Heat-Induced Changes of Myosin and Sarcoplasmic Proteins in Beef During Simmering

ABSTRACT: Changes of proteins in beef cubes, soup stock, and scum (a complex of coagulated proteins, fat, and minerals floating on soup stock) during simmering in sub-boiling water at 95 °C for 3 h were investigated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Of the soluble proteins in soup stock heated for 1 h, 3 components having molecular weights between 47 and 36 kDa reacted with myosin antibody. Those bands disappeared from soup stock after heating for 3 h, however, they were observed in the scum. Bands of 70 and 58 kDa, which reacted with myosin antibody and were observed after 1 h of heating at 95 °C, were also observed after 30 min of heating under pressure.     

Colonization of Beef Muscle Surfaces by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas fragi

Attached and unattached cell densities were determined for Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas fragi growing on the surface of beef muscle stored at 4 and 25°C, in presence of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl₂. A mechanical rinsing procedure was developed for this purpose. Both species colonized the surface at both temperatures and were enhanced at low (4°C) temperature. Attached cells represented up to 90% of the total until a density of 10⁵-10⁶ CFU cm^?2 was reached. At that point, a proportion of attached cells to unattached cells declined but colonization of the surface continued. In presence of CaCl₂, ratios of attached to unattached cells did not decline, suggesting a significant role for the calcium ion in colonization. Ability to colonize meat surfaces may be a significant competitive advantage for meat spoilage bacteria such as Pseudomonas fragi and Pseudomonas fluorescens.     

Proteolytic and Lipolytic Changes in Beef Inoculated with Spoilage Microorganisms and Bioprotective Lactic Acid Bacteria

Abstract

The use of a controlled lactic fermentation has been studied by several authors as a means to extend meat shelf‐life without notably altering its sensory quality. Growth and metabolite production by spoilage microorganisms as well as by bioprotective strains are influenced by storage conditions. The objective of this work was to study the effect of temperature and storage time upon the growth and metabolite production of four spoilage bacteria and three bioprotective lactic acid strains in vacuum packaged, finely cut beef. Lipolysis was mainly due to the presence of Brochothrix thermosphacta at 4°C and at 20°C, whereas proteolysis was mainly caused by pseudomonads. Presence of Lactobacillus minor, a heterofermentative strain, did not promote proteolysis nor lipolysis at either temperature. No considerable lipolysis was observed until day 8 of storage in samples inoculated with bioprotective strains, but increased at day 12 when stored at 20°C; no proteolysis was observed at any storage temperature.     

Decontamination of Inoculated Beef with Sequential Spraying Treatments

Spray-washing/rinsing treatments utilizing warm/hot water and/or acetic acid solution were evaluated separately and in sequence for their efficacy in reducing microbial contamination on beef tissue inoculated with Escherichia coli. Treatments reduced the aerobic plate (APC) and E. coli counts of the samples inoculated to have 5.0-7.4 log CFU/cm² (APC) by 1.1 to 4.3 logs. Similarly, most treatments reduced APC and total coliform counts of samples inoculated to have 1.8-3.7 log CFU/cm² (APC) by 0.1 to 1.7 logs. Combinations involving 3 or 4 treatments were more effective in reducing bacterial contamination than single- or 2-treatment combinations.     

正向近冰点温度下肉牛骨骼肌主要生化指标变化特性的研究

本文对30头肉牛宰后经电刺激的胴体从背最长肌肉处取样在近冰点温度(1～-1℃)下贮存10d过程中游离Ca2+、ATP、总游离氨基酸、糖原、失水率的变化进行了研究。结果表明,10d中糖原、总游离氨基酸、ATP、失水率的变化几乎是同步的,均在刚宰后的0～1d(24h)中变化明显,第2d(48h)是转折点,而游离Ca2+第3d(72h)是转折点。作出了相应的变化曲线图,对指标间作Pearson相关性分析表明:游离钙与可溶性磷、游离钙与失水率、可溶性磷与失水率、糖原与总游离氨基酸、糖原与可溶性磷之间相关系数均极显著(p<0.01);游离钙与糖原之间相关系数显著(p<0.05);并且得出了相应的相关方程。对牛肉样的五项指标进行综合分析可知:所测定的牛肉样品在宰后约13.5h就进入了僵直起始阶段,而到宰后接近48h僵直达到了最大化。     

Effect of Low‐Dose Electron Beam Irradiation on Quality of Ground Beef Patties and Raw,Intact Carcass Muscle Pieces

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a low‐dose (≤1 kGy), low‐penetration electron beam on the sensory qualities of (1) raw muscle pieces of beef and (2) cooked ground beef patties. Outside flat, inside round, brisket and sirloin muscle pieces were used as models to demonstrate the effect of irradiation on raw beef odor and color, as evaluated by a trained panel. Ground beef patties were also evaluated by a trained panel for tenderness, juiciness, beef flavor, and aroma at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels of fat, containing 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100% irradiated meat. With whole muscle pieces, the color of controls appeared more red (P < 0.05) than irradiated muscles, however, both control and treatments showed a gradual deterioration in color over 14 d aerobic storage at 4 °C. Off‐aroma intensity of both control and treatments increased with storage time, but by day 14, the treated muscles showed significantly (P < 0.05) less off‐aroma than the controls, presumably as a result of a lower microbial load. It was found that a 1 kGy absorbed dose had minimal effects on the sensory properties of intact beef muscle pieces. Irradiation did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on any of the sensory attributes of the patties. Low‐dose irradiation of beef trim to formulate ground beef appears to be a viable alternative processing approach that does not affect product quality.     

Dynamical Changes of Beef Intramuscular Connective Tissue and Muscle Fiber during Heating and their Effects on Beef Shear Force

Changes of meat shear force and its characteristics during cooking have been extensively studied, but great variability existed due to the cooking method among different studies. This study was designed to focus on the dynamic changes of beef intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) and muscle fiber during water-bath heating and their effects on beef shear force. At 4 d postmortem, beef semitendinosus muscles were divided into 11 steaks and then cooked respectively to an internal temperature of 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90°C (the remainder was not cooked as control). Collagen content and its solubility, transition temperature of perimysia and endomysia, fiber diameter, and Warner–Bratzler shear force values (WBSF) were determined. The results showed that fiber diameter decreased gradually during cooking, concomitant with the increases in filtering residue and WBSF. The maximum transition temperature (T _max) of endomysial components was lower than that of perimysial components (50.2 vs. 65.2°C). Muscle fiber and IMCT (especially perimysia) shrank during cooking, resulting in the increase of WBSF when the internal temperature was lower than 75°C, but further cooking led to the disintegration of perimysial structure, lowing up the increase of WBSF between 75 and 90°C. For beef semitendinosus muscle, the internal temperature of 65°C is a critical cooking point where meat gets tougher.     

牦牛肉牛瘤胃平滑肌肌原纤维蛋白特性及品质变化差异分析

本文研究了牦牛肉牛瘤胃肌原纤维蛋白特性及品质的变化规律,以期为平滑肌的深入研究提供理论参考。以牦牛肉牛瘤胃为研究对象,宰后4℃冷藏过程中测定其失水率、蒸煮损失、剪切力、肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)、蛋白溶解度、表面疏水性及组织结构的变化规律。结果表明:整个冷藏过程中,两种瘤胃的失水率、蒸煮损失、MFI、表面疏水性呈上升趋势,均在7 d时上升到最大值。而剪切力、蛋白溶解度均呈下降趋势。牦牛瘤胃剪切力、总蛋白与肌原纤维蛋白溶解度分别在7 d时下降到最小值5.54 kgf、314.19 mg/g、116.37 mg/g。肉牛瘤胃剪切力在1 d时为最小值7.82 kgf;总蛋白与肌浆纤维蛋白溶解度在7 d时下降到最小值368.57mg/g、221.75mg/g;肌原纤维蛋白溶解度在5d时为最小值139.21mg/g。肌束膜和肌内膜排列散乱,肌纤维束间的空隙增大。综合分析:两种瘤胃品质变化规律的差异性,可能是肌纤维结构变化与蛋白溶解度的不同所造成的。     

Metmyoglobin Formation in Beef Stored in Carbon Dioxide Enriched and Oxygen Depleted Atmospheres

SUMMARY: A spectroreflectometric technique was used to determine the relative percentages of three myoglobin pigments, reduced myoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin at the surface of fresh beef. It was shown that, at constant humidity, the formation of metmyoglobin in beef was maximal at 6 + 3 mm Hg of oxygen at 0°C and 7.5 ± 3 mm Hg at 7°C for semitendinosus muscles. Carbon dioxide concentrations of 10% and higher had negligible effect on the formation of metmyoglobin, provided the oxygen pressure was above about 5%. At high partial pressures of carbon dioxide, absorption of carbon dioxide increased and the pH of the surface decreased. In air, the formation of metmyoglobin varied widely from muscle to muscle.     

牛半腱肌肉结缔组织胶原蛋白热力特性热诱导变化DSC分析

探讨牛半腱肌肉结缔组织胶原蛋白热力特性的热诱导变化。牛半腱肌肉分别采用水浴和微波加热到内部终点温度分别为40、50、60、70、80℃ 和 90℃,研究结缔组织滤渣和热力特性在热处理过程中的变化。结果表明：结缔组织滤渣含量随着热处理温度的升高而增加,当加热温度分别为60、70℃ 和 80℃时,结缔组织滤渣含量在两种热处理方式间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。在两种热处理方式中,40℃至60℃的内部终点温度是影响结缔组织胶原蛋白热收缩温度的关键加热温度。热诱导的结缔组织胶原蛋白热力特性的变化是水浴和微波加热牛肉胶原蛋白热收缩温度存在差异的主要原因。     

Sarcoplasmic and Myofibrillar Protein in Skeletal Muscle of Two Breeds of Pig

SUMMARY– The sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were extracted from two muscles of Landrace and Large White pigs using solutions of low and high ionic strengths. The breed of pig did not affect the extractability of the proteins. It was concluded that the genetic background did not influence the inherent extractability of the muscle proteins before differences in rate of post-mortem glycolysis (considered to exist between the types of pig studied) could induce changes in protein solubility.