Perception of a quadrilateral

In this report, we show that an arbitrarily given quadrilateral can always be interpreted as an image of a parallelogram and that the interpretation is unique aside from a multiplicative constant. Several applications of this theorem are discussed. It could be used to prove an old, geometrical theorem; it could facilitate the matching process when a sequence of images are available; it could be used as a simple technique for passive ranging in industrial environment or autonomous landing of an aircraft on a moving platform.     

无所不在的传感与机器人感知

传感技术是信息时代信息获取、处理和传输的源头,是"最高意义上的自动化"的技术基础.文中通过概述当今世界上传感器技术的发展与现状,回顾我国机器人传感技术的发展历程,揭示我国在该领域与发达国家的主要差距和发展方向,希望能为促进我国传感技术水平的提高出力.     

Machine Perception for Industrial Applications

Computers are becoming an integral part of the industrial environment. Programmable automation allows a flexibility in manufacturing undreamed of only a few years ago. Conventional control and monitoring functions can be done with greater precision and reliability and at less cost than by traditional means. Recently, the usefulness of computers in manufacturing has been further extended by the development of automated perceptual techniques.     

Grounding Mundane Inference in Perception

We describe a uniform technique for representing both sensory data and the attentional state of an agent using a subset of modal logic with indexicals. The resulting representation maps naturally into feed-forward parallel networks or can be implemented on stock hardware using bit-mask instructions. The representation has circuit-semantics (Nilsson, 1994, Rosenschein and Kaelbling, 1986), but can efficiently represent propositions containing modals, unary predicates, and functions. We describe an example using Kludge, a vision-based mobile robot programmed to perform simple natural language instructions involving fetching and following tasks.     

虚拟环境中的视觉感知

通过对现实世界,平面图像的视觉成象方式的比较,指出虚拟环境成象方式是二者相结合的产物。在论述虚拟环境所提供的视差对三维深度感知重要性的同时,结合视觉生理特点,分析总结了虚拟环境所具有的缺陷,即违背了视标所发出的入瞳光线的散开度与双眼所处的状态应该相辅相成这一规律,提出了虚拟环境给队造成头晕、眼睛疲劳等不良反应的根源是虚拟对象容易使双眼的辐辏和调节功能发生冲突。最后列举并分析了刷新延迟、分辩率、瞳距等各种可能给观察者带来不良反应的诸多因素。     

Perception Based Color Image Difference

A good image metric is often needed in digital image synthesis. It can be used to check the convergence behavior in progressive methods, to compare images rendered using various rendering methods etc. Since images are rendered to be observed by humans, an image metric should correspond to human perception as well. We propose here a new algorithm which operates in the original image space. There is no need for Fourier or wavelet transforms. Furthermore, the new metric is view distance dependent. The new method uses the contrast sensitivity function. The main idea is to place a number of various rectangles in images, and to compute the CIE LUV average color difference between corresponding rectangles. Errors are then weighted according to the rectangle size and the contrast sensitivity function.     

Perception as an active process

A somewhat different view of sensory perception is presented. It is supposed that the perceptual process consists of two phases: the establishment of uncertainty about some feature of the environment, and the progressive removal of this uncertainty. The first phase demands active participation by the perceiving system; the second phase is largely a passive one. A preliminary mathematical structure for the passive phase is sketched, and some consequences of the active phase are anticipated.     

Unifying software engineering and systems engineering

The author describes CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) and the emerging project methods which demonstrate the opportunities for process improvement gains open to organizations. The organization that changes from separated software and system engineering processes to a more unified approach will find itself far more suited to developing dynamically changing, software-intensive systems. Culture change is never easy, but the alternative is even less palatable     

Requirements engineering needs total systems engineering

Conclusions It is asserted that current approaches and automated support for requirements engineering are not yet sufficient to build today’s and tomorrow’s complex systems. Requirements engineering, itself intricately connected to system design and system solution and not separate from either, needs to be embedded into a total systems engineering approach. This is the route to systems engineering maturity. Software and systems engineering can and should learn from each other.     

网络断路感知的同步机制

在网络中,由于负载过量等原因导致网络断路的情况是常见的,而现有的同步算法未曾考虑这种状况,通过实验表明网络断路对同步效率的影响很大,最坏情况下断路会使得现有算法的同步时间增加一倍。为了缓解现有同步算法在网络断路情况下效率骤降的问题,在现有Barrier同步算法的基础上,提出一种动态局部连续树算法(dynamic local continuous tree,DLCT)。在断路时,调用提出的异步调整算子(asynchronous adjustment operator,AAO)对通信模式进行调整使之避开断路,并构造局部连续树(local continuous tree,LCT)结构的通信模式高效传递同步消息。DLCT的通信模式能动态调整有效避开断路,并提高同步机制在断路情况下的效率。在断路情况下DLCT比现有算法效率高30%到50%。     

分化感知建模研究①

针对计算机智能角色制作中感知信息难以准确提取的问题提出了“感知分化”的概念并根据该思想设计了基于蛇类的感知模型。而且在感知信息的提取和处理之间引入了信息预处理过程,实现对“分化”的感知信息“汇总”过程。此过程的信息处理依托于人工神经网络的数学模型,能够很好的根据“分化”的感知信息重构角色关注的对象。基于上述思想设计的智能角色具有更快的实时响应,基本能够准确的完成任务。     

Perception of surfaces from line drawings

We test the perception of 3D surfaces that have been rendered by a set of lines drawn on the surface. Each surface is rendered as a family of curves which are in the simplest case the intersections with a family of parallel planes. On each trial, a surface or its “distorted” version is shown in this way, in an arbitrary orientation on an LCD screen or in a volumetric 3D display. The distortion is produced by stretching the surface in the z-direction by 30%. The subject’s task is to decide whether two sequentially presented surfaces are identical or not. The subject’s performance is measured by the discriminability d′, which is a conventional dependent variable in signal detection experiments. The work investigates the question whether a surface rendered with planar and geodesic curves is easier to recognize than one where the curves are not planar or not geodesic.     

感性消费需求下的设计艺术

科技进步带来丰盛的商品,我们的生活方式、消费需求发生极大转变,社会进入感性消费时代,本文论述了消费心理变化的主观和客观因素,探索感性消费需求心理变化趋势,呼吁企业和设计师关注消费需求的变化,探索感性消费需求下的个性化设计艺术。     

Perception testing of apparel ease variation

The development of new computer technologies designed to custom-fit apparel has created a need for quantification of apparel fit characteristics. Fit perception and preference data are needed to improve sizing for ready-to-wear and custom-fitted apparel. Tactile responses of subjects to the fit of pants were investigated using an adaptation of an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) sensory perception test. The test was designed to establish thresholds in apparel fit: that is, the smallest difference in garment dimensions that can be consistently perceived and identified. The test samples for the study were a set of 15 pants, which varied in size, made for each participant from precise computer-generated patterns. Four female experts in apparel fit, who comprised the subject panel, each recorded their responses to these pants compared to a control. Control pants were custom-fitted to each panel member; the remaining pants in each set varied from the control by 0.5 to 1.5 cm at a single location (waist, hips, or crotch length). When the pants were presented in a blind test, the panel perceived differences as small as 0.5 cm in pants waist size from the control. Differences of 1.5 cm were perceptible at the hip and crotch. The subject's level of acceptance of the fit variations in the pants was then judged using a preference test. This test revealed differences among individual subjects in the acceptability of fit variations in waist and crotch dimensions; judgements of the acceptability of hip variations were more consistent among the subjects. Judging from the results of this testing, it is concluded that threshold levels at which fit differences can be perceived can be established for different areas of the body, and that perceptible fit variations can be quite small. This testing also showed that individuals vary in their tolerance for fit variations at different locations on the body.     

Election security: Perception and reality

Voters' trust in elections comes from a combination of the mechanisms and procedures we use to record and tally votes, and from confidence in election officials' competence and honesty. Electronic voting systems pose considerable risks to both the perception and reality of trustworthy elections.     

视觉计算--人类感知能力的延伸

从２０世纪５０年代开始,计算机开始被作为实现人工智能和人类感知的工业,借助计算机,人类第一次可以像借助机械实现对体力的延伸一样实现对脑力和感知能力的延伸。从６０年代初开始,围绕计算机视觉进行了大量的研究。本文回顾了近４０年来计算机视觉研究的进展情况,对其中一一些重要进展包括立体视觉、从各种线索恢复开头以及运动分析主主动视觉等主流技术和方法进行了综述,对计算机视觉技术的主要应用进行了概括。在分析了这     

Modeling Luminance Perception at Absolute Threshold

When human luminance perception operates close to its absolute threshold, i. e., the lowest perceivable absolute values, appearance changes substantially compared to common photopic or scotopic vision. In particular, most observers report perceiving temporally‐varying noise. Two reasons are physiologically plausible; quantum noise (due to the low absolute number of photons) and spontaneous photochemical reactions. Previously, static noise with a normal distribution and no account for absolute values was combined with blue hue shift and blur to simulate scotopic appearance on a photopic display for movies and interactive applications (e.g., games). We present a computational model to reproduce the specific distribution and dynamics of “scotopic noise” for specific absolute values. It automatically introduces a perceptually‐calibrated amount of noise for a specific luminance level and supports animated imagery. Our simulation runs in milliseconds at HD resolution using graphics hardware and favorably compares to simpler alternatives in a perceptual experiment.     

Perception of risk in automotive systems

Thirty subsystems constituting a functioning motor vehicle, including brake, steering, suspension, engine, electrical, and fuel systems, were evaluated by individuals on a set of risk characteristic scales. These included overall vehicle riskiness, manufacturer's anticipatory knowledge of system defects during vehicle design, likelihood of severe consequences in the event of system failure, controllability of the vehicle, and observability of impending failure. An analysis of the resulting judgments revealed two composite factors, one representing the controllability of consequences and the other representing observability. Both factors were highly related to judgments of risk, desire for risk regulation, and anticipated recall compliance. A comparison of risk judgments with accident data suggested that for some vehicle systems, particularly those serving a communication function in the driving task, drivers may underestimate the actual risk they face when system performance has degraded.