BaTiO3单晶压痕裂纹的畴变和裂纹扩展的原位观察

金相显微镜原位观察了面内极化的BaTiO3单晶在瞬时电场作用下的畴变和裂纹形核、扩展的关系以及未极化BaTiO3单晶在恒电场下Vickers压痕裂纹扩展和电致畴变的关系.结果表明,畴变是裂纹形核、扩展的先决条件,但不存在直接的关系.在恒电场下,未极化的BaTiO3单晶卸载压痕裂纹的滞后扩展可以导致畴变区的扩大.     

恒位移下BaTiO_3单晶在空气中亚临界裂纹扩展与畴变

用正交偏振光显微镜,通过原位观察研究了恒位移下BaTiO_3单晶贯穿裂纹快速扩展与畴变的关系,以及在室温空气中(湿度为35%RH)亚临界裂纹扩展和畴变的关系。结果显示,加载开始时首先出现畴变,且其体积分数随载荷升高而增大;当载荷达到临界值时,裂纹快速形核、扩展并止裂,在空气中保持恒位移,畴变能慢慢发生,即空气中水吸附能促进畴变,当畴变发展到临界条件时就引起裂纹的亚临界扩展(即应力腐蚀)。     

环境断裂研究进展

本文介绍了环境断裂近年来的研究进展.第一部分是功能材料的环境断裂.研究发现,铁电陶瓷如PZT和Ba-TiO3在有水或无水环境中,应力能使压痕裂纹发生滞后扩展(即存在应力腐蚀).恒电场能引起铁电陶瓷的畴变,不协调畴变会产生内应力,电场和应力场对环境断裂存在耦合作用,因此,恒电场下环境断裂的本质是内应力引起的环境断裂;对磁致伸缩材料如(ThDy)Fe2,应力和磁场均能引起畴变,卸载压痕裂纹在湿空气中的滞后扩展以及恒磁场引起的滞后畴变及滞后开裂均能发生.第二部分是关于氢压裂纹(白点)的再认识.氢压裂纹形核前是一个内壁光滑的空腔,微裂纹从空腔壁产生,而后连接形成白点.白点断口和含白点试样的断口概念不同,对车轮钢,前者为准解理的穿晶断裂,和氢致滞后开裂断口相同,但后者则依赖断裂方式和试样厚度.钢中白点除了产生二次裂纹外,对各种断口形貌均没有影响.车轮钢的滞后断裂由原子氢引起,与白点无关.     

恒应力下BaTiO3单晶压痕裂纹的滞后扩展和畴变

原位研究了残余应力和外加应力导致BaTiO3单晶压痕裂纹在湿空气和水中的滞后扩展及畴变．结果表明;很小的外应力就可使压痕裂纹扩展,裂尖的应力场强度因子KI=0．242σ√c＋0．0117d√YP／c^3／2．残余应力能使卸载压痕裂纹在湿空气和水中滞后扩展并使裂纹所围的畴变区增大．在水中外加恒应力,经过一定时间后畴变区先增大,然后才导致裂纹滞后扩展．     

电场、残余应力和介质对PZT-5H铁电陶瓷压痕裂纹扩展的耦合作用

通过在硅油中加恒电场实验,研究了PZT-5H铁电陶瓷Vickers压痕裂纹的扩展行为,探讨了电场、残余应力以及介质间的耦合作用.结果表明,残余应力不足以使压痕裂纹在硅油中发生滞后扩展,只有外加恒电场E>0.2 kV/cm,电场、残余应力和介质的耦合才能使压痕裂纹在经过一个孕育期tp后发生滞后扩展.由于有效应力强度因子随裂纹扩展而下降,故压痕裂纹扩展10-30 μm后就将止裂.压痕裂纹在硅油中滞后扩展的门槛电场强度EDp=0.2 kV/cm.如外加电场大于临界电场Ep=5.25 kV/cm,电场和残余应力的耦合可使压痕裂纹瞬时扩展;保持恒电场,裂纹能继续扩展,然后止裂.如外加电场大于12.6 kV/cm,不需要残余应力协助,电致裂纹也能在光滑试样上形核、长大、连接,导致试样断裂.试样发生电致滞后断裂的门槛电场EDF=12.6 kV/cm,发生瞬时断裂的临界电场EF=19.1 kV/cm.     

湿空气中恒磁场导致(Tb,Dy)Fe2合金的滞后开裂

对（Tb,Dy）Fe2超磁致伸缩合金,用微分相衬显微镜原位研究了应力和磁场引起的畴变、卸载压痕裂纹在湿空气中的滞后扩展以及在湿空气中恒磁场引起的滞后畴变及滞后开裂．结果表明,当磁场大于门槛值上Hth后就能使压痕裂纹发生瞬时扩展;在湿空气中,残余应力能使（Tb,Dy）Fe2发生滞后扩展,当裂纹止裂后,恒磁场（H〈Hth）能使磁畴发生滞后变化,并能使压痕裂纹进一步发生滞后扩展．     

PLZT铁电陶瓷维氏压痕裂纹尖端的原位Raman观测

通过对预先切向极化和纵向极化的PLZT铁电陶瓷试样表面引入维氏压痕,在压痕引入前后以及外加电场作用下原位记录维氏压痕裂纹尖端处的Raman光谱变化。结果表明：裂纹尖端的Raman光学模的强度与90°畴变、试样的预先极化方向以及裂纹尖端的空间分布位置密切相关。当试样的极化方向与外加电场方向垂直时,极化试样的维氏压痕裂纹尖端发生90°畴变,抑制裂纹的生长,此时观测到的Raman光谱强度变化最显著。当试样的极化方向与外加电场方向平行时,几乎不发生90°畴变,将导致裂纹尖端的裂纹生长。     

恒电场下BaTiO3陶瓷压痕裂纹的滞后扩展

在硅油中加恒电场,研究了BaTiO3铁电陶瓷上维氏压痕裂纹的瞬时扩展和滞后扩展的规律.结果表明,当电场E≥2 kV/mm时,压痕裂纹能发生瞬时扩展,瞬时扩展量随外电场升高而升高.当E≤1.5 kV/mm后,裂纹不能瞬时扩展,但在恒电场下保持一定时间后,就开始滞后扩展,大约60 h后将止裂.电场愈小,发生滞后扩展的孕育期ti愈长;当E≤0.8 kV/mm后,压痕裂纹不发生滞后扩展.随电场升高,裂纹扩展量及平均扩展速率均升高.     

垂直电场下BaTiO_3单晶的畴变与压痕裂纹的演化

利用微分干涉相衬显微镜,在垂直于极化方向的电场下,对BaTiO_3单晶的畴变过程和单晶上压痕裂纹的变化过程进行了原位观察.通过对压痕周围和远离压痕区畴变过程的对比,研究了压痕对其周围畴变的影响.结果显示,面内极化试样在垂直于极化方向的面内电场作用下,原有压痕和压痕裂纹随整个试样经历90°畴变后也要发生变化,变化后其形貌与在新的极化状态下重新压制的压痕相似;对离面极化试样加面内电场时,畴变速度先增大后减小,畴变完成一半时,速度最大;而且畴变初始阶段速度呈现大小相间的振荡性.     

湿度对恒电场下BaTiO3单晶中畴变的影响

通过偏振光显微镜观察了在恒电场作用下湿空气对BaTiO3单晶畴变的影响.结果表明,在恒电场下,湿度对不同的畴结构有不同的影响.较低的湿度对a-b和b-c畴结构没有影响.而在较高的湿度下,随着放置时间的增加,b-c畴结构发生了变化,b畴逐渐向c畴转变;但是较高的湿度对a-b畴结构无影响.可用水分子在a(b)畴和c畴上的吸附差别解释上述现象.     

Interactions between domain switching and crack propagation in poled BaTiO3 single crystal under mechanical loading

In this paper, the interactions between the crack propagation and corresponding domain switching in ferroelectric single crystal under mechanical loading were investigated. An experimental setup with a polarized light microscope (PLM) was designed and constructed to in situ observe the crack propagation in poled BaTiO₃ specimens subjected to three-point-bending loading. The observed domain switching was stimulated by the intensive stress field near the crack tip, and the theoretical R-curve taking into account the domain switching toughening agrees well with the experimental results quantitatively. It is confirmed from the actual switched zone that the 90° domain switching is the major mechanism of the fracture toughening, and the apparent fracture toughness increases by 150% in the BaTiO₃ single crystal specimen.     

Study on crack propagation in ferroelectric single crystal under electric loading

The crack propagation in ferroelectric single crystals subjected to electric fields was studied experimentally and theoretically. An in situ observation of crack propagation and domain switching near the crack tip in a poled PMN–PT62/38 single crystal was carried out using polarized optical microscopy. It was found that a pure negative electric field leads to a larger domain switching zone near the crack tip than a positive one does. A negative electric field below the coercive field can cause crack propagation, while no crack growth was observed for a positive electric field far larger than the coercive field. A fracture model based on energy analysis was developed which indicates that the energy variation due to the domain switching provides the thermodynamic driving force for the crack propagation under pure electric loading. The critical electrical loading for the crack growth determined by this model agrees well with experiments.     

Effect of switching stresses on domain evolution during quasi-static crack growth in a ferroelastic single crystal

The present paper demonstrates the effect of switching stresses on domain evolution and fracture toughening during quasi-static crack growth in elastically isotropic ferroelastic single crystals with transversally isotropic ferroelastic strains. With a simple switching algorithm and crack propagation procedure, domain evolution is simulated in an exemplary material with semi-infinite crack under mode I loading, starting from a mono-domain configuration. Domain reorientation is found to be strongly affected by switching stresses, which therefore have to be considered in the context of domain evolution modelling and fracture toughening. Before the onset of crack growth a needle-like domain is formed at the tip of the stationary crack, but this does not effect the crack tip stress intensity factor. Elongation of this domain during the onset of crack growth causes a large increase of the fracture toughness. Domain separation in a later stage results in toughness reduction. The subsequent domain evolution indicates a periodic formation of needle-like domains as observed in soft ferroelastic materials.     

淬火残余应力对铝合金厚板裂纹应力强度因子及扩展趋势的影响

为探究淬火残余应力对铝合金厚板疲劳裂纹扩展的影响规律,建立7075铝合金厚板表面三维裂纹数值仿真模型。采用顺序热力耦合法求解淬火残余应力场,将残余应力场作为初始载荷条件求解裂纹应力强度因子,并与无残余应力场的应力强度因子值进行对比,研究两种条件下应力强度因子的分布规律和两者之间的异同;通过分析在初始淬火残余应力条件下不同半径裂纹受不同均匀拉应力荷载作用时的裂纹应力强度因子随裂纹位置角的演变曲线,探究淬火残余应力对裂纹扩展趋势的影响规律。结果表明,淬火残余应力的存在改变了铝合金厚板应力强度因子的分布规律和裂纹的扩展趋势,淬火残余应力使表层附近的裂纹扩展受到遏止,裂纹易于在厚度方向优先扩展。     

R-curve behavior of BaTiO3- and PZT ceramics under the influence of an electric field applied parallel to the crack front

The fracture resistance curves (R-curves) of BaTiO₃ and commercial PZT–PIC 151 were measured with compact tension specimens under the influence of an electric field applied parallel to the crack front. A strong influence of the electric field on the starting and plateau value was found as well as on the length of the R-curve. Generally a toughness increase was detected with increasing electric field. The toughening effect is estimated from the change in crack tip stress intensity induced by ferroelastic domain switching near the crack tip using the weight function formalism developed for stress-induced transformation toughening of zirconia ceramics. In order to obtain a quantitative prediction of toughening, ferroelastic and ferroelectric properties were measured.     

Mechanism of electric fatigue crack growth in lead zirconate titanate

A series of experiments was performed with through-thickness cracks in ferroelectric double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. Cyclic electric fields of different amplitudes were applied which resulted in cyclic crack propagation perpendicular to the electric field direction. Crack propagation was observed optically and three regimes were identified: a pop-in from a notch, steady-state crack growth and a decrease of the crack growth rate with increasing cycle number. Crack growth only occurred if the applied field exceeded the coercive field strength of the material. Furthermore, the crack extended during each field reversal and the crack growth rate increased with increasing field. Based on the experimental observations, a mechanistic understanding was developed and contrasted with a nonlinear finite element analysis which quantified the stress intensity in the DCB specimens. The driving forces for crack formation at the notch and subsequent fatigue crack growth were computed based on the distribution of residual stresses due to ferroelectric switching. The finite element results are in good agreement with the experimental observations and support the proposed mechanism.     

双相不锈钢中奥氏体相内裂纹扩展路径的透射电镜原位观察

在透射电镜下原位观察了裂纹在双相不锈钢中的扩展过程。结果表明,裂纹在双相不锈钢中奥氏体晶粒内扩展时常呈较大的Z字形扩展路径。并且,在主裂纹前端奥氏体晶粒内形核的小裂纹与主裂纹有较强的交互作用,小裂纹尖端二次滑移系的选择和扩展路径为小裂纹尖端应力场和主裂纹尖端应力场共同支配。