Tensile fracture of soft and hard PZT

Power applications generate high stresses which can damage piezoceramic components. In this study tensile fracture of several types of PZT (hard/soft) is investigated. After validation of the specimen geometry by means of numerical simulation, samples are led to failure using a specific device. Weibull law parameters enable the characterisation of the tensile strength distribution and highlight clear differences between soft and hard ceramics. A fractographic approach emphasises the specificities of the fracture mode and the fracture origin for each type of samples.     

薄板拉伸能力验证计划与技术分析

介绍了由宝钢股份公司组织的"BSTC T002金属材料拉伸试验"能力验证计划,以及围绕金属薄板所开展的"两步法"性能均匀性检验.基于稳健统计技术与Z比分数,对15家实验室获得的数据进行了技术分析,讨论了影响试验结果可靠性的测量因素.稳健化置信椭圆揭示出造成PT计划离群结果的主要因素应为系统误差(实验室间变异).     

扭转圈数对高压扭转SiC_P/Al复合材料界面扩散行为和组织性能的影响

采用OM和EDS研究不同扭转圈数下高压扭转法制备SiC_P/Al复合材料的显微组织和界面扩散行为,并结合组织特点和界面特征分析扭转圈数对复合材料拉伸性能和断裂机理的影响。结果表明:扭转圈数的增加可以有效提高SiC颗粒分布的均匀性,闭合孔隙,界面处Al元素扩散能力增强,扩散距离增大,Al扩散系数实际计算值较理论值增大了10~(17)倍,形成以元素扩散和界面反应为主的强界面结合,试样抗拉强度和伸长率不断提高,少量的SiC颗粒均匀分布在断口韧窝中,断裂主要以基体的韧性断裂为主;当扭转圈数较大时,SiC颗粒在剧烈剪切作用下破碎加剧,颗粒"再生团聚"导致孔隙率增大,潜在裂纹源增多,形成大量结合强度较低的断裂新生界面,试样抗拉强度和伸长率显著降低,在团聚位置易形成尺寸较大的深坑韧窝,复合材料断裂呈现韧性断裂与脆性断裂的混合模式。     

Tensile deformation behaviour of two aluminium alloys at elevated temperatures

Abstract

The tensile deformation behaviour of two recently developed aluminium alloys in the temperature range 200–550°C is characterized in this paper. The aluminium alloys studied here are an automotive stamping grade Al–Mg–Mn alloy and an Al–Li–Cu alloy. Tensile properties at elevated temperatures were determined under different temperature-strain rate combinations. An analysis of deformation and fracture behaviour at elevated temperatures is also presented. The Al–Mg–Mn alloy and the Al–Li–Cu alloy exhibited extended ductility or mild superplasticity at elevated temperatures. Metallographic and fractographic studies revealed appreciable grain growth and cavitation at elevated temperatures. The fracture elongation of Al–Mg–Mn alloy decreased beyond 430°C. Pronounced apparent strain hardening was observed in the case of the Al–Li–Cu alloy in the temperature range 525–550°C at a very low strain rate. This could be due to dynamic grain growth and/or dislocation structure evolution.     

On the Applicability of the Schwalbe's Model to the Fracture Toughness Calculation in 7075 Aluminum Alloys

Four 7075-T651 aluminum alloys have been tested in tension in order to assess the applicability of the Schwalbe's model to the fracture toughness calculation. Standard K _IC tests were performed on compact tension samples at room temperature, and the results compared with those from the Schwalbe's model which takes into account several mechanical properties derived from a conventional tensile test applied on round unnotched tensile samples, and the average dimple size of the corresponding fracture surfaces. The values of K _IC calculated through the Schwalbe's model, correlate qualitatively well with those from the standard technique.Fracture toughness deterioration is accompanied by a loss of the true fracture strain, strain hardening capacity and average dimple size. On the other hand, the higher the Zn/Mg ratio, the volume fraction of precipitates and the yield strength, the lower the fracture toughness. All these effects are originated in the presence of matrix precipitates. Therefore, the reduction in K _IC can be explained in terms of the matrix response to the applied stress field as a function of the differences in volume fraction of the strengthening precipitates.The round tension samples corresponding to the four materials, failed in a predominantly ductile transgranular fashion, which facilitates the application of the Schwalbe's model based in the characteristic dimples, developed in this mode of fracture, as a microstructural element size.     

Comparison of transmission and scanning electron fractography

The transmission electron microscope, with suitable replication techniques, was used extensively during the 1950s and 1960s to study the surfaces of metal fractures, both to understand the mechanism of fracture and for practical failure analysis. When the scanning electron microscope was introduced in the 1960s, these studies were greatly simplified by the lack of necessity for replication. The appearance of the fracture surfaces, however, was different in some cases from the appearance the fractographer was accustomed to seeing from his or her negative replica. This work was done to help translate from one technique to another.     

不同控制模式下拉伸试验速率的测试及方法比较

针对GB／T228．1-2010中方法A、方法B、附录F以及横梁控制4种不同拉伸速率控制模式,采用两组薄板在Z100拉伸试验机做不同控制模式的试验速率试验,并对4种方法进行分析比较。结果表明：对于大部分黑色金属材料来说,4种拉伸速率控制方法对力学性能结果的影响不明显,仅对部分应变速率敏感的材料结果才会有差异;实施方法A时虽然平均应变速率恒定,但实际应变速率超过误差限,偏离方法A;实施方法B时,建议在RP,ReH阶段采用与屈服阶段相同的速率控制模式,以避免试验失控。实施附录F时,Rp,ReH阶段参数m与弹性阶段的参数E不能等同,设置速率Ⅵ：不应与弹性阶段相同。     

Fracture strength testing of δ-alumina fibres with variable diameters and lengths

Tensile tests were performed on individual δ-alumina fibres (Saffil, RF grade). The results revealed a large scatter in strengths and a clear dependence of the fracture strength on the specimen volume. The tests were evaluated on the basis of the Weibull probability function, a special modification of the Weibull analysis being developed that successfully copes with the problem of testing fibres with various diameters and test lengths. For the sample studied the Weibull modulus, m, was found to be 2·2, with a scaling constant δ₀ = 6·0 MPa (units of volume mm³; i.e. V₀ = 1 mm³).     

万能试验机高温拉伸装置的改造升级

为满足高温拉伸试验标准的控温精度和温度均匀性的要求,对现有的某万能试验机的高温拉伸装置进行了技术改造升级,增加了双移动对开式电阻加热炉,改造了高温拉伸夹具,并升级了温度控制器。结果表明:改造升级后明显提高了试验机高温拉伸试验的工作效率、控温精度和温度均匀性,使其完全能满足高温拉伸试验标准的要求。     

Fracture behaviour of cracked carbon nanotube‐based polymer composites: Experiments and finite element simulations

This paper studies the fracture behaviour of cracked carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based polymer composites by a combined numerical–experimental approach. Tensile tests were conducted on single‐edge cracked plate specimens of CNT/polycarbonate composites at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), and the critical loads for fracture instabilities were determined. Elastic–plastic finite element simulations of the tests were then performed to evaluate the J‐integrals corresponding to the experimentally determined critical loads. Scanning electron microscopy examinations were also made on the specimen fracture surfaces, and the fracture mechanisms of the CNT‐based composites were discussed.     

几何参数对拉伸试验的影响

分析了拉伸试验过程中出现的异常断裂情况,用非线性有限元分析系统Deform-3D软件模拟拉伸试验过程,研究了在各种几何参数变化和与夹具装配中出现尺寸偏差时试样上的应力分布情况及出现失效破坏的位置,其结果可用于材料试样的几何参数设计以及进一步的夹具优化设计。     

纸张湿抗张强度检测方法的研究

目的研究提高纸张湿抗张强度检测结果准确度的方法。方法选择某湿强纸为样本,通过改变作用于浸湿后样品的擦拭力及其作用时间,测定擦拭后样品的湿抗张力和水分含量,并将最佳擦拭力和擦拭力作用时间下的测试结果与标准方法测得的检测结果作对比。结果当砝码质量为500g,作用时间为15s时,测得纸张湿抗张强度标准偏差由0.4降低为0.1,变异系数由7.18%降低为1.86%,大大提高了纸张湿抗张强度检测结果的准确度。结论为了减少人为因素对纸张湿抗张强度检测结果准确度的影响,可在标准中规定擦拭力和擦拭力作用时间。     

高温超塑性拉伸试验方法设计

材料高温超塑性拉伸试验方法至今尚未统一,这对材料研制及其加工工艺制订均为不利。本文设计出一种可供统一使用的试验方法,以克服这一不足,并取得了很好的实用效果。     

X-ray topography for fractography of single-crystal components

X-ray diffraction topography is a new tool that may help fractographic analysis of single-crystal structural materials. It is sensitive to local strain and/or crystallographic orientation and provides a unique view of single-crystal samples both before and after fracture. It can find strength-and performance-limiting surface and subsurface flaws that are undetectable by other methods or are detectable only with great difficulty and provides a complementary view of the fracture surface. The attributes of synchrotron-based X-ray topography as applied to fractography are described and illustrated with examples from recent experiments on sapphire.     

Effect of Temperature on the Tensile Strength and Failure Modes of Angle Ply CFRP Tubes under Hoop Loading

A comprehensive study was undertaken to characterise carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes at different temperatures. Quasi-static burst tests were performed on tubes of 25°, 55° and 75° winding angle. The tubes were burst under internal radial pressure with minimum end constraints. An experimental rig and two conditioning tanks were designed and built to test the specimens at three temperatures; -46°C (low temperature), +20°C (room temperature) and +70°C (high temperature). For each test the internal pressure and the strains in both circumferential and longitudinal directions were recorded using a digital processing equipment.For a particular batch of tubes, tested at three different temperatures, a decrease in hoop strength and modulus of the 55° tubes with increasing temperature was recorded; the effect was less pronounced on the properties of 25° and 75° tubes. The use of a non-structural liner during the tests led to higher ultimate strength and strain of 55° tubes but had negligible effects on the behaviour of 75° tubes. The use of a liner in 25° tubes altered the mode of failure, resulting in a very large tube deformation with no noticeable increase in burst pressure. Micrographic analysis was also undertaken to study the failure mechanisms during pressurisation of lined and unlined tubes.     

What failure analysis can do for the machine designer,operator, diagnostician,and prognostician

A competent failure analyst can often determine whether the machine design was nominally adequate with a half hour time slot for visual examination. The use of macrofractography, a specialized type of visual examination, can allow trained personnel to determine whether improper alignment or component imperfections may have contributed to an unexpected failure. Case studies will be presented. Some examples of “learning from the graveyard” and how that can facilitate improvements in design, manufacturing, and operations will be described. Reprinted with permission from Proceeding of the 58th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, April 2004, p. 329.