煎炸油中多环芳烃污染情况及其健康风险评估

目的 了解煎炸油中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,并评估其对人群造成的健康风险。方法 利用2015年和2017年PAHs专项监测中158份煎炸油样品的8种PAHs污染水平数据,以及其中76份样品14种PAHs污染水平数据,结合我国普通人群植物油消费量,采用暴露情景假设的方法,计算膳食暴露量和暴露限值(MOE),评估其健康风险。结果 煎炸油样品中14种PAHs化合物的检出率范围为0.0%～100.0%,其中苯并(a)芘的检出率为83.5%(132/158)。二苯并(a,h)蒽污染水平最高,均值为3.33 μg/kg,其次分别为苯并(a)蒽、艹屈、苯并(a)芘,均值分别为2.25、2.21、1.91 μg/kg。艹屈 是14种PAHs中最主要的化合物,占14种PAHs的比例为18.6%。经煎炸油摄入的苯并(a)芘、苯并(a)芘+艹屈 、苯并(a)芘+艹屈 +苯并(a)蒽+苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘+艹屈 +苯并(a)蒽+苯并(b)荧蒽+苯并(k)荧蒽+二苯并(a,h)蒽+苯并(g,h,i)芘+茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘的平均暴露量分别为0.99、2.13、4.36、7.90 ng/kg BW,其MOE值分别为70 707、79 812、77 982、62 025,均远大于10 000。结论 基于当前监测的煎炸油中PAHs污染水平,我国普通人群经煎炸油摄入PAHs的健康风险在极端暴露的情况下较低。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法检测植物性食品中14种欧盟优控多环芳烃

目的 建立准确测定蔬菜、水果及粮食中多环芳烃含量,了解河北省内上述食品中14种欧盟优控多环芳烃(苯并(c)芴、苯并(a)蒽、?、5-甲基?、苯并(j)荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,l)芘、二苯并(a, h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝、茚并(1,2,3-cd)(a)芘、二苯并(a,e)芘、二苯并(a,i)芘、二苯并(a,h)芘)的实际污染状况。方法 样品经环己烷：乙酸乙酯(1:1, V:V)溶液超声提取后,浓缩至近干,经正己烷复溶后通过多环芳烃专用固相萃取柱进行净化处理,洗脱液经浓缩后用乙腈定容,采用液相色谱-荧光检测法进行检测。结果 14种化合物的线性范围为1.00~18.0μg/kg;方法回收率为60.9%~125.4%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~7.6%;苯并(c)芴、苯并(a)蒽、?、5-甲基-1,2-苯并菲、苯并(j)荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,e)芘、二苯并(a,i)芘、二苯并(a,h)芘检出限为0.15μg/kg;二苯并(a,l)芘、二苯并(a, h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘检出限为0.3μg/kg。市售的96份样品中, 检出不同种类不同含量的多环芳烃类化合物, 检出率为51.0%。结论 本方法重现性好,检测灵敏度高,可用于水果、蔬菜及粮食中14种多环芳烃的检测。     

食用植物油中多环芳烃含量水平调查分析

调查了8类、116个食用植物油样品中的苯并(a)蒽、■、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘的污染情况。采用简单的液-液萃取法进行前处理,GC-MS/MS测定。结果表明:不同品种食用植物油多环芳烃含量差异较大;苯并(a)芘的检出率为85.34%,检出结果范围为0.59~9.75μg/kg;4种多环芳烃总量的检出率为100%,检出结果范围为0.88~59.17μg/kg;苯并(a)芘含量与4种多环芳烃总量成线性关系。     

高温处理对羊肉中主要有害物质的影响

为研究煎、炸、烤3种高温处理对羊肉中有害物质的影响,试验选用横山羊肉,通过调控其高温处理时间和温度,采用分光光度法、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)外标法和高效液相色谱(HPLC)外标法分别测定高温处理后羊肉中的亚硝酸盐、反式油酸(C18:1 trans-9)及多环芳烃(PAHs)。结果表明:煎制2 min和3 min处理的羊肉中亚硝酸盐含量较低(p0.05);处理时长对C18:1 trans-9含量影响差异不显著(p0.05);2 min和3 min处理的羊肉中菲、芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽含量均较低(p0.05);炸制3 min处理的羊肉中亚硝酸盐,C18:1 trans-9,芘、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[a]蒽5种PAHs含量均最低(p0.05);160℃烤制处理的羊肉中亚硝酸盐含量最低(p0.05);160℃和180℃处理的羊肉中C18:1 trans-9含量较低(p0.05);160℃处理的羊肉中萘、菲和苯并[a]芘含量低于180℃,菲、苣、苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘含量低于200℃(p0.05)。综合分析,3种高温处理对羊肉中有害物质有较大影响,羊肉在226～228℃下煎制2～3 min、炸制3 min、在160℃下烤制40 min时3类有害物质含量相对较低。     

不同油脂对油炸食品中苯并(a)芘含量的影响

以薯条、油条和鸡块为研究对象,探究花生油、大豆油、菜籽油、24°棕榈油、42°棕榈油5种煎炸油对油炸食品中苯并(a)芘含量的影响,以期在今后的油炸烹饪过程中控制油炸食品中苯并(a)芘的含量。采用5种煎炸油176℃油炸薯条(165 s)、油条(150 s)和鸡块(210 s),并用液相色谱法分析不同油脂对油炸食品中苯并(a)芘含量的影响。结果表明:随煎炸批次的增加,不同油脂煎炸食品中苯并(a)芘含量也逐渐增加。花生油煎炸的食品中苯并(a)芘含量最高,薯条为1.64μg/kg,油条为1.73μg/kg,鸡块为1.15μg/kg;42°棕榈油煎炸的食品中苯并(a)芘含量最低,薯条为0.04μg/kg,油条为0.10μg/kg,鸡块为0.05μg/kg。综上所述,42°棕榈油煎炸的食品中苯并(a)芘含量较低,煎炸稳定性较好。     

我国主产区油茶持久性有机污染物分布特征及相关性研究

为了明确油茶中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染分布特征,利用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)对我国主产区45个采样点135批次油茶果不同部位及对应油茶林土壤进行16种多环芳烃(PAHs)、18种多氯联苯(PCBs)和21种有机氯(OCPs)污染水平分析。同时分析油茶籽仁和油茶林土壤中主要POPs之间相关性。结果表明:油茶果各部位及油茶林土壤PAHs污染以萘、苊烯、苊萘嵌戊烷、荧蒽等低环PAHs污染较为明显;PCBs污染程度很轻,含量均在1μg/kg以下;OCPs污染主要为狄氏剂、毒杀芬、α-六六六、硫丹、异狄氏剂和艾氏剂。油茶籽仁中荧蒽与菲具有强正相关(R~2=0.90);油茶林土壤中芴与菲,■与苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘和苯并(a)蒽,PCB138与茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘,PCB180与苯并(g,h,i)苝,p,p′-DDE与o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDD之间均具有较强相关性(R~2=0.81～0.98)。     

冷冻除脂-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测食用植物油中30 种多环芳烃

建立冷冻除脂--气相色谱-串联质谱检测食用植物油中30?种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAH）的方法。选用6?种氘标记PAH为内标,样品经乙腈--丙酮溶液（4∶1,V/V）于离心管中涡旋提取,10?000?r/min离心5?min,－80?℃对油脂冷冻固化,倾出提取液,再经减压浓缩和氮气吹干,以二氯甲烷复溶,气相色谱--串联质谱多反应监测方式进行检测。结果表明,在相应质量浓度范围内30?种PAH均有良好线性（R2＞0.998）,检出限为0.10～1.83?μg/kg,定量限为0.35～6.11?μg/kg,在5、20?μg/kg和50?μg/kg添加水平下的回收率为67.77%～119.28%,相对标准偏差为1.18%～12.47%。采用本方法对市售11?类38?个食用植物油样品的检测显示,萘、1-甲基萘、2--甲基萘、联苯、2,6--二甲基萘、苊烯、苊、2,3,6--三甲基萘、芴、二苯并噻吩、菲、蒽、1-甲基菲、荧蒽、芘、环戊烯[c,d]芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘和苯并[a]芘的检出率均为100%;5--甲基屈、苝、茚并[1,2,3--c,d]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝和二苯并[a,l]芘的检出率分别为86.84%、63.16%、81.58%、21.05%、81.58%和26.32%;二苯并[a,e]芘和二苯并[a,h]芘未检出;PAH总量为92.56～905.16?μg/kg,其中苯并[a]芘含量为1.94～7.40?μg/kg,依据食品安全标准限量,PAH处于较安全水平。     

高效液相色谱法分析食品中多环芳香类物质(PAHs)

荧蒽,苯并(k)荧蒽,苯并(b)荧蒽,苯并芘(BaP),苯并(g,h,i)芘具有致癌或者致突变效应,为测定这5种多环芳香类物质在食品中的含量,本研究建立了高效液相色谱同时分析5种的多环芳香类物质的方法.荧蒽,苯并(k)荧蒽,苯并(b)荧蒽,苯并芘(BaP),苯并(g,h,i)芘的检测限分别为0.12,0.0128,0.0214,0.0412,0.126ng/mL(进样量5μL),定量限分别为0.4,0.0428,0.0713,0.137,0.42ng/mL回收率在85%～100%以内.该方法灵敏度高、操作简单、定量准确.     

食用植物油中苯并（a）芘检测结果分析

目的：测定国内外食用植物油19个种类262份样品苯并（a）芘残留含量,为食用油脂质量安全监管提供科学依据。方法：采用中性氧化铝净化,高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测苯并（a）芘残留含量。结果：食用植物油中苯并（a）芘的检出率98．5％,超标率占样品总数的2．3％。所检测食用植物油中苯并（a）芘污染最严重的是芝麻油。     

热解温度对烟草稠环芳烃产生量的影响

采用热裂解-气质联用(Py-GC/MS)法测定了氮气中不同温度下烤烟、香料烟和白肋烟烟叶样品裂解产生的10种稠环芳烃(PAHs)。结果表明:①550℃以下,烤烟、白肋烟和香料烟样品裂解产物中均未检出PAHs;600℃和650℃下,裂解产物均为芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘;700℃下,烤烟和香料烟样品裂解产物中又检出了苯并[a]蒽、屈艹,而白肋烟样品未检出;750℃下,烤烟和白肋烟样品的裂解产物中又检出了苯并荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘,而香料烟样品未检出;800~900℃,3种烟叶样品均检出这10种PAHs;②600~900℃,每种烟叶样品的PAHs量均随着裂解温度的升高呈上升趋势;同一裂解温度下,烤烟、白肋烟和香料烟样品的PAHs产生量有一定的差异。800℃以上,大部分PAHs都是香料烟的产生量最大,白肋烟的最小,而750℃以下并非如此。香料烟样品的PAHs产生量随着裂解温度的升高增幅最大。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food samples collected in Barcelona, Spain

This study reports on the concentrations of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food samples collected in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) from 2003 to 2004. Food samples included meat products, fish (fresh and smoked), other seafood (cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalves), vegetable oil, and tea. Concentrations of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[alpha]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PAHs were detected in most tea samples (94%), which had the highest concentration of total PAHs (mean concentration of 59 microg/kg). Other food groups with a high presence of PAHs were bivalves (present in 34% of the samples; mean value of 2.7 microg/kg) and meat products (present in 13% of the samples; mean value of 1.7 microg/kg). The PAHs detected most frequently were benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. No sample had levels above current regulation standards. Nevertheless, the frequent presence of PAHs in bivalves, tea samples, and meat products, together with the fact that dietary sources are the main exposure to these carcinogenic compounds, suggests the need for some monitoring scheme to follow up on these trends.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh and cold-smoked Atlantic salmon fillets

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fish as a consequence of cold smoking was studied. Raw fillets of Salmo salar from Norway or the Irish Sea were sampled in a modern smokehouse and examined for PAH content. The same fillets, labeled with an identification number, were sampled immediately after the smoking process and analyzed. Among the investigated compounds, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene were detected in both raw and smoked fillets. No significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed between raw and smoked samples in the concentrations of six PAHs, but significant differences were found for fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[ghi]perylene. Results confirm that PAHs concentrations in smoked fish are the product of both sea pollution and the smoking process. A modern smoking plant with an external smoke generator and a mild treatment as described here will not add significantly to the concentration of PAHs, except for some compounds.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: human exposure through the diet in Catalonia, Spain

The dietary intake of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain, was calculated. Concentrations of PAHs in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia from June to August 2000 were measured. Eleven food groups were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze PAHs. The dietary intakes of total and carcinogenic PAHs was calculated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male adults, female adults, and seniors. Among the analyzed PAHs, there was a predominance of phenanthrene (16.7 microg/kg) and pyrene (10.7 microg/kg). By food group, the highest levels of total PAHs were detected in cereals (14.5 microg/kg) and in meat and meat products (13.4 microg/kg). The mean estimated dietary intake of the sum of the 16 PAHs was as follows: male adults, 8.4 microg/day; adolescents, 8.2 microg/day; children, 7.4 microg/day; seniors, 6.3 microg/day; female adults, 6.3 microg/day. The calculated daily intake of PAHs would be associated with a 5/106 increase in the risk for the development of cancer in a male adult with a body weight of 70 kg.     

The application of d-SPE in the QuEChERS method for the determination of PAHs in food of animal origin with GC–MS detection

This paper reports the evaluation of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food of animal origin with GC–MS detection. Although in the available literature, there is a lot of information about sample preparation method for PAHs determination in food samples, but the QuEChERS method application for PAHs determination in food of animal origin has not been reported as yet. The results showed that the best recovery ratios 72.4–110.8 % with relative standard deviation lower than 10 % for all determined compounds were received for the method with ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent, primary–secondary amine and C₁₈ sorbents and evaporation to dryness and dissolving the residues in the hexane. The limit of quantification ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0030 mg kg^?1 for pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene, respectively. This method was also used for the determination of PAHs in 15 samples of pork ham. In 8 of 15 samples selected, PAHs were identified. It was observed that in 6 cooked ham and one smoked and cooked samples, any PAHs were found. In other samples, which were smoked and roasted, some low concentration of PAHs was detected. In one sample benzo[a]pyrene (0.0015 mg kg^?1), in one sample benzo[b]fluoranthene (0.0015 mg kg^?1) and in one sample chrysene (0.0024 mg kg^?1) were detected. A number of other less harmful PAHs were also determined. There were no exceedances of maximum levels (according to Commission Regulation (EU) No 835/2011) for determined PAHs in any of the analysed samples.     

高效液相色谱-荧光法测定油炸型膨化食品中4种多环芳烃

建立了高效液相色谱-荧光法(HPLC-FLD)测定油炸型膨化食品中苯并[a]蒽(BaA)、(CHR)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)、苯并[a]芘(BaP)4种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法。样品经饱和氯化钠分散后,采用正己烷萃取,经BAP-3分子印迹柱净化,Waters PAH C₁₈色谱柱分离,荧光检测器进行测定,外标法定量。在0.5~40 μg/L浓度范围内4种PAHs均有良好的线性(r>0.999),定量限为(LOQ)0.3~0.5 μg/kg。在空白样品中进行1、5、25 μg/kg 3个水平的加标回收实验,方法的平均回收率在90.3%~107.4%之间,精密度在6.5%以下。该方法简单、快速、灵敏、重现性好,可用于油炸型膨化食品中4种PAHs的定量测定。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) from the Argentinean market

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence in 50 samples marketed in the main supermarkets from Argentina was surveyed. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied with fluorescence detection (FLD) and UV—VIS diodes array detector (DAD) for the analysis of 16 PAHs in “yerba mate” (Ilex paraguariensis), with recoveries higher than 89% and limits of detection and quantification lower than that found by other methodologies in previous studies. Contamination expressed as the sum of 16 analysed PAHs ranged between 224.6 and 4449.5 μg kg^?1 on dry mass. The contamination expressed as PAH4 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) varied between 8.3 and 512.4 μg kg^?1. The correlation coefficient for PAH2 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene and chrysene) and PAH4 groups was 0.99, for PAH2 and PAH8 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3cd) pyrene) 0.97 and for PAH4 and PAH8 0.98.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and risk assessment for food from service facilities in Korea

ABSTRACT

In this study, levels of benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene in 412 food items collected from food service facilities in Korea were analysed. The concentrations of the eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranged 0.13–0.48 μg/kg. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in all food samples were <1 μg/kg, which is the lowest maximum limit in foods regulated by European Union legislation. PAH contents were employed to conduct exposure and risk assessment. The chronic daily intake of PAHs from 412 food samples was 5.48 × 10^–6-4.70 ×x 10^–4 µg-TEQ_BaP/kg/day with margins of exposure of 1.04 × 10⁹-1.16 × 10¹¹.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian preserved food products in oil

A method based on gas chromatography/ tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess levels of 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48 preserved food products in oil including foods such as vegetables in oil, fish in oil and oil-based sauces obtained from the Italian market. The benzo[a]pyrene concentrations ranged from <0.04 to 0.40 µg kg^?1, and 72.9% of the samples showed detectable levels of this compound. The highest contamination level was observed for chrysene with three additional PAHs (benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[c]fluorene) giving mean values higher than the mean value for benzo[a]pyrene. Chrysene was detected in all the samples at concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 1.80 µg kg^?1 (median 0.31 µg kg^?1). The contamination expressed as PAH4 (sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene), for which the maximum tolerable limit has been set by Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011, varied between 0.10 and 2.94 µg kg^?1.     

Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and risk assessment for fish and meat products in Korea

Contents and human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish and meat products in Korea were analyzed. Liquid-liquid extraction and HPLC with fluorescence detection were used. The average concentrations of total PAHs were 0.21 μg/kg for fish and shellfish, 1.97 μg/kg for meat, and 0.32 μg/kg for smoked products. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) content was <5 μg/kg and contents of 4 PAHs (benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and BaP) were lower than 30 μg/kg, which is the maximum tolerable limit. PAHs values were changed to BaP to conduct exposure assessments and risk characterization. Dietary exposure was 0.011-0.544 ng-TEQ_BaP/kg/day. The margin of exposure for all population groups assessed at the mean and 95^th percentile was 13,757–9,090,909, of low concern. PAHs were detected in fish and shellfish, meat, and smoked products, but their contribution to human PAH exposure was small.