Trace gas measurement with an integrated porous tube collector/long-path absorbance detector

Porous membrane tubes filled with an absorbing solution that change colors upon selective reactions with specific gases provide high sensitivity inexpensive gas sensors. These can be routinely used for ambient monitoring in a fully automated manner. We consider both stopped and continuous flow operations and show the superiority of the stopped flow mode theoretically and experimentally. Light throughput through various membrane tubes is presented, and superior performance of such tubes over Teflon AF is shown. Sensors for NO2 and for O3 were based on Griess-Saltzman and indigotrisulfonate chemistries, respectively. A computer-controlled two-LED absorbance measurement system (one wavelength monitors the signal, the other references the system) that also governs automated reagent refilling was implemented. Sub-parts-per-billion-volume detection limits are attainable within a few minutes for both gases. Comparative data with a commercial UV-photometry-based ozone monitor showed excellent agreement with the response pattern of the present instrument. Low cost, ready applicability to the measurement of different gases by merely changing the light source and chemistry, and high sensitivity makes this instrument attractive for both pedagogic and practical purposes.     

Propagation model and error analysis of an E-field sensor based on pockels effect and waveguide

Electric field measurement sensors based on the crystal Pockels effect are widely used. Currently, the development aims for electric field sensors are mainly focused on miniaturizing and integrating the sensor structure and improving measurement sensitivity and precision. The goal of this study was to analyse the sources of error in Pockels effect electric field measurement sensors, consider the mutual influence and accumulation effect of the various error factors, and establish a basic mathematical model of the measurement system with error components. Calculation and analysis were used to classify the function and change trend of several main errors, providing reference data for the structure design and error compensation of the sensor. The results show that the polarizing angle and the analyser angle have the same influence on assembly error. The inherent error is positively related to the electric field intensity. The periodic accumulation characteristic error under large electric field is also discussed. In order to avoid this error under an intense electric field, a suitable test electric field range was determined.     

饲料称量和自动包装中的PLC控制

饲料质量计量和自动包装是饲料工业的重要生产环节.传统机械杠杆的称重方法造成较大的机械误差,影响称量的速度和精度.介绍了应用PLC作为动态称量包装测控设备,在硬件和软件设计中采用了一些措施和动态控制方法,较好地解决了称量速度与精度的矛盾,实现了饲料连续生产中动态称量计量的速度和精度的控制.     

提高微波频率测量精度的方法

频率是微波仪器的重要参数,微波频率测量是检测仪器是否正常运行的有效手段,而提高频率测量精度是微波频率测量可靠性的保证。本文概述了微波频率测量的基本原理,分析了提高微波频率测量精度的几种方法,表明模拟内插法和游标内插法在提高微波频率测量精度中具有更为明显的优势。     

陀螺转子静平衡测量方法的研究

介绍了一种新的陀螺转子静平衡仪结构设计,采用玛瑙刀口支承感应机构与光电自准直测角相结合的方法,实现对陀螺转子静不平衡量的测量。提出了新型粗、精双测刀机构实现高精度、大量程测量,减少刀口磨损,提高测量效率。通过转子托架摆动周期测量法确定了仪器灵敏度系数的精确调整方法。采用标准砝码对仪器进行了精确标定。实验结果表明该仪器测量示值误差优于4 mg·mm,量程达到2000 mg·mm。     

氨氮在线监测仪示值误差测量值的不确定度评定

随着国家对环境预警监测能力建设投入的加大以及地表水质监测技术的日趋成熟,氨氮在线监测仪在水质自动预警监测系统中得到了更为广泛的应用。为了确保氨氮在线监测仪量值的准确性和一致性,必须采用有效的手段对其量值进行溯源。本文在给出氨氮在线监测仪示值误差数学模型的基础上,对氨氮在线监测仪进行标准不确定度分量的A类评定和B类评定,在B类评定中综合考虑了稀释定容过程引入的不确定度、稀释取液过程引入的不确定度以及氨氮标准溶液引入的不确定度。经过合成得出氨氮在线监测仪测量结果的相对扩展不确定度为2.4%,满足氨氮在线监测仪检定要求。     

Evaluation of digital PCR for absolute DNA quantification

The emerging technique of microfluidic digital PCR (dPCR) offers a unique approach to real-time quantitative PCR for measuring nucleic acids that may be particularly suited for low-level detection. In this study, we evaluated the quantitative capabilities of dPCR when measuring small amounts (<200 copies) of DNA and investigated parameters influencing technical performance. We used various DNA templates, matrixes, and assays to evaluate the precision, sensitivity and reproducibility of dPCR, and demonstrate that this technique can be highly reproducible when performed at different times and when different primer sets are targeting the same molecule. dPCR exhibited good analytical sensitivity and was reproducible outside the range recommended by the instrument manufacturer; detecting 16 estimated targets with high precision. The inclusion of carrier had no effect on this estimated quantity, but did improve measurement precision. We report disagreement when using dPCR to measure different template types and when comparing the estimated quantities by dPCR and UV spectrophotometry. Finally, we also demonstrate that preamplification can impose a significant measurement bias. These findings provide an independent assessment of low copy molecular measurement using dPCR and underline important factors for consideration in dPCR experimental design.     

High-dynamic-range magnetometry with a single nuclear spin in diamond

Sensors based on the nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond are being developed to measure weak magnetic and electric fields at the nanoscale. However, such sensors rely on measurements of a shift in the Lamor frequency of the defect, so an accumulation of quantum phase causes the measurement signal to exhibit a periodic modulation. This means that the measurement time is either restricted to half of one oscillation period, which limits accuracy, or that the magnetic field range must be known in advance. Moreover, the precision increases only slowly (as T(-0.5)) with measurement time T (ref.?3). Here, we implement a quantum phase estimation algorithm on a single nuclear spin in diamond to combine both high sensitivity and high dynamic range. By achieving a scaling of the precision with time to T(-0.85), we improve the sensitivity by a factor of 7.4 for an accessible field range of 16?mT, or, alternatively, we improve the dynamic range by a factor of 130 for a sensitivity of 2.5?μT?Hz(-1/2). Quantum phase estimation algorithms have also recently been implemented using a single electron spin in a nitrogen-vacancy centre. These methods are applicable to a variety of field detection schemes, and do not require quantum entanglement.     

Characterization of an ultrasonic measurement system by means of its instrument function

Measurement systems can be regarded as input-output systems represented by a characteristic instrument transfer function. This characterization of the experimental set-up enables a quantitative evaluation of its sensitivity and resolution, and a comparison of relative performance among several such systems. Three alternative methods for the quantitiative characterization of a measurement system through its instrument function are presented, each based on a phenomenological and semi-empirical approach. The three methods are described theoretically and then applied to the analysis of an ultrasonic experimental set-up. The features of the instrument function, obtained independently by the three methods, are compared, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each method are evaluated.     

标准量插入神经网络实时误差修正技术研究

误差修正技术是提高测量仪器精度的重要途径，本详细介绍了具有时变系统误差与随机误差的非稳定动态测量过程实时误差预测修正方法，即：用标准量插入法实时分离误差，采取神经网络建模法对分离出的误差进行实时建模，跟踪误差的变化，对其进行预报修正，通过自行研制的动态测角仪对这种误差修正技术进行了验证，使该测角仪的精度提高近10倍。     

多体运动理论与齿轮测量中心的几何误差建模

本文阐述了多体系统的拓扑结构和低序体阵列,其特征矩阵的基本概念和构建方法,分析了多体系统误差运动的基本规律,结合891E型齿轮测量中心研究了根据特征矩阵得到其空间几何误差的算法,为齿轮测量中心精度分析和几何误差提供了一种理想的建模方法.     

螺旋天线原油含水率测量仪的误差分析与校准

天线是射频法原油含水率测量仪的关键部件.分析采用平行天线和螺旋天线的含水率测量仪在检测原理上的差异,使用研制的螺旋天线原油含水率测量仪进行含水率重复性实验,实验数据分析表明,含水率在40％～80％时,由于原油发生相变,在该区间,含水率测量仪的线性度变差.针对上述问题设计含水率测量误差校准方法及流程,采用分段线性插值法进...     

光弹调制式反射差分光谱仪的理论分析

反射差分光谱仪是一种测量灵敏度和精度较高的研究表面／界面的新型分析仪器,但微弱的反射差分信号易受到各种噪声的干扰．作者利用Jones表示法,对光弹调制式反射差分光谱仪构建了包含器件自身缺陷和安装误差的数学模型,通过确立误差源与测量结果的联系,分析出各误差源对测量结果的影响,特别是起偏器、光弹调制器和样品的安装误差以及位相调制误差,这些系统误差经过标定可得到补偿．     

基于虚拟仪器的圆度仪的研究

在总结国内外圆度检测技术的发展及研究现状的基础上,提出了基于虚拟仪器采用CCD摄像方式来获取机械零件圆度检测信息的方法。对采集到的零件图片进行图像处理,得到零件的圆度特征信息,从而精确快速的检测出零件圆度误差和相关几何尺寸和形位公差,通过与标准件或设计要求的比较,判断出被测零件的圆度是否合格。实验表明本虚拟圆度仪,非接触测量,速度快,准确度高。     

误差补偿技术及应用特点

精密仪器设计中误差补偿技术是关键技术。充分了解和掌握误差补偿技术有助于简化精密仪器的设计,提高仪器的设计水平。文章在分析系统的误差技术的种类和特点的基础上,结合5m激光丝杠动态检测仪设计实例,说明了在仪器设计中如何合理运用误差补偿技术。     

基于灵敏度分析的复合材料组分参数识别方法

为了获取准确的复合材料细观模型,提出了一种复合材料组分参数识别方法。在细观单向碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）有限元模型基础上,构造静态位移场对复合材料组分弹性参数的灵敏度矩阵,以测量位移和有限元计算位移差的二范数为目标函数,针对待识别参数量纲差异较大的问题,利用相对灵敏度提高材料组分弹性参数识别的精度和效率。以纤维均匀分布的复合材料平面模型和纤维随机分布的复合材料实体模型为研究对象,验证所提出组分参数识别方法的有效性和准确性。此外,研究了测点数目及测量误差对识别结果的影响。结果表明：本文提出的复合材料组分参数识别方法在测点数目变化和测量误差影响下仍然稳定。     

齿轮测量仪微机化改造

带有微机数据处理系统的多功能齿轮测量仪，是在3001型光栅式齿轮测量机的基础上，加装微机、打印机、绘图仪、控制电箱以及成套软件而成，系统采用微机控制、光栅计量、多参数动态显示、自动打印绘图和评定精度等级，可对圆柱齿轮主要误差项目进行自动测量和评定。它适应于坐标类齿轮仪器的技术改造。     

双站纯方位定位中相关问题研究

为了深入了解多站无源定位的机理进而提高其定位精度,对双站纯方位无源定位中的相关问题进行了理论分析。首先研究了影响双站定位性能的因素,指出只有当测量误差足够小及两传感器间夹角不接近 0和 π时,双站系统才具有无偏性并有可能达到一致性估计;其次,指出当过小和过大夹角相对于 0和 π而言具有相同的幅度时,过小夹角对定位精度的消极影响要大于过大夹角;最后,分析了两种定位误差协方差获取方法的等价性。仿真结果验证了对上述问题的分析,并指出本文结论可以应用到基于传感器管理的多站无源定位算法中。     

一种更为可靠的测量不确定评定方法

ISO 1993《测量不确定度表示指南》只规定了测量结果的一般评定和表示方法,没有涉及多渠道测量结果信息如何综合评定的问题。本从信息论和自由度理论出发,提出一种按自由度加权定值及其不确定度评定的新方法,并成功地用于一个光学精密测量仪器的不确定度评定和一个光学标准器具的精密定值。这种方法充分利用了各种渠道获得的测量结果信息,统一了以往有分歧的处理方法。     

Modeling of direct detection Doppler wind lidar. I. The edge technique

Analytic models, based on a convolution of a Fabry-Perot etalon transfer function with a Gaussian spectral source, are developed for the shot-noise-limited measurement precision of Doppler wind lidars based on the edge filter technique by use of either molecular or aerosol atmospheric backscatter. The Rayleigh backscatter formulation yields a map of theoretical sensitivity versus etalon parameters, permitting design optimization and showing that the optimal system will have a Doppler measurement uncertainty no better than approximately 2.4 times that of a perfect, lossless receiver. An extension of the models to include the effect of limited etalon aperture leads to a condition for the minimum aperture required to match light collection optics. It is shown that, depending on the choice of operating point, the etalon aperture finesse must be 4-15 to avoid degradation of measurement precision. A convenient, closed-form expression for the measurement precision is obtained for spectrally narrow backscatter and is shown to be useful for backscatter that is spectrally broad as well. The models are extended to include extrinsic noise, such as solar background or the Rayleigh background on an aerosol Doppler lidar. A comparison of the model predictions with experiment has not yet been possible, but a comparison with detailed instrument modeling by McGill and Spinhirne shows satisfactory agreement. The models derived here will be more conveniently implemented than McGill and Spinhirne's and more readily permit physical insights to the optimization and limitations of the double-edge technique.