Optimization of chemical demulsifications of water in crude oil emulsions

The instability of the water in crude oil emulsion and separation of the dispersed water as free water are influenced by the emulsion properties and the operating parameters during the demulsification process. This study aims to relate these properties/operating parameters to the amount of separated water. Steps were taken to determine and validate the optimal separations that can be achieved. Six operating parameters were identified through sensitivity analyses to have an energetic effect on percentage water separation. The bottle test method was used on two different samples of water in oil synthetic emulsions (sample A and B from different Nigerian oil fields). Response surface methodology central composite design (RSMCCD) was used to design the experiment, and generate the desired regression equations/models. Results show that optimum percentage water separations of 93 and 95% (V/V) were achieved with the emulsions A and B respectively using the combination of the optimal variables derived from the model equations. These were improvements from percentage water separations of 80 and 83% (V/V) achieved using the two crude oil samples in their naturally occurring state when the properties of the emulsions were not enhanced to their determined optimal operating conditions.     

Determination of water content in crude oil emulsion by LF-NMR CPMG sequence

Transverse relaxation times (T2) and T2 spectrum for crude oil emulsions with different water content are obtained by low field nuclear magnetic resonance Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence and various methods to determine the water content are investigated. The results show that there are three methods to accurately determine the water content. When water content is greater than 20.0wt%, determination through T2 value of emulsions is fastest with the relative error below 2.5%. T2 spectrum show the characteristics of multiple peaks, and T2 value of the peaks originated from water are suitable for determination of water content for O/W emulsions. A method is developed and optimized to determine the water content by using the peak-area ratio in T2 spectrum, which is not limited by the water content and the form of emulsion.     

芳烃油中芳香分含量测定方法的考察与对比

通过对4种测定石油馏分油中芳香分含量方法的考察与测定结果等全面分析对比认为：由于每种方法的适用范围、约束条件及分析过程各不相同，测定结果自然不同，并且差异较大。综合考虑多方面的因素，建议采用《石油沥青组分测定法》对作为沥青调和组分的芳烃油进行芳香分含量测定。     

Origin and occurrence of crude oil in the Niger delta, Nigeria

Ten crude oils samples from onshore and offshore Niger delta were characterized based on their biomarkers and isotopic composition by Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry and Isotope mass spectrometry. Abundance of pentacyclic triterpanes of hopane and oleanane skeletons and C₂₇–C₂₉ steranes in the oils indicates that they were formed from a mixed source (marine and terrestrial kerogen). The oleanane concentrations permit source grouping of the oils into three families.Various maturity parameters computed for the oils, especially those of aromatic biomarkers and aromatic sulfur compounds (thiophenes) to some extent reveal an increasing thermal maturity with increasing reservoir depths. The carbon isotope values lacked sufficient variation to distinguish maturity differences in the oils. This observation is quite revealing in that oils whose associate gases had earlier revealed a consistent increase in maturity with increasing depths, also have similar maturity values.The implication of this is that the oils and associated gases might have been formed at different levels of thermal maturity before being pooled together during migration into their present habitat.     

O/W型TR-02稠油乳状液的配制及静态稳定性评价

针对河南油田L131井稠油,采用自制的TR-02乳化剂,根据稠油乳化降黏原理及O/W型乳状液的形成机制,研究了乳化剂的类型和含量、乳化方式、搅拌方式和搅拌速度、相体积分数等对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,特别是初步探讨了在TR-02中加入纳米助剂TR-23,对O/W型稠油乳状液稳定性的影响,为纳米材料在稠油乳化降黏中的应用提供一个可参考的基础数据。     

Rate of hydrate formation in crude oil/gas/water emulsions with different water cuts

The formation of gas hydrates in gas and oil subsea pipelines can result in blockages and shutdowns. Understanding of the formation process and its kinetics will be helpful for predictions of the amount of hydrates expected to form under defined conditions. In the present work, mixed gas hydrates of methane, ethane and propane are formed in crude oil emulsions with different water cuts in a stirred constant volume high pressure cell. The rate of hydrate formation for each crude oil is evaluated at different stirring rates. The stability of the emulsion made by each crude oil is also tested at different water cuts and stirring rates. At 80% water cut, hydrate growth occurs in two steps. The first step displays slow growth. The transition between the steps corresponds with inversion of the emulsion. Regarding the stability of emulsion, more stable emulsions are correlated to higher rates of hydrate formation. The rate of hydrate formation at 50% water cut was higher than at 80% water cut independent of oil composition and stirring rate.     

智能电源在国内加工高酸原油中的应用

介绍了电脱盐罐用智能调压双极性型、变频单向脉冲型和变频矩形波脉冲型智能电源在国内炼油厂加工高酸原油及其处理乳化层中的应用。与传统电源相比,采用智能双极性型电源进行高酸原油的电脱盐脱水处理,脱盐后原油中盐的质量浓度由14.8 mg/L降至2.1 mg/L,加工原油的电耗从1.20 kW·h/t降至0.36 kW·h/t;采用单向变频脉冲型智能电源处理高酸原油,脱盐后原油中水的质量分数和盐的质量浓度分别为0.26%和4.38 mg/L,满足了生产的需求。采用矩形波变频脉冲智能电源处理高酸原油形成的乳化层,与未增加该设备前相比,脱盐后原油中盐的质量分数下降了30.67%～71.7%,每年节约电力成本约43×104RMB$。     

Rheological modeling and drag reduction studies of Indian heavy crude oil in presence of novel surfactant

Viscosity and rheology modeling of heavy crude oil were studied at different shear rate and temperature with and without naturally extracted surfactant Mahua. Drag reduction analysis was done in 2”-ID, 2.5 m horizontal pipeline at different temperatures and flow rates. Viscosity was reduced by 60.4% after addition of 1000 ppm Mahua at 50°C. Modeling analysis showed that crude oil-surfactant samples followed Power law model with high regression coefficients. Maximum drag reduction of 94.8% occurred after adding 2000 ppm Mahua to 85% heavy oil+15% water at 40°C and at a flow rate of 50 LPM.     

Geochemical characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils from the Tarim,Qaidam and Turpan Basins, NW China

Based on the systematic study of aromatic hydrocarbons in over 100 crude oil samples collected from the Tabei and Tazhong uplifts in the Tarim Basin, the western depression area in the Qaidam Basin and the Tabei depression in the Turpan Basin, the geochemical characteristics of the marine (Tarim Basin), saline lacustrine (Qaidam Basin), and swamp (Turpan Basin) oils were investigated. The marine oils from the Tarim basin are characterized by relatively low abundance of diaromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyl and naphthalene, and relatively high abundance of triaromatic hydrocarbons including phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene and fluorene. In contrast, the swamp oils from the Turpan Basin are dominated by the highest relative abundance of diaromatic hydrocarbons and the lowest relative abundance of triaromatic hydrocarbons in all the oil samples in this study. The relative abundance of diaromatic and triaromatic hydrocarbons in the saline lacustrine oils from Qaidam Basin is between that in Tarim oils and Turpan oils. Aromatic parameters based on the isomer distributions of dimethylnaphthalenes (DMN), trimethylnaphthalenes (TMN), tetramethylnaphthalenes (TeMN) and methylphenanthrenes (MP), i.e., 1,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene(TMN)/1,3,6-TMN ratio, 1,2,7-TMN/1,3,7- TMN ratio, (2,6- +2,7-)-dimethylnaphthalenes (DMN)/1,6-DMN ratio, 1,3,7-TMN/(1,2,5- +1,3,7-)-TMN, 1,3,6,7-TeMN/(1,3,6,7- +1,2,5,6- +1,2,3,5-)-TeMN ratio and MP index, may reflect the diversity of organic source input, thermal maturity and depositional environments. In addition, the dibenzothiophenes (DBTs)/fluorenes(Fs) and dibenzofurans (DBFs)/Fs ratios were found to the very useful and effective in determining genetic types of crude oils for the marine, saline lacustrine, and swamp depositional environments, and for oil-oil correlations.     

射线型原油含气、含水率自动监测仪原理及应用

射线型原油含气、含水率自动计量系统是基于油、气、水三种不同介质对一定能量的γ射线的吸收不同，通过检测γ射线穿过油、气、水的混合物后的透射计数，理论计算，实现对原油含气、含水率的在线分析。工作方式为全自动在线连续测量，该计量监测系统设计新颖、测量准确、安全可靠、运行稳定、使用寿命长、便于操作，特别是修正了由于原油中含气对含水率测量的影响，使该仪表在安塞油田的原油计量中发挥了明显的优势。     

Recovery of crude oil from oily sludge in an oilfield by sophorolipid

Oily sludge is a hazardous waste, so its improper disposal not only pollutes the environment but also endangers human health. In this study, following the principle of resource recycling, reduction and harmless treatment of oil sludge, we used sophorolipid, a biological surfactant, to wash and recover oily sludge in an oilfield. Then, the influence of technological parameters (such as concentration, temperature, mud liquid ratio, and stirring speed), on oil content in sediment was investigated. The lowest residual oil content was when sophorolipid－concentration was 0.05%, the temperature was 35?°C, the mud-to-liquid ratio was 1:3, the stirring speed was 350 r/min, and the stirring time was 2?h. The glycolipid surfactant showed potential industrial application value as it recovered 78.62% of the crude oil from the oily sludge and reduced the oil content of the sediment to less than 2%.     

Prediction of wax content in crude oil and petroleum fraction by proton NMR

In this study, we develop a simple method for estimation of wax content in crude oil and their fractions. The traditional way of wax estimation follows low-temperature chemical extraction based gravimetric methods; those are tedious, time-consuming, need a lot of chemicals and solvents and may produce an erroneous result if not done properly. This study proposes an alternative method i.e. ¹H NMR based correlation study to Englar Holde’s wax determination method. In this study, the NMR derived structural parameters of petroleum fractions are used to estimate the wax content of petroleum fractions. A Model equation is developed based on Fourier equation and validated with different Indian origin samples with a proper fitting and high predictability.     

水井动态控制图在控水稳油中的应用

控水稳油是注水开发油田改善高含水期开发效果的必然要求。该文在研究水井动态控制图绘制原理及其在控水稳油中的应用上作了有益的探索，并取得了明显的效果。应用水井动态控制图就是从注采比和注水压力两方面着手，对注水井当前注水的合理性进行图版验证，进而为控水稳油措施的提出指明方向，它为控水稳油工作的开展提供了一条快捷方便的途径，这在胜利油田尚属首次，具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

用综合控水稳油技术保持河间东营组油藏稳产

在加强地质研究、深化对油藏认识的基础上，针对河间东营组油藏，应用综合控水稳油技术，如动态调配、改变液流方向、间歇注水等调整注水结构的措施，使开发效果得到明显改善，实现了高含水开发后期的稳产。该研究成果对类似油藏的开发有借鉴作用。     

溶气提高脱油型水力旋流器除油效率研究

通过尼可尼气液混合泵向原水中溶入气体,研究了溶气条件下脱油型水力旋流器除油效率的变化规律。结果表明,在溶气条件下,旋流器的除油效率显著增加,在原水中油的质量浓度为200～300mg/L时,出水中油的质量浓度可降到15mg/L以下,平均除油效率达95.5%,提高了9.4个百分点;当气液比Rgl≤3%时,溶气对除油效率的影响不明显,当3%相似文献   

Estimation the time of spill crude oil in deep soil by the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Abstract

Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done by a large number of studies in different methods and techniques among them are passive samplers because of their unique specifications technically and economically. In this study, passive sampler technique was used for monitoring of VOCs from spill crude oils in deep soil. Mathematical equations were achieved for the determination of time spill crude oil which depends on soil moisture content, soil temperature, and wind speed. The mathematical equations were driven from monitoring VOCs during three months. The results illustrated that the concentrations of n-Pentane was inversely diffused when compared with n-Nonane.     

红外分光法测定水体中油的若干问题探讨

本文对测定水体中油所用的红外分光光度法的优点、器皿的洗涤、脱水、试剂用量和使用及四氯化碳的回收等问题进行了探讨。     

Investigation of emulsion and effect on emission in CI engine by using diesel and bio-diesel fuel: A review

The exhaust of diesel engine is a main significant air pollution source which affects the environment and human life. A number of researchers have contributed their valuable efforts from each and every perspective to reduce air pollution. In the present work in-depth analysis is done on the recent investigation which is carried out in the field of alternative Fuels. The study examines the result of several aspects of emulsion stability and also investigated variables such as type of surfactant, mixing speed, mixing time and various additives and its effect on emission. Higher mixing speed with less water percentage increases emulsion stability. The objective of this paper is to highlight the analysis on W/D emulsion fuel, emulsion fuel stability and effect of W/D fuel on combustion, performance and emission characteristic. The results disclose an enhancement in engine performance and reduction of harmful emission for various additives compared to diesel.     

应用多离子分析识别超稠油蒸汽吞吐产出水水性

针对曙-区兴隆台油层和馆陶组绕阳河油层超稠油在开采过程中顶水下泄，底水上窜，边水推进，单纯采用6离子分析法很难区分产出水中回采水与顶底水的问题，为了在油井吞吐生产过程中及早发现顶，底，边水是否产出，经过270井次的水性资料分析。并结合国内外热采油藏矿物变化文献研究，摸索出利用SiO2高温溶解特性分析识别超稠油藏汽吞吐产出水水性技术，现场应用结果表明：该技术可有效弥补常用6离子法的不足，识别吞吐共产出水水性可行。