice's shelf-life and to inactivate pathogens has the added advantage that it sensitizes E. coli O157:H7 to the high acid conditions found in orange juice, which results in the survival of significantly fewer E. coli O157:H7 during subsequent refrigerated storage.     

Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR

A method combining immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and real-time (5'-nuclease) PCR was developed to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7. Monoclonal antibody specific for the E. coli O157 antigen was added to protein A-coated magnetic particles to create antibody-coated beads. The beads specifically captured E. coli O157:H7 from bacterial suspensions. The cells were eluted from the beads and lysed by heating; the eluate was then assayed by real-time PCR, using primers and probe specifically targeting the eaeA gene of E. coli O157:H7. Approximately 50% of the cells in suspension were captured by the beads and detected by real-time PCR. No cross-reactivity was detected when other strains of E. coli were tested. This method was applied to detect E. coli O157:H7 from ground beef. Both cell capture efficiency and real-time PCR efficiency were reduced by meat-associated inhibitors. However, we were still able to detect up to 8% of E. coli O157:H7 from inoculated ground beef samples. The detection sensitivity varied among ground beef samples. The minimum detection limit was <5x10(2) cells ml(-1) for suspensions of E. coli O157:H7 in buffer and 1.3x10(4) cells g(-1) for E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. The combination of IMS and real-time PCR results in rapid, specific and quantitative detection of E. coli O157:H7 without the need for an enrichment culture step.     

大肠杆菌O157:H7特异基因的实时荧光定量PCR检测

为建立快速、特异的检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real time polymerase chainreaction,RT-PCR)方法,针对大肠杆菌O157:H7的特异基因rfbE设计一对特异引物,建立SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR检测方法,并进行灵敏度、重复性和特异性实验,同时与常规PCR方法进行比较。结果显示所建立的SYBRGreenⅠ实时定量PCR方法可以快速、特异地检测出大肠杆菌O157:H7,细菌纯培养物中其灵敏度可达2×101CFU/mL,临床模拟污染肉样中能最低能检测到1×102CFU/mL的大肠杆菌O157:H7。与常规PCR方法相比,SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR方法对临床样品中大肠杆菌O157:H7的检出率大大提高。本研究建立的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR技术能快速准确、特异、敏感地检测大肠杆菌O157:H7。     

Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces applied to lettuce and the effectiveness of chlorinated water as a disinfectant.

Bovine feces are a potential vehicle for transmitting enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 to humans. A study was undertaken to determine survival characteristics of E. coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce using 0.1% peptone water and bovine feces as carriers for inocula. Four levels of inoculum, ranging from 10(0) to 10(5) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per g of lettuce, were applied. Populations surviving on lettuce stored at 4 degrees C were monitored for up to 15 days. Regardless of the type of carrier, viable cells of E. coli O157:H7 were detected on lettuce after 15 days, even when the initial inoculum was 10(0) to 10(1) CFU/g. Spray treatments of lettuce with 200 ppm chlorine solution or deionized water were equally effective in killing or removing E. coli O157:H7 from lettuce. Holding lettuce for 5 min after spray treatment was not more effective in reducing populations than holding for 1 min before rinsing with water. Prevention of contamination of lettuce with bovine feces that may harbor E. coli O157:H7 as well as other infectious microorganisms is essential to minimizing the risk of illness. The development of sanitizers more efficacious than chlorine for the removal of pathogens from raw fruits and vegetable is needed.