300M超高强度钢在模拟海洋环境中的腐蚀行为研究

采用模拟海水全浸区的浸泡实验和模拟海洋大气区的中性盐雾实验,结合宏观和微观形貌、三维形貌、腐蚀产物分析以及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和动电位极化曲线(PDP)测试,研究了起落架用300M超高强度钢在模拟海洋环境中的腐蚀行为以及pH对其电化学行为的影响。结果表明：300M超高强度钢对p H的变化敏感,随着p H的降低,开路电位正移;阳极过程始终由活性溶解控制,阴极过程由氧还原为主转变为析氢反应为主;容抗弧半径下降,电荷转移电阻下降,腐蚀电流密度上升,腐蚀加快。失重法得出的腐蚀速率说明在盐雾环境中比人工海水环境中的腐蚀更为严重;两种环境中的腐蚀产物均主要由α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、α-Fe2O3和Fe3O4组成;腐蚀呈现均匀腐蚀的特征。由于氧浓度和Cl-浓度的差异导致300M超高强度钢在两种环境中的腐蚀电化学和腐蚀产物沉积过程改变,从而腐蚀行为出现差异。盐雾环境中供氧充足,同时试样表面覆盖的薄液膜促进了腐蚀产物沉积使腐蚀更为严重。     

AerMet100钢在盐雾中的腐蚀与电化学特性

目的 对AerMet100钢在盐雾中的腐蚀和电化学特性进行研究,分析其腐蚀机理。方法 通过盐雾试验,观察分析AerMet100钢的腐蚀行为和腐蚀形貌,分析腐蚀产物成分。测试盐雾试验不同时间后的极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,并建立等效电路模型,采用Cview和Zsimp Win软件进行等效电路和极化曲线拟合,计算自腐蚀电位、自腐蚀电流和等效元件数值,定量分析其变化规律,之后通过K-K转换验证等效电路拟合的正确性。利用扫描开尔文探针（SKP）测试盐雾试验不同时间后带锈试样的表面电位,并进行Gaussian拟合,分析其电位分布和变化规律。最后,结合试验结果,对AerMet100钢在盐雾中的腐蚀机理进行分析。结果 AerMet100钢在盐雾试验中的腐蚀形态由点蚀逐步发展为均匀腐蚀,其腐蚀产物分为两层：外锈层主要成分是β-FeOOH,内锈层主要成分是Fe3O4和γ-Fe2O3,内锈层较外锈层更为致密。盐雾试验9 d后,自腐蚀电位为–593.178 mV,自腐蚀电流为3.919 μA,腐蚀产物层电阻为4.152 ??cm2,腐蚀反应电阻为2748 ??cm2,此时试样的腐蚀倾向性最低,腐蚀产物的积聚降低了腐蚀反应速率。未腐蚀试样表面平均电位为–842.387 mV,盐雾试验6 d后为–701.686 mV,12 d后为–575.502 mV。随着盐雾试验时间的延长,试样表面平均电位升高,电位分布分散,电位差增大,分为明显的阴极区和阳极区。结论 AerMet100钢表面腐蚀产物层可有效阻止腐蚀溶液向基体的渗透和扩散,延缓腐蚀进程,对基体起到较好的保护作用。     

凝露状态下SO2对A3钢腐蚀机理的影响

采用红外光谱、电化学交流阻抗和扫描电镜等方法研究了大气中对金属腐蚀性最强的污染物SO2在凝露状态下对A3钢的腐蚀作用规律.结果表明,A3钢在加SO2试验环境中腐蚀失重随试验时间延长呈正指数变化规律;试样表面呈龟裂状腐蚀形貌,红外光谱的分析结果显示出腐蚀产物为FeSO4@7H2O、Fe2(SO4)3@9H2O和γ-FeOOH,还含有δ-FeOOH及少量的Fe(OH)2和Fe3O4.A3钢在未加SO2试验环境中腐蚀失重随时间呈直线变化规律;腐蚀产物主要为Fe2O3和γ-FeOOH;试样表面未形成连续的腐蚀产物膜.     

碳钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中的腐蚀行为

通过现场暴晒实验研究碳钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中的腐蚀行为和机理。Q235和Q450钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中经过1 a暴露后,Q235钢的腐蚀速率大于Q450钢。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析测试手段,研究了两种碳钢表面的腐蚀产物,两者的腐蚀产物主要为α-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4。Q235钢中γ-FeOOH与α-FeOOH含量的比值较高,其腐蚀产物疏松,耐蚀性较差。而Q450钢中γ-FeOOH与α-FeOOH含量的比值较低,其腐蚀产物相对致密,耐蚀性较好。去除腐蚀产物后,通过体视学显微镜观察发现,Q235钢的表面产生大量密集腐蚀坑,且腐蚀坑深度和体积都大于Q450钢表面腐蚀坑。     

耐海水腐蚀钢筋00Cr10MoV的组织结构及性能研究

分析了耐海水腐蚀钢筋00Cr10MoV的显微组织和力学性能,并采用盐雾、周浸腐蚀实验、电化学阻抗谱以及极化曲线等测试方法进一步评价其耐蚀性能。结果表明,该耐海水腐蚀钢筋的显微组织主要为铁素体加贝氏体,屈服强度达到450 MPa以上;与普通的20MnSiV钢筋相比,该材料在模拟海洋环境中有优异的抗腐蚀性能,电荷转移电阻达到1.37×10⁵Ω·cm²,是20Mn Si V钢筋的100多倍;其表面的腐蚀产物主要以α-FeOOH,β-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH为主,含有少量Fe₃O₄和微量含氯产物Na₃CrCl₁₆,Fe+3O（OH,Cl）。     

Q350EW与Q355GNH耐候结构钢焊接接头耐蚀性对比分析

为了研究高铁动车组用Q350EW耐候钢在盐雾腐蚀环境中腐蚀行为并探究其腐蚀机理,通过盐雾腐蚀试验、腐蚀形貌观测,及腐蚀失重、腐蚀速率考察了Q350EW钢的耐蚀性,并与Q355GNH进行对比。试验结果表明：2种耐候钢的焊接接头金相组织由铁素体(F)+珠光体(P)组成,铁素体含量偏多,且晶粒均匀细小;Q350EW钢盐雾24～96 h,外锈层的颜色由黄色变为红褐色,腐蚀速率逐渐增大,在72 h达到最大值0.113 8 mg/mm²;Q350EW腐蚀产物由腐蚀前期稳定性差的Fe(OH)₃,γ-FeOOH,β-FeOOH逐渐转化为较为稳定的α-FeOOH,提高了耐蚀性。     

模拟铁器文物脱盐清洗前后表面锈层的分析

采用FTIR、Laser Raman和EDS对模拟铁器文物脱盐清洗前后表面锈层的结构和成分进行了研究，结果表明：在含氯离子介质中浸泡的试样腐蚀产物主要是由α、β和γ-FeOOH相及非晶δ-FeOOH相组成.经过电化学脱盐清洗后，γ-FeOOH和β-FeOOH相基本消失，腐蚀产物中主要为Fe3O4，还有少量的Fe2O3和α-FeOOH相，证实了在脱盐清洗过程中发生了羟基氧化铁向Fe3O4的转变.SEM观察结果显示针状羟基氧化铁经过脱盐清洗后变为较致密的、细小的颗粒状腐蚀产物相.EDS的分析证实了经电化学脱氯清洗后模拟铁器文物中氯离子含量大幅度减少.      

电力设备架构部件用Q235B钢和镀锌钢在工业高湿热环境中的腐蚀行为

通过中性盐雾试验,研究了Q235B钢和镀锌钢在NaHSO₃和NaCl混合溶液中的腐蚀行为,利用扫描电镜和电化学测试等方法,分析了两种材料的耐蚀性。结果表明：随着腐蚀时间的延长,Q235B钢表面腐蚀产物由片状γ-FeOOH转变为球状α-FeOOH,Q235B钢和镀锌钢表面的腐蚀产物层逐渐变得致密,镀锌钢的低频容抗弧半径和电荷转移电阻均呈先减小后增大的趋势;在盐雾腐蚀过程中,Q235B钢的腐蚀电流密度大于镀锌钢的,镀锌钢的电荷转移电阻大于Q235B钢的,表明镀锌钢的耐蚀性比Q235B钢的好。     

高强度弹簧钢60Si2CrVA与SAE9254在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用盐雾实验、电化学阻抗谱、极化曲线及慢应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT)系统研究了高强度弹簧钢60Si2CrVA与SAE9254在5%(质量分数) NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。盐雾实验表明,两种弹簧钢的平均腐蚀速率随时间延长均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,60Si2CrVA钢的长周期耐腐蚀性能更好,而SAE9254钢初期抗腐蚀性能较好。两种弹簧钢的腐蚀形态为点蚀,腐蚀产物均主要由α-FeOOH,β-FeOOH,Fe_2O_3及Fe_3O_4组成。电化学阻抗谱和极化曲线测试均表明,相比于SAE9254钢,60Si2CrVA钢具有更好的耐蚀性。SSRT结果表明,60Si2CrVA钢的SCC敏感性低于SAE9254钢,两者均呈现出浅裂纹沿晶扩展和深裂纹穿晶扩展的混合模式,SCC机制主要为氢脆机理。     

Q235和Q450钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中长周期暴晒时的腐蚀行为研究

在吐鲁番干热大气环境中对Q235和Q450钢进行4 a大气暴晒实验。结果表明,两种钢表面均有较为明显的锈层,Q450耐候钢4 a的平均腐蚀速率为12 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),Q235钢平均腐蚀速率为14 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),Q450钢腐蚀速率相对较低,腐蚀坑深度较浅。腐蚀产物主要由α-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH和Fe_2O_3·H_2O组成,其中Q450钢腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH比例相对较高,腐蚀产物致密。电化学阻抗测试结果表明:Q450钢腐蚀产物电阻远大于Q235钢的,表面电荷转移电阻也大于Q235钢的,即Q450钢耐蚀性较好,腐蚀产物对基体保护作用相对较好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。