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Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have gained tremendous interest for grid scale energy storage system and power energy batteries. However, the current researches of anode for SIBs still face the critical issues of low areal capacity, limited cycle life, and low initial coulombic efficiency for practical application perspective. To solve this issue, a kind of hierarchical 3D carbon‐networks/Fe7S8/graphene (CFG) is designed and synthesized as freestanding anode, which is constructed with Fe7S8 microparticles well‐welded on 3D‐crosslinked carbon‐networks and embedded in highly conductive graphene film, via a facile and scalable synthetic method. The as‐prepared freestanding electrode CFG represents high areal capacity (2.12 mAh cm?2 at 0.25 mA cm?2) and excellent cycle stability of 5000 cycles (0.0095% capacity decay per cycle). The assembled all‐flexible sodium‐ion battery delivers remarkable performance (high areal capacity of 1.42 mAh cm?2 at 0.3 mA cm?2 and superior energy density of 144 Wh kg?1), which are very close to the requirement of practical application. This work not only enlightens the material design and electrode engineering, but also provides a new kind of freestanding high energy density anode with great potential application prospective for SIBs.  相似文献   

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Sodium–ion batteries (NIBs), due to the advantages of low cost and relatively high safety, have attracted widespread attention all over the world, making them a promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage systems. However, the inherent lower energy density to lithium–ion batteries is the issue that should be further investigated and optimized. Toward the grid‐level energy storage applications, designing and discovering appropriate anode materials for NIBs are of great concern. Although many efforts on the improvements and innovations are achieved, several challenges still limit the current requirements of the large‐scale application, including low energy/power densities, moderate cycle performance, and the low initial Coulombic efficiency. Advanced nanostructured strategies for anode materials can significantly improve ion or electron transport kinetic performance enhancing the electrochemical properties of battery systems. Herein, this Review intends to provide a comprehensive summary on the progress of nanostructured anode materials for NIBs, where representative examples and corresponding storage mechanisms are discussed. Meanwhile, the potential directions to obtain high‐performance anode materials of NIBs are also proposed, which provide references for the further development of advanced anode materials for NIBs.  相似文献   

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Black phosphorus (BP) with unique 2D structure enables the intercalation of foreign elements or molecules, which makes BP directly relevant to high‐capacity rechargeable batteries and also opens a promising strategy for tunable electronic transport and superconductivity. However, the underlying intercalation mechanism is not fully understood. Here, a comparative investigation on the electrochemically driven intercalation of lithium and sodium using in situ transmission electron microscopy is presented. Despite the same preferable intercalation channels along [100] (zigzag) direction, distinct anisotropic intercalation behaviors are observed, i.e., Li ions activate lateral intercalation along [010] (armchair) direction to form an overall uniform propagation, whereas Na diffusion is limited in the zigzag channels to cause the columnar intercalation. First‐principles calculations indicate that the diffusion of both Li and Na ions along the zigzag direction is energetically favorable, while Li/Na diffusion long the armchair direction encounters an increased energy barrier, but that of Na is significantly larger and insurmountable, which accounts for the orientation‐dependent intercalation channels. The evolution of chemical states during phase transformations (from LixP/NaxP to Li3P/Na3P) is identified by analytical electron diffraction and energy‐loss spectroscopy. The findings elucidate atomistic Li/Na intercalation mechanisms in BP and show potential implications for other similar 2D materials.  相似文献   

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Inspired by its high‐active and open layered framework for fast Li+ extraction/insertion reactions, layered Ni‐rich oxide is proposed as an outstanding Na‐intercalated cathode for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries. An O3‐type Na0.75Ni0.82Co0.12Mn0.06O2 is achieved through a facile electrochemical ion‐exchange strategy in which Li+ ions are first extracted from the LiNi0.82Co0.12Mn0.06O2 cathode and Na+ ions are then inserted into a layered oxide framework. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of layered Ni‐rich oxide during Na+ extraction/insertion is investigated in detail by combining ex situ X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. As an excellent cathode for Na‐ion batteries, O3‐type Na0.75Ni0.82Co0.12Mn0.06O2 delivers a high reversible capacity of 171 mAh g?1 and a remarkably stable discharge voltage of 2.8 V during long‐term cycling. In addition, the fast Na+ transport in the cathode enables high rate capability with 89 mAh g?1 at 9 C. The as‐prepared Ni‐rich oxide cathode is expected to significantly break through the limited performance of current sodium‐ion batteries.  相似文献   

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The further development of high‐power sodium‐ion batteries faces the severe challenge of achieving high‐rate cathode materials. Here, an integrated flexible electrode is constructed by smart combination of a conductive carbon cloth fiber skeleton and N‐doped carbon (NC) shell on Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) nanoparticles via a simple impregnation method. In addition to the great electronic conductivity and high flexibility of carbon cloth, the NC shell also promotes ion/electron transport in the electrode. The flexible NVP@NC electrode renders preeminent rate capacities (80.7 mAh g?1 at 50 C for cathode; 48 mAh g?1 at 30 C for anode) and superior cycle performance. A flexible symmetric NVP@NC//NVP@NC full cell is endowed with fairly excellent rate performance as well as good cycle stability. The results demonstrate a powerful polybasic strategy design for fabricating electrodes with optimal performance.  相似文献   

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由于能源资源短缺和环境问题,开发新型储能材料迫在眉睫。锂离子电池应用广泛,但其在地壳中的含量较低,限制了它的发展。钠与锂具有相似的化学性质,可以替代锂成为新一代储能材料。碳基储钠负极材料分为天然石墨、石墨烯、软碳材料和硬碳材料。重点介绍了这些碳材料的定义、存在的问题和解决方案,对碳材料的改性及其在钠离子电池中的应用有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

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The inherently low electrical conductivity of TiO2-based electrodes as well as the high electrical resistance between an electrode and a current collector represents a major obstacle to their use as an anode for lithium ion batteries. In this study, we report on high-density TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) branched onto a carbon nanofiber (CNF) "tree" that provide a low resistance current path between the current collector and the TiO2 NTs. Compared to a TiO2 NT array grown directly on the current collector, the branched TiO2 NTs tree, coupled with the CNF electrode, exhibited -10 times higher areal energy density and excellent rate capability (discharge capacity of -150 mA.h.g-1 at a current density of 1,000 mA·g-1). Based on the detailed experimental results and associated theoretical analysis, we demonstrate that the introduction of CNFs with direct electric contact with the current collector enables a significant increase in areal capacity (mA·h·cm-2) as well as excellent rate capability.  相似文献   

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“Building better batteries” remains an ongoing process to cater diverse energy demands starting from small‐scale consumer electronics to large‐scale automobiles and grid storage. While Li‐ion batteries have carried this burden over the last three decades, the ever‐growing and highly diverse applications (based on size, energy‐density, and stationary vs mobile usages) have led to an era of “beyond lithium‐ion batteries.” In this postlithium‐battery era, sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have emerged as a pragmatic option particularly for large‐scale applications. They attract attention due to the abundance and uniform geographic distribution of sodium‐based minerals, materials/process economy, and well‐known (de)intercalation mechanisms, in particular for stationary applications independent of size/weight restriction. Parallel to the Li‐ion batteries, the cathode (positive electrode) plays a key role in overall performance, leading to the exploration of various layered and 3D framework insertion materials. While layered oxides deliver high capacity, polyanionic hosts offer structural stability, operational safety, and tunable redox potentials. It can be further exploited in “mixed polyanion” cathode materials combining more than one kind of polyanion units. This article focuses on mixed polyanionic cathode materials for NIBs. It renders a sneak‐peek on suites of mixed polyanionic insertion materials discussing their structure, overall electrochemical performance, and future perspectives.  相似文献   

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正极材料LixMn2O4容量在循环过程中的损失机理研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
正极材料LixMn2O是近几年锂离子电池研究的热点,但其在循环过程中容量衰减是制约锂离子电池商吕化的关键,LixMn2O4的溶解,晶型转变,过充和过放地导致正极材料LixMn2O4循环过程中容量损失的关键因素,概述了近几年在这方面的研究的研究进展,并提出了当前解决问题的一些途径。  相似文献   

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Metallic bismuth (Bi) has been widely explored as remarkable anode material in alkali‐ion batteries due to its high gravimetric/volumetric capacity. However, the huge volume expansion up to ≈406% from Bi to full potassiation phase K3Bi, inducing the slow kinetics and poor cycling stability, hinders its implementation in potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Here, facile strategy is developed to synthesize hierarchical bismuth nanodots/graphene (BiND/G) composites with ultrahigh‐rate and durable potassium ion storage derived from an in situ spontaneous reduction of sodium bismuthate/graphene composites. The in situ formed ultrafine BiND (≈3 nm) confined in graphene layers can not only effectively accommodate the volume change during the alloying/dealloying process but can also provide high‐speed channels for ionic transport to the highly active BiND. The BiND/G electrode provides a superior rate capability of 200 mA h g?1 at 10 A g?1 and an impressive reversible capacity of 213 mA h g?1 at 5 A g?1 after 500 cycles with almost no capacity decay. An operando synchrotron radiation‐based X‐ray diffraction reveals distinctively sharp multiphase transitions, suggesting its underlying operation mechanisms and superiority in potassium ion storage application.  相似文献   

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