Introducing two landscape components from Turkey: Irim and Kesik

A very particular set of landscape components, namely the irim and the kesik, found in the peri-urban rural area called Karabaglar, are considered. This area is in the contiguous land of the city of Mugla, in southwestern Turkey, and is administered by its municipality. It has a rural character, yet also includes summerhouses for the inhabitants of the city. Physical resemblance of the irim and the kesik to the hedgerow suggests similar functions, but a closer look reveals that they have a wider range of features and aspects. Functioning not only as a marker of agricultural land sub-divisions, they also play an important role in the hydrology of the area. While their specific traditional features can be used in designed landscapes, the intention here is, first, to introduce the irim, the kesik and the very special setting offered by Karabaglar, which are now under the pressure of urban encroachment. A comparison with the hedgerow is nevertheless useful in order to better understand related aspects and features.     

On the appreciation of landscape: two open texts

Some of the complexities of environmental perception can be understood by using modern critical theories such as structuralism. Constable's 'The Hay Wain' and Wordsworth's The Daffodils' are discussed in detail as examples of complex responses to the physical world which are open to further interpretation by the reader/viewer.     

Internet infrastructure and regional convergence: Evidence from Turkey

This study presents novel evidence regarding the role of regional internet infrastructure in reducing regional per capita income disparities. We base our study on the assumptions that (1) the diffusion of information homogenizes regional economies through reducing the dissimilarities in institutions and culture, and (2) the telecommunication capacity, represented by the internet infrastructure of a region, facilitates this flow of information. Using the data from the 26 statistical NUTS‐2 regions of Turkey for the period 1999–2011, we find evidence that internet infrastructure increases the speed of regional convergence.     

The formation and perception of safety,danger and insecurity inside gated communities: two cases from Istanbul,Turkey

This paper will explore safety and danger in gated communities in Turkey, an important subject of study in recent research in urban studies, conducted nationally and internationally. Safety has become a major concern in the last years, especially in large metropolises, leading people to move to gated communities which are thought to protect residents from urban problems. The paper uses the data collected during a fieldwork conducted in two gated communities in Istanbul. The main data is based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with their residents and other participants providing first-hand information on two case studies. The paper also uses visual and statistical data provided by relevant administrative officers. The paper indicates that gated communities are not totally isolated and ready-made sites. Rather, it argues that they create a mixture of “traditional” and “ready-made” safety while they also lead to new forms of danger, all of which emerging from their different socio-spatial configurations.     

Mental landscape: landscape as idea and concept

It is argued that the protection of landscape diversity is as important as the protection of bio‐diversity, in a world where an accelerating rate of technological change is forcing cultural landscapes to change in the direction of greater uniformity.     

Mental landscape: landscape as idea and concept

It is argued that the protection of landscape diversity is as important as the protection of bio-diversity, in a world where an accelerating rate of technological change is forcing cultural landscapes to change in the direction of greater uniformity.     

活力激发与场所建构——自生公共景观的启示

该文通过某个山地角落自发生成却极富活力的公共景观的现场调研分析,探讨了激发景观活力的内在机制、人与环境的互动关系以及高质量公共景观多样性生存语境,以促进对场所建构的反思     

Land conversion and market equilibrium: insights from a simulated landscape

We specify a system of equations that fully reflects the supply and demand sides of the market for agricultural open space at equilibrium. Although simple, the system is exceedingly flexible and allows for household and parcel heterogeneity. We derive an empirical model directly from the structural equations and contrast this using a simulated landscape with the econometric specification most often found in the literature. We then show how the model can be used to project land-use change into the future and for policy simulation. Finally, we use the model to examine the impact of common land conservation policies in Europe.     

Foraging for identity: the relationships between landscape activities and landscape identity after catastrophic landscape change

ABSTRACT

In this article, we deal with landscape activities in relation to changing landscape identity after a major wildfire in Sweden in 2014. The aim was to investigate the relationships between 22 landscape activities (before the fire) and 2 components (emotion and cognition) of landscape identity (before and after the fire). A total of 656 respondents living nearby the fire area participated in this study. Before the fire, a positive association was found between the activities of enjoying nature and foraging, and both components of landscape identity. This suggests that the more participants enjoyed nature and picked berries and mushrooms, the stronger their attachment to the landscape (emotion), and the more they remembered and reasoned about the landscape (cognition). Post fire, these relationships were found only between the two components of landscape identity and foraging. This implies a significant role of this type of activity for keeping ‘alive’ landscape identity.     

地域景观与景观心理

通过对地域景观的内涵外延的研究和探索,分析了地域景观与景观心理的辩证关系,阐述了地域景观所派生出来的景观心理行为的传承,以帮助人们认识地域景观。     

Learning from Road Pricing Experience: Introducing a Second-generation Road Pricing System

The Norwegian cordon pricing schemes represent rare examples of urban-wide road user charging. In Trondheim, the toll ring established in 1991 was developed into a unique zonal system in 1998. This second-generation road pricing scheme divides the city into six zones, and traffic crossing the boundaries is charged. In this article, the processes of developing the two generations of road pricing in Trondheim are described. The public and political acceptance of the two generations of road pricing systems is investigated, and the main arguments for and against the scheme, as manifest in public debate, are assessed.     

A perspective from furniture and cabinet manufacturers in Turkey

This study evaluated current furniture and cabinet industry in Turkey. A survey was used to cover 680 of 2250 companies in the country. Some of the problems of small- and mid-sized furniture and cabinet manufacturers such as procurement of raw material, inventory capacity, reasons of insufficient raw material inventory, production types, marketing problems and their reasons were analyzed based on the response to the survey. Possible suggestions to solve the above problems of the manufacturers were made to understand the mechanics and improve overall quality of the industry.     

Effects of recreational activities on the soil and water components of a deciduous forest ecosystem in Turkey

Impacts of recreational activities on some hydrological properties of a deciduous forest ecosystem related to water production have been evaluated with an inclusive soil study, coupled with a two‐year water quality monitoring program. Spatial variations of water quality parameters did not indicate a statistically significant deterioration caused by the recreational activities in the stream water, but the effects of trampling on physical soil properties were clear. The bulk density of the soils increased with the intensity of recreation from 1.18 to 1.29 g cm^?3, while the percentage of clay fraction decreased, as an indicator of erosion. The soils of the stream banks in the recreation area had reasonable saturated hydraulic conductivity values, and were affected sharply by the intensity of recreational use. The low inclination (0.5%) and the coarse texture of the soils were possibly the main factors diminishing or concealing the trampling effects not observed on the water quality of the stream passing through the recreation area.     

Editorial: European landscape

This paper reviews one of the most important evolutions in the history of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), namely, the interaction between culture and nature and the development of the cultural landscape categories. The World Heritage Convention currently covers 812 sites in 137 countries and is with 181 States Parties the most universal international legal instrument in heritage conservation. Among the properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, 53 sites are recognized cultural landscapes focusing on the outstanding interaction between people and their environment. The paper further explains key case studies from World Heritage cultural landscapes from all regions of the world and highlights the innovations in the Convention's implementation through the landscape approach, particularly focusing on the management of complex properties involving local communities and indigenous people. The paper also outlines links to other international and regional Conventions and concludes with a future outlook of the landscape programme.     

Analyses of urban landscape dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images: A comparison of two petroleum-oriented cities

Rapid urbanization, as a result of population growth and migration from rural to urban, has been recognized as a critical process in urban areas. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal landscape dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images in two petroleum-based cities: Houston, Texas in the United States and Daqing, Heilongjiang province in China. Both cities expanded rapidly on the basis of the petroleum industries during the last 50 years; however, under different socio-political contexts. Comparing the landscape pattern and dynamics in these two cities, we can identify how the urbanization in these two petroleum-based cities affects the landscape pattern, especially in the natural landscapes. A set of landscape indices with supplementary ecological meanings was chosen to facilitate our analyses of spatial dynamics over a span of 20 years. On the basis of the derived indices, a general trend of landscape change was revealed in these two cities: natural landscapes such as grassland and wetland were degraded or fragmented into a more heterogeneous pattern, while the human landscapes such as residential area expanded greatly by replacing other natural classes.     

Determination of user profile at city parks: A sample from Turkey

A survey study conducted randomly in the cities of Erzurum, Erzincan and Kars included 360 subjects interviewed face to face. It was aimed to detect the subjective features of the participants such as gender, marital status, age, educational status and income level and the reflections of these features on the city parks. Conclusively, it was determined that those who are male, unmarried, at the age of between 19 and 24, university graduate and with a monthly income of 65–125 USD use the parks in majority. In the statistical analysis, the SPSS software was used and variables were compared. Chi-square (χ²) test was used to determine the independency correlations. According to the analysis, gender and income had no significant effect on the use of city parks, but marital status, age and education status had significant effects at 5% significance levels (*p<0.05$p<0.05$, χ²: 27.805; *p<0.05$p<0.05$, χ²: 44.073; *p<0.05$p<0.05$, χ²: 39.998, respectively).     

自然景观与人文景观的交融

通过对江阴中山公园现状的分析,详细地介绍了江阴中山公园扩建工程的内容,指出通过对中山公园的保护和扩建,完善了景区的基础建设,保护了自然资源,取得了良好的社会效益和环境效益。