Mg2Ni纳米粉的制备工艺及理论计算

用X射线和电镜(SEM和TEM)研究了高能球磨工艺对Mg2Ni贮氢合金纳米粉形成的影响.结果表明:球磨时间延长,振动频率提高和球料比的增大可有效地降低合金粉的晶粒尺寸.振动频率为25Hz条件下,不锈钢磨罐球磨1h后,合金粉的晶粒尺寸达到48.1nm.在球料比为5.85:1,振动频率分别为20和30Hz的条件下,经4h球磨后不锈钢磨罐中粉末晶粒度为36.7和26.4nm.对球磨过程进行的理论模拟计算表明,增加球料比主要是通过加大单次碰撞粉末体获得的应变来缩短球磨时间;而提高振动频率,对单次碰撞粉末体获得的应变影响不大.     

过共析Ti-Cr合金的机械合金化

以钛，铬元素粉为原料，在行星式球磨机上采用φ20mm的淬火钢球，以200r/min的球磨速度和15：1的球料比，研究了Ti-20%Cr(ω(B)和Ti-30%Cr(ω(B)两种合金的机械合金化（MA）规律，研究结果表明；在球磨初期的2h内钛的（011）主衍射峰强度迅速降低，（010）第二衍射峰强度提高并成为最强峰，同时铬的衍射峰强度提高；随着球磨时间的增加，钛和铬的X射线衍射峰均发生宽化，强度下降和衍射角左移并减小；当球磨时间为30-40h时，钛逐步非晶化，但在本试验条件下铬没有发生非晶化；MA的前10h是粉末晶粒细化，晶格应变和合金化进行的最迅速的时期，经该阶段球磨后铬的晶粒尺寸可以达到20nm，进一步示磨有利于获得过饱和固溶的合金粉末；两种合金在超过100h的MA过程中均未发现在固相合成Laves相TiCr2；确定30-40h为制备纳米晶或非晶过饱固溶Ti-Cr合金粉末的合理球磨时间。     

高能球磨法制备超滤分离膜用钼铜复合粉末

研究高能球磨法制备纳米钼铜复合粉末的主要影响因素,通过扫描电镜和透射电镜分析粉末的形貌及颗粒尺寸.研究结果表明,复合粉的粒度随着球磨时间的延长而减小,但随着球磨时间增加,团聚加剧;通过重力沉降法可以去除浆体中的团聚体,从而获得颗粒分布适合的粉体,10h球磨粉沉降后粉体颗粒尺寸约为50～60nm,20h球磨粉沉降后粉体颗粒尺寸约为20～30nm.     

高能球磨法制备Fe_3Si合金粉末

采用高能球磨法研究了原子配比Fe75Si25的混合粉末在不同的球磨条件下的机械合金化,用X射线衍射(XRD)仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征样品的物相、晶体结构、晶粒尺寸和点阵常数,分析了Fe75Si25粉末的机械合金化机理。研究表明,球磨时间、球料比和球磨机转速对机械合金化(MA)进程有重要影响。MA 55h后可达到完全合金化,Si溶入Fe中形成α-Fe(Si)饱和固溶体,晶粒尺寸减小至7～8nm。     

机械合金化和放电等离子烧结制备NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金

研究了球磨转速、球料比和球磨时间对NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金粉末的物相、微观形貌及粒度的影响,探讨了不同温度下放电等离子烧结制备NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金微观组织和硬度的变化规律。结果表明:在转速300 r/min和球料比10∶1条件下,球磨60 h粉末只达到部分合金化;在转速300 r/min和球磨50 h时,球料比要达到12∶1才能实现粉末完全合金化;在球料比10∶1和球磨50 h条件下,球磨转速要高于400 r/min才能获得单一BCC固溶体高熵合金。NbMoCrTiAl粉末在高能球磨中元素发生合金化的先后顺序为Al→Ti→Cr→Nb→Mo。NbMoCrTiAl高熵合金粉末在放电等离子烧结(SPS)时发生了第二相析出和溶解转变。随着烧结温度的升高(1 400～1 600℃),第二相的数量减少及其尺寸增大,导致了合金硬度的降低。     

球磨对ZnO的结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响

通过机械球磨对ZnO粉末进行处理. 采用XRD、SEM对不同球磨时间的ZnO粉末的相结构和形貌进行表征, 用恒电流充放电实验研究其在锌镍电池体系中的放电特性和循环稳定性, 并结合循环伏安法探讨其充放电机理. 实验结果表明, 球磨过程中位错的形成和运动导致晶粒尺寸的减小和晶格应变值的增大, 晶粒尺寸由135.6 nm减小至17.9 nm, 晶格应变值相应地从0.06%增加到0.57%. 球磨处理提高了ZnO粉末的电化学反应活性, 因而其放电容量逐渐增加. 当球磨时间达到100 h时, ZnO的放电容量达到300.6 mAh/g, 比未球磨的高50 mAh/g.     

纯Al纳米晶体材料的力学性能研究

以纯铝粉(99.7%)为原料,采用不同的球磨参数(球料比、球磨时间),利用高能球磨法在室温下制备了具有纳米晶粒的纯Al体材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)及显微硬度等手段,对不同球磨工艺参数下制备的纯Al体材料的晶粒尺寸及力学性能进行了测试和分析,并对样品的晶粒尺寸与硬度之间的关系进行了深入的探讨.研究发现,所制备的纯Al纳米晶体材料的平均晶粒尺寸在47～66nm范围内;随着球磨时间的延长,样品的显微硬度呈现出先升高后降低再升高的趋势,并在球磨时间为5h时,球磨样品的硬度达到最高值;屈服强度与晶粒尺寸之间符合正的Hall-Petch关系.     

机械力化学合成CoTiO3纳米晶的研究

利用Co2O3和TiO2采用高能球磨的机械化学合成蚋米晶CoTiO3,并结合XRD和SEM研究了不同球磨时间、热处理温度和时间对形成蚋米晶CoTiO3粉末的影响。结果表明：Co2O3和TiO2混合物在高能球磨过程中可以分为无定形形成期(0～2h)和CoTiO2晶粒长大期(2～6h);球磨6h后可以形成晶粒尺寸26．3nm的CoTiO3;同时混合物球磨1h后．在550℃温度处理1h．也可以形成晶粒尺寸28．7nm的CoTiO3。     

高能球磨法制备Ag-Cr触头合金

采用机械合金化方法制备Ag-Cr合金,研究不同球磨时间对粉末晶体结构、晶粒尺寸、微观应变和表面形貌的影响,不同转速、相同球磨时间对粉末结构的影响以及合金密度、硬度随烧结温度的变化。结果表明:当机械球磨给予合金粉末足够的能量,就能够让铬固溶在银中形成过饱和固溶体;随着高能球磨时间的延长,晶粒逐渐细化、微观应变量逐渐变大,球磨65h时,平均晶粒尺寸为18.40nm,微观应变量为0.14%。烧结温度为850℃时,合金维氏硬度值约达99,密度达9.35g/cm3。     

高能球磨法制备纳米镍体材料的研究

主要研究了以纯镍粉（99.99％）为原料，采用高能球磨法制备纳米镍体材料。球磨得到的试样的平均晶粒尺寸在20.8～26.5nm；不同球料比的试样的显微硬度均存在一个相同的规律，即随着球磨时间的延长，显微硬度呈现出周期性硬化、软化趋势，且随着球磨的继续进行将最终趋于一个稳定值状态；平均显微硬度与晶粒尺寸之间也符合正Hall-Petch关系。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.