In vitro study of antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity on oral anaerobes of a grape seed extract

Grape seeds are considered rich sources of polyphenolic compounds that show antioxidant or antimicrobial effects. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of a grape seed extract (GSE) on two oral anaerobes closely associated with periodontal diseases and its antioxidant action.     

Evaluation of total phenol content and antioxidant properties of encapsulated grape seed extract in yoghurt

The effect of encapsulated (En) and nonencapsulated (NE) grape seed extract (GSE) at 1% level added to milk before its fermentation was evaluated on the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the resulting yoghurt. Encapsulated GSE resulted in a product comparable to the control, based on sensory properties, acidity, water‐holding capacity, viscosity and colour, along with a threefold increase in total phenolic content and fourfold increase in antioxidant activity. The GSE addition resulted in no effect on the viability of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus subsp. delbrueckii counts. The product with NE‐GSE had poor sensory properties and lesser polyphenol stability during storage as compared to En‐GSE yoghurt.     

Effect of heating conditions of grape seeds on the antioxidant activity of grape seed extracts

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of heating and physical conditions of grape seeds on the antioxidant activity of their extracts. Two forms of grape seeds, whole and powdered forms, were heated at four different temperatures −50, 100, 150 and 200 °C. After heating, grape seeds were extracted with 70% ethanol (0.1 g grape seed/10 mL of 70% ethanol), and total phenol contents (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA) and reducing power of the extracts were determined. Thermal treatment of grape seed increased the antioxidant activity of extracts. The maximum TPC and RSA of whole grape seed extract (WGSE) were achieved when the seeds were heat-treated at 150 °C for 40 min, while that of powdered grape seed extract (PGSE) were at 100 °C for 10 min, and were greater than that of the non-treated control. Also, the reducing powers of WGSE and PGSE slightly increased at the conditions. According to the GC-MS analysis, several low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds such as azelaic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, and o-cinnamic acid were newly formed in the WGSE heated at 150 °C for 40 min. There were slight differences in the kinds of phenolic compounds between non-heated and heated GSE. In HPLC analysis, the contents of gallocatechin gallate and caffeine in GSE significantly increased by heat treatment. These results indicated that antioxidant activity of GSE was affected by heating conditions (temperature and time) and physical conditions of grape seeds at the time of heat treatments.     

Addition of grape seed extract and bearberry to porcine diets: Influence on quality attributes of raw and cooked pork

The effect of supplementation of pig diets with grape seed extract (GSE) (100, 300, 700 mg/kg feed) and bearberry (BB) (100, 300, 700 mg/kg feed) for 56 days pre-slaughter, on the oxidative stability and quality of raw and cooked M. longissimus dorsi (LD) was examined. Susceptibility of porcine liver, kidney and heart tissue homogenates to iron-induced (1 mM FeSO₄) lipid oxidation was also investigated. In raw LD steaks, stored in modified atmosphere packs (75% O₂:25% CO₂) (MAP) for up to 16 days at 4 °C, surface lightness (CIE ‘L’ value), redness (CIE ‘a’ value), lipid stability (TBARS, mg MDA (malondialdehyde)/kg muscle) and pH were not significantly affected by supplemental GSE or BB. Similarly, the oxidative stability and sensory properties of cooked LD steaks, stored in MAP (70% N₂:30% CO₂), for up to 28 days at 4 °C, were not enhanced by dietary GSE or BB. Iron-induced lipid oxidation increased in liver, kidney and heart tissue homogenates over the 24 h storage period and susceptibility to oxidation followed the order: liver > heart > kidney. Dietary GSE or BB did not significantly reduce lipid oxidation in tissue homogenates. Potential reasons for the lack of efficacy of supplemental GSE and BB on pork quality were explored.     

葡萄籽提取物主要质量指标研究

目的 为了确定保健食品原料葡萄籽提取物主要质量指标的参数,本实验搜集30批次葡萄籽提取物并测定了其主要质量指标。方法 采用紫外分光光度法测定了葡萄籽提取物的原花青素值、多酚含量,采用液相色谱法测定了儿茶素、表儿茶素含量,参照食品安全国家标准,测定了灰分、水分、微生物指标(菌落总数、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、酵母菌、霉菌)、重金属和溶剂残留等主要质量指标。结果 所有葡萄籽提取物样品中原花青素值范围在81.1%至108.2%之间;儿茶素及表儿茶素含量范围为1.12%至8.58%;多酚含量在70.1%至106.1%之间;灰分含量范围在0.2%至1.8%;水分含量范围在3.76%至5.23%。变异系数由大到小的顺序为：儿茶素、表儿茶素＞灰分＞多酚＞水分＞原花青素值。所有样品菌落总数均小于10 CFU/g,大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均未检出,酵母菌、霉菌总数均小于10 CFU/g,甲醇、乙醇残留均小于2 mg/kg,重金属(以pb计)小于0.05 mg/kg。结论 与我国目前唯一相关标准对比,所有质量指标中,仅原花青素值的限量需要进一步调整。     

沙棘籽原花色素与葡萄籽原花青素抗氧化活性的比较

采用DPPH·、O2^-、和HO·的清除试验及卵磷脂脂质体氧化试验，研究比较了沙棘籽原花色素和葡萄籽原花青素的抗氧化活性。结果表明：两种原花色素对DPPH·、O2^-·和HO·均具有较强的清除能力；沙棘籽原花色素对O2^-的清除速率和清除活力及对HO·的清除活力显著高于葡萄籽原花青素，对O2^-的半清除浓度分别为23．95μg／mL，与HO·反应的速率常数分别为1．355×10^9L／g·s。两种原花色素均可显著延长AAPH诱导的卵磷脂脂质体氧化的延迟期时间、降低延迟期和扩增期氧化速率，沙棘籽原花色素抑制氧化的效果强于葡萄籽原花青素。     

葡萄籽提取物生理活性及其提取研究

葡萄籽提取物具有多种生理活性而成为有关科研工作者的研究热点。综述了葡萄籽提取物生理活性及其提取分离研究进展,并对葡萄籽提取物的开发利用前景进行了展望。      

葡萄籽提取物体外抗氧化活性的研究

通过测定DPPH自由基的清除率、羟自由基的清除率、还原力以及螯合金属的能力,并与天然抗氧化剂VC、VE、儿茶素、蜂胶和合成抗氧化剂BHT、TBHQ、PG进行比较,研究葡萄籽提取物(Grape seed extract,GSE)的抗氧化活性。结果显示:GSE具有较强的DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力和螯合金属铁离子的能力,均高于VE、蜂胶、BHT;GSE清除羟自由基的能力较弱,低于VC、VE、儿茶素、蜂胶、BHT、TBHQ。表明GSE的抗氧化机理与自由基、还原力和螯合金属离子有关。     

Physico-mechanical properties of chitosan films with carvacrol and grape seed extract

The physico-mechanical properties of 3 films composed by carvacrol, grape seed extract (GSE) and chitosan in different proportions were studied. The films, prepared by solvent casting technique with the following compositions of the casting solutions in carvacrol, GSE and chitosan: film-1: 9.6 ppm–684 ppm–1.25% w/v, film-2: 60 ppm–400 ppm–1.2% w/v and film-3: 90 ppm–160 ppm–1.24% w/v and were compared to a control (1.25% w/v chitosan) film. Mechanical, structural, barrier and colour properties of the films were evaluated. Film-3 presented the lowest water vapour and carbon dioxide permeabilities (WVP and CO₂P) and tensile strength (TS) values and the highest oxygen permeability (O₂P), whereas film-1 presented the highest water content and the lowest crystallinity, CO₂P, TS and luminosity. These results suggest that in the range studied, carvacrol and GSE affect the film structure and its mechanical properties due to hydrophilic (GSE) and hydrophobic (carvacrol) compounds. This work will help the development of edible films, based on physico-mechanical properties, contributing to food preservation and shelf-life extension.     

Quality of wheat bread enriched with onion extract and polyphenols content and antioxidant activity changes during bread storage

We determined the effect of onion skin extract (OE) on the quality of wheat bread: contents of total polyphenols and flavonols, antioxidative activity and their changes during storage. With increasing doses of OE to bread, contents of total polyphenols and flavonols and the antioxidative activity were observed to increase. A higher total flavonol content was found in bread with 1% OE stored at 24 °C than in bread stored at 4 °C. There was no such relationship in the bread with 0.5% OE. Changes in flavonols content during storage for 72 h were insignificant. No clear trends of change in the antioxidant activity could be found at storage of breads. The addition of OE caused no changes in the yield and volume of bread and contributed to a decreasing value of L* parameter and to increasing values of ΔE, a* and b* parameters of bread crumb colour. Consumers accepted the smell and taste of bread with the addition of OE to a lesser extent than the control bread. Bread with 1% OE the taste was rated very low. Consumers rated the taste of bread with 1% OE low because it was bitter. Breads enriched with OE had a proper external appearance as well as crumb and crust features. Roasted onion aroma and taste were perceptible in the obtained breads. A bitterness was perceptible in breads baked with the addition of 1% of OE.     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of seed and skin extracts of red grape (Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca) pomace from Brazilian winemaking

The phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of seed and skin of pomace from the vinification of grape varieties widely produced in Brazil were investigated with a view to their exploitation as a potential source of natural antioxidants. There was a greater concentration of phenolic compounds in the seeds (2128 to 16,518 mg of catechin equivalents (CE)/100 g) than in the skins (660 to 1839 mg CE/100 g). The highest antioxidant activity values determined as DPPH radical-scavenging ability and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) were found for the seeds of the Pinot Noir variety (16,925 ??mol Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g and 21,492 ??mol Fe²⁺/100 g, respectively) and in the skin extracts of the Isabel variety (3640 ??mol TE/100 g and 4362 ??mol Fe²⁺/100 g, respectively). The skin of Cabernet Sauvignon and Primitivo varieties had the highest contents of anthocyanins (935 and 832 mg/100 g, respectively). The grape seed extracts were rich in oligomeric and polymeric flavanols. The data suggested that grape seed and skin extracts may be exploited as antioxidant agents.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of grape seed and bearberry extracts in raw and cooked pork

The effect of grape seed extract (GSE) and bearberry (BB), on lipid oxidation (TBARS, mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg muscle), colour (CIE ‘a’ redness value), pH, microbial status (log₁₀CFU colony forming units/g pork) and sensorial properties of cooked pork patties was investigated. GSE (0–1000 μg/g muscle) and BB (0–1000 μg/g muscle) were added to raw pork (M. longissimus dorsi) patties which were stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) (75% O₂:25% CO₂) for up to 12 days at 4 °C. Cooked pork patties were stored in MAP (70% N₂:30% CO₂) for up to 4 days at 4 °C. Mesophilic plate counts and pork pH were unaffected by GSE and BB. GSE and BB addition decreased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation (TBARS) in raw pork patties on days 9 and 12 of storage, relative to controls. Antioxidant activity of GSE and BB was observed in cooked pork patties demonstrating the thermal stability of GSE and BB. The ‘a’ redness values of raw and cooked pork patties marginally increased with increasing GSE concentration. The sensory properties of cooked pork patties were unaffected by GSE and BB addition. Results obtained demonstrate the potential for using health promoting nutraceuticals in meat and meat products.     

In vitro antioxidant activity of red grape skins

Phenolic antioxidants seem to be partly responsible for the protective effects against cardiovascular diseases attributed to moderate wine consumption. Grape skins greatly contribute to the phenolic composition of red wine. In this paper, the in vitro antioxidant activity of red grape (Vitis vinifera) skins is determined. We show that the radical scavenging activity (C ₅₀ values) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^·) of grape skin extracts is relatively high (3.2–11.1 mg dried skin/mg DPPH^·) in relation to other foodstuffs and, as expected, is influenced by grape variety, stage of grape ripening and vintage. The antioxidant potential of grape skins seems to be transferred into wine since grape varieties with skins exhibiting high antioxidant potential also resulted in wines with high antioxidant activity. Statistically significant correlations were found between antioxidant activity and phenolic content (total polyphenols, proanthocyanins, catechins and anthocyanins) for both grape skins and wines.     

Influence of solvent and temperature on extraction of phenolic compounds from grape seed,antioxidant activity and colour of extract

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of solvent (water and ethanol in concentration: 50%, 70% and 96%) and extraction temperature (25–80) °C on polyphenols extraction of grape seed (Vitis vinifera L. cv. “Frankovka”) cultivated in Eastern Croatia. The best results were reached using 50% ethanol at 80 °C. The most abundant individual polyphenolic compound was catechin which makes the average of 45.11% of the total phenolic content followed by epicatechin (34.45%), procyanidin B₂ (12.90%), gallic acid (5.34%), gallocatechin (1.58%), epicatechin gallate (1.01%). The antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by DPPH‐method and it was highly dependent on extraction solvent and temperature. The total extractable proanthocyanidins content of extract had the highest positive correlation (r = 0.994) with antioxidant activity, which indicated that these compounds might be the most important antioxidant in examined grape seed extracts. Relationship between phenolic content and colour of extracts was observed.     

In vitro bio-accessibility and antioxidant activity of grape polyphenols

The bio-accessibility (the release of compounds from solid food matrices) of grape polyphenols using an in vitro model simulating gastro-intestinal conditions has been investigated. In vitro studies are needed to unravel factors affecting the release of antioxidants during digestion. The amount of bio-accessible polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins increases during gastric digestion. The transition in the intestinal environment causes a decrease in all the analyzed classes of polyphenols followed by a renewal in the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids but not of anthocyanins. The stability under gastro-intestinal conditions of pure phenolic acids, flavonoids and resveratrol has been analysed. Gastric digestion had no effect on any phenolic tested. Phenolic acids and resveratrol were degraded under pancreatic conditions whereas catechin and quercetin were not. Changes in antioxidant activity during digestion were correlated to the changes in polyphenols concentration as well as to the pH. Our results suggest that the gastro-intestinal tract may act as an extractor where polyphenols are progressively released from solid matrix and made available for the absorption or to exert their biological effects in the gastro-intestinal tract.     

Effects of grape seed extract on the oxidative and microbial stability of restructured mutton slices

The antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) was studied in restructured mutton slices (RMS) under aerobic and vacuum packaging conditions during refrigerated storage. The RMS treated with grape seed extract (GSE) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values and free fatty acids (FFA) % compared to control (C) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) treated RMS during storage at 4 ± 1 °C. Addition of GSE significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the total psychrophilic and coliform counts in RMS during refrigerated storage. The GSE treated mutton slices recorded significantly (P < 0.05) superior scores of color, flavor, juiciness and overall palatability than C and BHA treated RMS. The TBARS values, FFA % and microbial counts increased significantly (P < 0.05) during storage. It can be concluded that GSE has excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties compared to control and BHA treated RMS during refrigerated storage under aerobic and vacuum conditions.     

强化葡萄籽超微粉蛋糕的感官品质及其抗氧化研究

葡萄籽含有丰富的多酚类物质,具有很强的抗氧化活性和抵抗多种疾病的能力。本研究建立了适宜的焙烤工艺,将葡萄籽超微粉以5%、10%、15%三种不同浓度添加到蛋糕中,最终通过感官品评和抗氧化活性确定了最佳的葡萄籽超微粉添加量。结果表明:霞多丽葡萄籽超微粉有一定的清除ABTS+·能力和Fe3+还原能力,其值分别为12.83、10.80 mmol TE/g脱脂干重;强化葡萄籽超微粉蛋糕也表现出较强的抗氧化能力,且随着葡萄籽超微粉添加量的增加,强化蛋糕的ABTS+·清除能力和Fe3+还原力显著（p<0.05）增强;葡萄籽超微粉的添加对于储藏期内蛋糕油脂的氧化酸败同样有较强的抑制作用。三个浓度的葡萄籽超微粉添加量对于蛋糕的感官品质和整体接受度无显著影响,但结合抗氧化结果,以10%和15%的添加量最为适宜。      

Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils

The antioxidant activities of a grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) which contains tocopherols, citric acid and ascorbic acid, were investigated in vegetable oils. Different amounts of GFSE in powder were dissolved in a mixture of soybean oil–sunflower oil. The oxidation was carried out in an AOM equipment at temperatures of 98·7°C, 75°C and 66·5°C. The results indicated prooxidant effects of GFSE at 97·8°C and 75°C possibly due to a blockade effect of a hydroxyl compound by tocopherol. The inhibitor reaction orders at these temperatures were 0·902 and 0·465, respectively, while at 66·5°C the oxidation rate was inverse to GFSE concentration with reaction order of −0·420. These results seem to indicate different reaction mechanisms depending on temperature conditions. The blockade effects were explained on the basis of a proposed complex between tocopherol and citric acid molecules. © 1998 SCI.     

葡萄籽提取物纳米粒子/普鲁兰多糖涂膜对三文鱼鱼片品质的影响

目的:提高普鲁兰多糖(PUL)涂膜的保鲜性能,并制备具有缓释性能的保鲜材料。方法:以葡萄籽提取物(GSE)、壳聚糖、γ-聚谷氨酸制备GSE纳米粒子,将不同质量的GSE纳米粒子加入到PUL涂膜液中,制备GSE纳米粒子/PUL涂膜,并评估GSE纳米粒子/PUL涂膜对三文鱼鱼片的保鲜性能。结果:与未处理鱼片相比,1.08%GSE纳米粒子/PUL涂膜可降低鱼肉中的菌落总数,延缓脂肪氧化及蛋白质分解。此外,经1.08%GSE纳米粒子/PUL涂膜处理后,蛋白质溶解度提高了38.8%,超氧化物歧化酶活性升高了4.02 U/mg、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性提高了0.20 U/g。结论:制备的GSE纳米粒子/PUL涂膜保鲜性能较好,可延长三文鱼鱼片货架期5～7 d。