Effect of radiation and thermal aging on the strength,fatigue, and microstructure of VPC-7 glass plastic

Translated from Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Meckhanika Materialov, No. 6, pp. 68–72, November–December, 1989.     

Ferromagnetic resonance in metallic glasses: study of fracture,stress and thermal stability

Effects of fracture, stress and isothermal annealing of Fe-Ni based metallic glasses have been investigated using the ferromagnetic resonance technique.fmr linewidth is quite sensitive to changes in the magnetic and structural order in metallic glasses, andfmr lineshape seems to provide useful qualitative information on the mechanical state of these systems. Our observations are compared with recent work of Baianu and co-workers.     

Kinetics of the glass transition in As22S78 chalcogenide glass: Activation energy and fragility index

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to probe the dynamics of the glass transition in As₂₂S₇₈ chalcogenide glass. Non-isothermal measurements were performed at different heating rates (5–35 K min⁻¹). The experimental result of this kinetic glass transition phenomenon was analyzed on the basis of the relaxation process occurring in the transition temperature range. The activation energy of the glass transition was determined from the heating rate dependence of the glass transition temperature. The fragility index m of the glass was estimated from the measurements of the activation energy of the relaxation process, which characterizes the glass transition. Different kinetic methods as well as isoconversional methods were used. Isoconversional analysis of the experimental data shows that the activation energy of glass transition process is varying with the degree of transformation (and hence with temperature) from the glassy to the supercooled phase.     

Nanocellulose for Energy Storage Systems: Beyond the Limits of Synthetic Materials

The ongoing surge in demand for high‐performance energy storage systems inspires the relentless pursuit of advanced materials and structures. Components of energy storage systems are generally based on inorganic/metal compounds, carbonaceous substances, and petroleum‐derived hydrocarbon chemicals. These traditional materials, however, may have difficulties fulfilling the ever‐increasing requirements of energy storage systems. Recently, nanocellulose has garnered considerable attention as an exceptional 1D element due to its natural abundance, environmental friendliness, recyclability, structural uniqueness, facile modification, and dimensional stability. Recent advances and future outlooks of nanocellulose as a green material for energy storage systems are described, with a focus on its application in supercapacitors, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), and post‐LIBs. Nanocellulose is typically classified as cellulose nanofibril (CNF), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC). The unusual 1D structure and chemical functionalities of nanocellulose bring unprecedented benefits to the fabrication and performance of energy storage materials and systems, which lie far beyond those achievable with conventional synthetic materials. It is believed that this progress report can stimulate research interests in nanocellulose as a promising material, eventually widening material horizons for the development of next‐generation energy storage systems, that will lead us closer to so‐called Battery‐of‐Things (BoT) era.     

Study of the effects of stress and strain on martensite transformation: Kinetics and transformation plasticity*

In this paper, the effects of stress and strain on the kinetics and plasticity during martensitic transformation are studied. The mathematical models of transformation kinetics and plasticity under stress are developed. According to experimental results, the transformation plasticity parameter k is concluded not to be a constant, but it varies with the stresses.     

Strain Engineering of 2D Materials: Issues and Opportunities at the Interface

Triggered by the growing needs of developing semiconductor devices at ever‐decreasing scales, strain engineering of 2D materials has recently seen a surge of interest. The goal of this principle is to exploit mechanical strain to tune the electronic and photonic performance of 2D materials and to ultimately achieve high‐performance 2D‐material‐based devices. Although strain engineering has been well studied for traditional semiconductor materials and is now routinely used in their manufacturing, recent experiments on strain engineering of 2D materials have shown new opportunities for fundamental physics and exciting applications, along with new challenges, due to the atomic nature of 2D materials. Here, recent advances in the application of mechanical strain into 2D materials are reviewed. These developments are categorized by the deformation modes of the 2D material–substrate system: in‐plane mode and out‐of‐plane mode. Recent state‐of‐the‐art characterization of the interface mechanics for these 2D material–substrate systems is also summarized. These advances highlight how the strain or strain‐coupled applications of 2D materials rely on the interfacial properties, essentially shear and adhesion, and finally offer direct guidelines for deterministic design of mechanical strains into 2D materials for ultrathin semiconductor applications.     

Lignin particle- and wood flour-reinforced phenolic foams: Friability,thermal stability and effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties and morphology

In the present work, the effect of lignin particles and wood flour weight fractions incorporated on friability and thermal stability of a phenolic foam was determined. In addition, the effect of hygrothermal aging on compressive mechanical properties and cell size of the materials was studied. The incorporation of lignin particles decreased friability of the phenolic foam; whereas, wood flour increased it. The influence of both reinforcements on thermal stability of the material was very low. Although the reduction in mechanical properties of reinforced foams was higher than for the unreinforced material after hygrothermal aging, modulus and strength of the reinforced foams were still superior to those of the unreinforced material. Hygrothermal aging did not influence cell size of the foams studied. The material which exhibits the best combination of features was 8.5 wt.% lignin particle-reinforced phenolic foam.     

A new doctoral course in the 21st century COE program,materials science,at Tokyo Institute of Technology

A new doctoral course, Project Managing Course, has been established as of April, 2003 for the graduate students in the four Departments involved in the 21st Century COE program supported by Japanese Government. The aim of the course is to let selected doctoral students learn the basic knowledge and skill necessary to bring the technology seeds into the business. Besides the requirement for the thesis work for their doctoral degree of Materials Science, they have to fulfill the unit requirements on the lectures offered by guest professors who are currently active at the front of financing, market analysis, venture capitals and technology management consulting. The attempt is unique in Management of Technology (MOT) education in Japan, probably even world-wide, in a sense that the course is offered to the doctoral students.     

The knowledge and its application: Materials Engineering and Structural Integrity. Brief review of the Spanish case and contributions from Prof. Elices

Within the framework of this special issue in honour of Prof. Manuel Elices, the authors present some reflections concerning research, knowledge, its management and its relation with industry and society. The intention is to emphasize the pioneering and enterprising aspects of the Prof. Elices career, given that it has stood out not only for its scientific excellence, but also for establishing in Spain several decades ago a model of interaction between university and industry with high consequences in knowledge management and progress. This paper particularises the presentation to Materials Science and Engineering, and more specifically, to Fracture Mechanics and Structural Integrity, gathering examples of how these Scientific and Engineering Disciplines had provided new knowledge and tools for the treatment of industrial and social problems worldwide.     

The World,As It Might Be: Iconography and Probabilism in the Mundus subterraneus of Athanasius Kircher

Abstract. Though one of the best‐studied Jesuit naturalists of the 17th century, Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) remains something of an enigma to modern scholars. Frequently associated with traditions of Renaissance magic and esotericism, and thereby cast as an anachronism at odds with the forward‐looking character assigned by historians of science to the 17th century, Kircher was nonetheless a typical product of his time and, more importantly, of the Society of Jesus. This study explores one of Kircher's most important works, the Mundus subterraneus of 1665, in an effort to establish how specific spiritual and intellectual traditions present within the Society affected both the questions that Kircher posed and the methodologies he adopted to answer them. Using a combination of iconography and narrative structure, Kircher emphasized the contemplation of the probable rather than the accumulation of ‘facts’, thereby permitting his audiences to glimpse for themselves the unseen realms of the world. Drawing on specific meditative traditions already circulating within the Society, as well as strains of an anti‐skeptical probabilism that was gaining strength in the Society's schools, Kircher thus shaped an approach to the hidden depths of the Earth that can be usefully linked to his institutional and intellectual contexts.     

Method to determine the thermal expansion of epoxies,inorganic cements and polyester resins at cryogenic temperatures

An apparatus for measuring the integral thermal expansions at cryogenic temperatures is described. The thermal expansions are given for a number of commercial epoxy resins, commercial polyester resins and inorganic cements. A method to reduce the thermal expansion of the resins by the use of quartz powder fillers is reported.     

The growing number of patent citations to scientific papers: Changes in the world,nations, and fields

This study analyzes USPTO patents in the period 1998–2017. The number of science-related patents has increased twice as fast as the number of patents and scientific publications, and the number of cited papers per patent has almost doubled. These results vary substantially from one scientific and technological field to another. The proportion of the research papers cited by a patent has doubled. It refers to papers that are mostly published by the countries that have developed both scientific and technological capability and, surprisingly, are mainly used by inventors abroad. However, a weak relationship between the number of citations received from patents and papers reveals that the assessment of research performance needs some changes as the percentage of papers related to the innovations has grown over time.