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Despite the exciting progress on power conversion efficiencies, the commercialization of the emerging lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cell technology still faces significant challenges, one of which is the inclusion of toxic Pb. Searching for Pb‐free perovskite solar cell absorbers is currently an attractive research direction. The approaches used for and the consequences of Pb replacement are reviewed herein. Reviews on the theoretical understanding of the electronic, optical, and defect properties of Pb and Pb‐free halide perovskites and perovskite derivatives are provided, as well as the experimental results available in the literature. The theoretical understanding explains well why Pb halide perovskites exhibit superior photovoltaic properties, but Pb‐free perovskites and perovskite derivatives do not. 相似文献
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Li Na Quan Rafael Quintero‐Bermudez Oleksandr Voznyy Grant Walters Ankit Jain James Zhangming Fan Xueli Zheng Zhenyu Yang Edward H. Sargent 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(21)
Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted attention due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in solution; however, maintaining high emission efficiency in the solid state remains a challenge. This study presents a solution‐phase synthesis of efficient green‐emitting perovskite NCs (CsPbBr3) embedded in robust and air‐stable rhombic prism hexabromide (Cs4PbBr6) microcrystals, reaching a PLQY of 90%. Theoretical modeling and experimental characterization suggest that lattice matching between the NCs and the matrix contribute to improved passivation, while spatial confinement enhances the radiative rate of the NCs. In addition, dispersing the NCs in a matrix prevents agglomeration, which explains their high PLQY. 相似文献
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Halide perovskites have high light absorption coefficients, long charge carrier diffusion lengths, intense photoluminescence, and slow rates of non‐radiative charge recombination. Thus, they are attractive photoactive materials for developing high‐performance optoelectronic devices. These devices are also cheap and easy to be fabricated. To realize the optimal performances of halide perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices (HPODs), perovskite photoactive layers should work effectively with other functional materials such as electrodes, interfacial layers and encapsulating films. Conventional two‐dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for this purpose because of their unique structures and/or interesting optoelectronic properties. Here, we comprehensively summarize the recent advancements in the applications of conventional 2D materials for halide perovskite‐based photodetectors, solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. The examples of these 2D materials are graphene and its derivatives, mono‐ and few‐layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), graphdiyne and metal nanosheets, etc. The research related to 2D nanostructured perovskites and 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites as efficient and stable photoactive layers is also outlined. The syntheses, functions and working mechanisms of relevant 2D materials are introduced, and the challenges to achieving practical applications of HPODs using 2D materials are also discussed. 相似文献
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Weijun Ke Constantinos C. Stoumpos Mercouri G. Kanatzidis 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2019,31(47)
The tremendous interest focused on organic–inorganic halide perovskites since 2012 derives from their unique optical and electrical properties, which make them excellent photovoltaic materials. Pb‐based halide perovskite solar cells, in particular, currently stand at a record efficiency of ≈23%, fulfilling their potential toward commercialization. However, because of the toxicity concerns of Pb‐based perovskite solar cells, their market prospects are hindered. In principle, Pb can be replaced with other less‐toxic, environmentally benign metals. Sn‐based perovskites are thus the far most promising alternative due to their very similar and perhaps even superior semiconductor characteristics. After years of effort invested in Sn‐based halide perovskites, sufficient breakthroughs have finally been achieved that make them the next runners up to the Pb halide perovskites. To help the reader better understand the nature of Sn‐based halide perovskites, their optical and electrical properties are systematically discussed. Recent progress in Sn‐based perovskite solar cells, focusing mainly on film fabrication methods and different device architectures, and highlighting roadblocks to progress and opportunities for future work are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of mixed Sn/Pb‐based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed. The current challenges and a future outlook for Sn‐based perovskites are discussed. 相似文献
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Vivien M. Kiyek Yorick A. Birkhlzer Yury Smirnov Martin Ledinsky Zdenek Remes Jamo Momand Bart J. Kooi Gertjan Koster Guus Rijnders Monica Morales‐Masis 《Advanced Materials Interfaces》2020,7(11)
The presence of a nonoptically active polymorph (yellow‐phase) competing with the optically active polymorph (black γ‐phase) at room temperature in cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) and the susceptibility of Sn to oxidation represent two of the biggest obstacles for the exploitation of CsSnI3 in optoelectronic devices. Here room‐temperature single‐source in vacuum deposition of smooth black γ −CsSnI3 thin films is reported. This is done by fabricating a solid target by completely solvent‐free mixing of CsI and SnI2 powders and isostatic pressing. By controlled laser ablation of the solid target on an arbitrary substrate at room temperature, the formation of CsSnI3 thin films with optimal optical properties is demonstrated. The films present a bandgap of 1.32 eV, a sharp absorption edge, and near‐infrared photoluminescence emission. These properties and X‐ray diffraction of the thin films confirm the formation of the orthorhombic (B‐γ ) perovskite phase. The thermal stability of the phase is ensured by applying in situ an Al2O3 capping layer. This work demonstrates the potential of pulsed laser deposition as a volatility‐insensitive single‐source growth technique of halide perovskites and represents a critical step forward in the development and future scalability of inorganic lead‐free halide perovskites. 相似文献
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Michael Hans Carsten Gachot Frank Müller Frank Mücklich 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2009,11(10):795-800
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Hongchao Ma Jinbo Fei Qi Li Junbai Li 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,11(15):1787-1791
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Xiaoming Li Fei Cao Dejian Yu Jun Chen Zhiguo Sun Yalong Shen Ying Zhu Lin Wang Yi Wei Ye Wu Haibo Zeng 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2017,13(9)
The recent success of organometallic halide perovskites (OHPs) in photovoltaic devices has triggered lots of corresponding research and many perovskite analogues have been developed to look for devices with comparable performance but better stability. Upon the preparation of all inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals (IHP NCs), research activities have soared due to their better stability, ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY), and composition dependent luminescence covering the whole visible region with narrow line‐width. They are expected to be promising materials for next generation lighting and display, and many other applications. Within two years, a lot of interesting results have been observed. Here, the synthesis of IHPs is reviewed, and their progresses in optoelectronic devices and optical applications, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors (PDs), solar cells (SCs), and lasing, is presented. Information and recent understanding of their crystal structures and morphology modulations are addressed. Finally, a brief outlook is given, highlighting the presently main problems and their possible solutions and future development directions. 相似文献
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David A. Egger Achintya Bera David Cahen Gary Hodes Thomas Kirchartz Leeor Kronik Robert Lovrincic Andrew M. Rappe David R. Reichman Omer Yaffe 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(20)
The notion that halide perovskite crystals (ABX3, where X is a halide) exhibit unique structural and optoelectronic behavior deserves serious scrutiny. After decades of steady and half a decade of intense research, the question which attributes of these materials are unusual, is discussed, with an emphasis on the identification of the most important remaining issues. The goal is to stimulate discussion rather than to merely present a community consensus. 相似文献
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Ion migration has been regarded as one of the most interesting and mysterious processes in halide‐perovskite‐based electronic devices. On the one hand, ion migration contributes to the hysteresis and poor stability problems of perovskite devices. On the other hand, the mobile ions can passivate the interfaces of perovskite devices, leading to improved carrier transportation and collection. This article gives a critical review on the ion migration in halide perovskite materials. It starts with a brief introduction of the origin and nature of the ion migration problem in perovskite materials. Next, the electric, photoelectric, and structural phenomena resulting from ion migration and their influence on the performance and stability of the perovskite devices are focused on. The recent literature work on the characterization of ion migration is reviewed and the characterization techniques are highlighted. Furthermore, different approaches that can suppress the ion migration process are also introduced. Finally, ion migration in the emerging all‐inorganic halide perovskite materials is compared with that in hybrid halide perovskite materials, and the implications on device design and performance are discussed. 相似文献
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Yan Zhao Chenglong Li Jizhong Jiang Boming Wang Liang Shen 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,16(26)
Tin(Sn)‐based perovskite is currently considered one of the most promising materials due to extending the absorption spectrum and reducing the use of lead (Pb). However, Sn2+ is easily oxidized to Sn4+ in atmosphere, causing more defects and degradation of perovskite materials. Herein, double‐sided interface engineering is proposed, that is, Sn‐Pb perovskite films are sandwiched between the phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) in both the bottom and top sides. The larger organic cations of PEA+ are arranged into a perovskite surface lattice to form a 2D capping layer, which can effectively prevent the water and oxygen to destroy bulk perovskite. Meanwhile, the PEA+ can also passivate defects of iodide anions at the bottom of perovskite films, which is always present but rarely considered previously. Compared to one sided passivation, Sn‐Pb hybrid perovskite photodetectors contribute a significant enhancement of performance and stability, yielding a broadband response of 300–1050 nm, a low dark current density of 1.25 × 10–3 mA cm–2 at –0.1 V, fast response speed of 35 ns, and stability beyond 240 h. Furthermore, the Sn‐Pb broadband photodetectors are integrated in an infrared up‐conversion system, converting near‐infrared light into visible light. It is believed that a double‐sided passivation method can provide new strategies to achieving high‐performance perovskite photodetectors. 相似文献
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Yan Zhang Hui Juan Zhang Yang Yang Feng Ling Fang Yu Wang 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,12(4):516-523
A novel LiFePO4 material, in the shape of a nanomesh, has been rationally designed and synthesized based on the low crystal‐mismatch strategy. The LiFePO4 nanomesh possesses several advantages in morphology and crystal structure, including a mesoporous structure, its crystal orientation that is along the [010] direction, and a shortened Li‐ion diffusion path. These properties are favorable for their application as cathode in Li‐ion batteries, as these will accelerate the Li‐ion diffusion rate, improve the Li‐ion exchange between the LiFePO4 nanomesh and the electrolyte, and reduce the Li‐ion capacitive behavior during Li intercalation. So the LiFePO4 nanomesh exhibits a high specific capacity, enhanced rate capability, and strengthened cyclability. The method developed here can also be extended to other similar systems, for instance, LiMnPO4, LiCoPO4, and LiNiPO4, and may find more applications in the designed synthesis of functional materials. 相似文献
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Arashdeep Singh Thind Guangfu Luo Jordan A. Hachtel Maria V. Morrell Sung Beom Cho Albina Y. Borisevich Juan‐Carlos Idrobo Yangchuan Xing Rohan Mishra 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2019,31(4)
To evaluate the role of planar defects in lead‐halide perovskites—cheap, versatile semiconducting materials—it is critical to examine their structure, including defects, at the atomic scale and develop a detailed understanding of their impact on electronic properties. In this study, postsynthesis nanocrystal fusion, aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, and first‐principles calculations are combined to study the nature of different planar defects formed in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. Two types of prevalent planar defects from atomic resolution imaging are observed: previously unreported Br‐rich [001](210)∑5 grain boundaries (GBs) and Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) planar faults. The first‐principles calculations reveal that neither of these planar faults induce deep defect levels, but their Br‐deficient counterparts do. It is found that the ∑5 GB repels electrons and attracts holes, similar to an n–p–n junction, and the RP planar defects repel both electrons and holes, similar to a semiconductor–insulator–semiconductor junction. Finally, the potential applications of these findings and their implications to understand the planar defects in organic–inorganic lead‐halide perovskites that have led to solar cells with extremely high photoconversion efficiencies are discussed. 相似文献