混凝-微滤膜净化微污染水源水的研究

通过改进的烧杯混凝试验确定了混凝 微滤膜组合工艺的混凝剂 (PAC)适宜投加量为 2～ 3mg/L。在该混凝剂投加量条件下 ,进行了混凝 微滤膜组合工艺处理微污染水源水的连续试验。结果表明 ,该工艺对浊度 ,OC以及UV2 54 的去除效率分别为 85%～ 95% ,37%～ 52 %和 58%～ 81% ,优于膜直接过滤时的去除效果     

不同预处理方式与微滤联用处理城市污水对比实验研究

采用微滤法处理模拟二沉池出水,以期达到城市污水回用的目的.进水采用人工配水,主要考察微滤膜对模拟二沉池出水中CODMn,氨氮(NH3-N)及UV254的去除效果,以及预处理方式对微滤膜处理工艺的影响.实验主要采用了两种预处理方式,即颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附及聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝.实验结果表明,单独采用微滤膜效果不明显,高锰酸钾指数的去除率仅为32.5%,氨氯去除率约为5%,且膜污染严重,通量下降很快.活性炭-微滤组合工艺对污水的CODMn去除效果较好,去除率达到88%;而混凝-徽滤工艺对UV254的去除效果较好,去除率达到87%;混凝-微滤及活性炭-微滤工艺对氨氮的去除率均不高.组合工艺比起单独使用微滤膜流量下降缓慢,混凝-徽滤工艺在4.5h内,流量没有下降,污染情况明显改善.     

微滤膜法饮用水处理工艺中膜污染控制的研究

采用150 m3/d的微滤膜法饮用水处理中试研究了膜污染的控制方法,包括反冲洗、混凝预处理以及在线的通量维护措施--EFM(Enhance Flux Maintenance).结果表明,单独采用水反冲洗时,膜比通量的恢复效果较差,采用气水联合反冲洗时效果明显好转,膜污染速率降低为原来的44%.混凝预处理能够很好地控制膜污染,其主要作用在于降低滤饼层阻力和减轻不可逆膜污染.在研究的范围内,混凝剂投加量越高,对膜污染的控制作用越好.EFM能够阶段性地去除膜污染,有效地恢复膜比通量,因而能够显著地延长化学清洗周期,减少化学清洗频率.     

高锰酸钾强化混凝—陶瓷微滤膜集成工艺处理水源水研究

采用高锰酸钾强化混凝—陶瓷微滤膜集成工艺处理水源水,主要考察了不同高锰酸钾投加量对集成工艺中膜污染状况和出水水质的影响。结果表明,在混凝过程中投加高锰酸钾进行预氧化,与单独的混凝—陶瓷微滤膜集成工艺相比,膜污染速率下降,降低了不可逆膜污染;出水水质得到一定程度的提高,其中UV254、CODMn、DOC、TN去除率分别提高了约3%、10%、5%、16%。另外,出水浊度<0.1 NTU,出水颗粒数水平也得到了很大改善。     

污泥龄对连续微滤膜过滤系统运行的影响

研究了污泥龄对城市二级出水直接进行微滤处理的影响。试验表明:延长污泥龄,二级出水的COD_(Cr)变化不大,稳定在40～60 mg/L,但出水SS有所增加。污泥龄对生化反应池内的胞外聚合物(EPS)含量有较大影响,出水粘度和EPS含量有很好的相关性。过长的污泥龄(>20 d)增加了二级出水的粘度与细微颗粒含量,使微滤膜过滤阻力增大,透过微滤膜孔微细颗粒的增多是膜系统产水污染指数(SDI)升高的主要原因,对于城市污水,只要控制生化污泥龄在20 d以下,二级出水就可以经连续微滤后,再进行反渗透、纳滤等深度处理。     

超滤膜和微滤膜在生活污水回用处理中的应用研究

主要针对经二级生物处理后的机场污水 ,使用膜处理的方法进行深度处理 ,以期达到污水回用的目的。回用水的水质指标按照生活杂用水指标来执行。试验通过使用孔径为 0 2 5μｍ的中空纤维聚丙烯腈微滤膜和切割分子量为 1 0 0 0 0的中空纤维的聚砜超滤膜 ,对机场污水进行了试验及结果分析 ,同时为使试验数据具有普遍意义 ,还对北石桥污水处理中心的出水和兴庆湖入口处水样作了对比试验。试验流程如下 :超滤 :原水→格栅→原水泵→保安过滤器→超滤膜组件→滤后水 (浓缩水 )微滤 :原水→格栅→原水泵→微滤膜组件→滤后水 (浓缩水 )主要结论如…     

超滤-纳滤双膜工艺深度处理南四湖水中试研究

针对南四湖水源水中高有机物、高含盐量的特点,采用超滤-纳滤工艺进行了中试研究,对比分析了2种纳滤膜(H膜、G膜)的处理效果。试验结果表明:超滤-纳滤双膜工艺可有效应对水源中存在的有机物和无机盐污染问题,2种纳滤膜对无机盐离子去除率在90%以上,H膜与G膜对DOC的去除率的分别为98.7%和81.6%,H膜出水水质优于G膜。相同压力和温度下G膜的通量要高于H膜,同时单位产水量的能耗G膜也要低于H膜;污染后的纳滤膜进水端主要是有机物污染,出水端主要是无机盐结垢。化学清洗可将膜通量恢复至初始通量的90%以上,但清洗后的膜面仍然存在微量的有机物和无机盐结垢,这是形成纳滤膜不可逆污染的主要原因。     

几种膜组件在管道直饮水处理系统中应用对比

膜处理是管道直饮水处理工艺的核心,介绍了微滤膜(MF)、超滤膜(UF)、纳滤膜(NF)、反渗透膜(RO)四种膜在管道直饮水处理系统中应用的对比,内容包括基本性能、去除杂质能力、工作压力以及出水电阻率等。结果显示,相比于其他三种膜,纳滤膜(NF)在直饮水处理工艺应用更具优势。     

平板膜生物反应器用于工业区污水处理厂尾水深度处理中试研究

介绍了采用平板膜对工业区污水处理厂二级处理尾水进行深度处理中试试验,试验结果表明在通量0.5～0.6 m3/（m2·d ）情况下系统能稳定运行,出水水质有较大提升。系统最适运行条件为曝气强度1150L/（m2·h）、污泥浓度12g/L、抽吸时间9 min、抽停时间1 min、最大抽吸压力-10 kPa。膜污染试验发现次氯酸钠和柠檬酸联合清洗方式对跨膜压差（TMP）恢复效果最佳,TMP能恢复到初始的98％以上。     

膜法处理微污染原水的工艺选择

采用微滤膜过滤(MF)、活性污泥-膜生物反应器(AS-MBR)、接触氧化-膜生物反应 器(CO-MBR)和生物活性炭-膜生物反应器(BPAC-MBR)四种工艺对微污染原水进行处理试验, 主要考察了这四种工艺对CODMn的去除效果。试验结果表明,上述四种工艺对CODMn的平均去除 率分别为10．6％、47．4％、49．2％、62．8％。在此基础上重点考察了BPAC-MBR工艺的净化效果 和工艺特性,该工艺对UV254、NH3-N和浊度都有较好的去除效果,且明显提高了膜生物反应器的 操作性能。     

在线混凝-超滤联用工艺用于小城镇给水的应用研究

采用在线混凝-超滤联用工艺对某水塘水进行中试研究.试验结果表明,将常规处理作为超滤的预处理时,膜压差增加迅速,无法保持稳定运行.将在线混凝作为超滤的预处理时,膜压差增加缓慢.通过比较不同的混凝剂抑制压差和去除有机物的效果,发现聚硫酸铁均优于聚氯化铝.次氯酸钠和高锰酸钾预氧化的试验结果表明,尽管高锰酸钾去除有机物和三氯甲烷生成潜能的效果较好,但膜压差增加较快.在线混凝-超滤联用工艺处理后出水的CODMn可低于3 mg/L.     

微污染水库水超滤膜处理工艺的试验研究

利用PVC合金超滤膜中试装置与不同预处理组合成"混凝-超滤"、"混凝-沉淀-超滤"和"混凝-气浮-超滤"3种工艺处理微污染水库水,研究其净水效果及跨膜压差变化规律。结果表明:3种组合工艺的浊度去除率均在99%以上;镜检出水细菌、藻类含量基本接近零;对CODMn、UV254的去除效果顺序为:"混凝-气浮-超滤""混凝-沉淀-超滤""混凝-超滤";红外光谱分析结果显示,亲水性有机物是引起膜污染的主要物质;低温低浊期,跨膜压差随着产水时间变化趋势线的斜率为0.016 4、跨膜压差平均值为23.57 k Pa;高温高藻期斜率为0.043 2、跨膜压差平均值为21.28k Pa。     

Long term operation of high concentration powdered activated carbon membrane bio-reactor for advanced water treatment.

A pilot scale experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of a membrane bioreactor filled with high concentration powdered activated carbon. This hybrid system has great potential to substitute for existing GAC or O3/BAC processes in the drinking water treatment train. The system was installed at a water treatment plant located downstream of the Nakdong river basin, Korea. Effluent of rapid sand filter was used as influent of the system which consists of PAC bio-reactor, submerged MF membrane module and air supply facility. PAC concentration of 20 g/L was maintained at the beginning of the experiment and it was increased to 40 g/L. The PAC has not been changed during the operational periods. The membrane was a hollow fiber type with pore sizes of 0.1 and 0.4 microm. It was apparent that the high PAC concentration could prevent membrane fouling. 40 g/L PAC was more effective to reduce the filtration resistance than 20 g/L. At the flux of 0.36 m/d, TMP was maintained less than 40 kPa for about 3 months by intermittent suction type operation (12 min suction/3 min idling). Adsorption was the dominant role to remove DOC at the initial operational period. However the biological effect was gradually increased after around 3 months operation. Constant DOC removal could be maintained at about 40% without any trouble and then a tremendous reduction of DBPs (HAA5 and THM) higher than 85% was achieved. Full nitrification was observed at the controlled influent ammonia nitrogen concentration of 3 and 7 mg/L. pH was an important parameter to keep stable ammonia oxidation. From almost two years of operation, it is clear that the PAC membrane bioreactor is highly applicable for advanced water treatment under the recent situation of more stringent DBPs regulation in Korea.     

净水厂应对突发乙苯污染的应急处理中试研究

乙苯是净水厂原水突发水质污染的高风险物质之一.通过中试研究了应对原水突发乙苯污染的应急处理工艺.结果表明,常规工艺难以去除水中乙苯,向原水中投加粉末活性炭(PAC)与强化常规工艺联用可有效去除水中乙苯,保证处理后水质达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)要求;PAC与原水混合阶段是乙苯去除的主要阶段,去除率为78.9％～97.4％,强化常规工艺可进一步去除水中低浓度乙苯,颗粒活性炭滤柱作为安全余量,是水质安全保障的最后关口.基于中试结果,给出了应对原水突发乙苯污染时PAC对乙苯的吸附能力.     

原水水质对南方某给水厂处理有机氯农药效果的影响

采用HLB柱固相萃取样品前处理技术和气相色谱仪／电子捕获检测器(GC／ECD)分析方法,研究了东江-深圳供水改造工程竣工前后原水改变对给水厂处理有机氯农药效果的影响。结果表明:原水更换前后不同工艺段出水中共检出10种有机氯农药,浓度为0.08~20.68 ng／L,主要是HCBs,DDXs,氯丹和硫丹,远低于《国家地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)及《生活饮用水卫生规范》规定的限值,不必对此进行长期连续监测。通过原水改变前后传统处理工艺对有机氯农药去除效果的对比发现,当原水中有机氯农药降低到一定程度后,常规饮用水处理工艺并无明显处理效果。     

Evaluation of a MF membrane system composed of pre coagulation-sedimentation and chlorination for water reuse.

In this research, we investigated the variation of transmembrane pressure and permeate water quality in pre-coagulation and sedimentation with iron based coagulant, and chlorination of feed water for PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) based MF membrane filtration. NaCIO was fed to the membrane module at a dosage of 0.5 mg/L and maintained during filtration. To observe the effect of raw water, three types of raw and processed waters, including river surface water, coagulated water and coagulated-settled water, were employed. In the case of river surface water, the transmembrane pressure increased abruptly in 500 hours operation. On the contrary, no significant increase in transmembrane pressure was observed for coagulated water and coagulated-settled water for 1200 hours operation. The turbidity of permeate was lower than the detection limit for all applied waters. The removal efficiency for humic substances in coagulated water and coagulated-settled water was approximately ten times higher than that in surface river water. And, the removal efficiency for TOC and DOC was approximately two times higher than that in surface river water. From the results of the operation, it can be observed that it is possible to maintain stable operation at 0.9 m(3)/m(2)-day filtration flux through a combination of pre-coagulation and pre-chlorination. However, the water quality of permeate was the best when the pre-coagulation-sedimentation process was combined with pre-chlorination. With respect to fouling reduction and operation efficiency increase in membrane filtration, the pre-coagulation/sedimentation process is a promising alternative.     

高锰酸钾与粉末活性炭联用工艺在饮用水强化处理中的应用

模拟试验和生产应用的结果表明,在取水口投加高锰酸钾、加矾前投加粉末活性炭对低温低浊原水具有强化处理效果,能明显去除水中的浊度、CODMn、三卤甲烷等污染物,保证饮用水水质.该技术使用灵活、方便,特别适用于原水水质随季节变化较大的情况.     

Application of HACCP principles as a management tool for monitoring and controlling microbiological hazards in water treatment facilities.

HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) principles were applied to evaluate the effectiveness of two water treatment facilities to continually produce potable water free of microbiological health hazards. This paper reports a hazard analyses protocol (microbiological hazards based on faecal coliforms (FC) and turbidity (TBY) as indicators) for critical control points (CCPs) within each facility. The CCPs were raw resource water, sedimentation, filtration and chlorine-disinfection. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of each CCP to remove the indicators from the water under treatment. Arbitrary critical performance limit targets (CPLTs) were set up for each CCP to determine to what extent each contributed to effective removal and to predict what the effect would be if any of the CCPs should fail. Health-related water quality guideline limits for expected health effects were applied and compliance measured at the 90th percentile. The raw resource river water used at both treatment facilities complied with raw resource water extraction CPLTs. The treated potable water complied with health-related drinking water guidelines. Sedimentation removed the largest proportion of the indicators from the raw water, but showed failure potential that could overload the consequent system. Filtration effectiveness at both treatment facilities showed potential to break down the overall effectiveness of the entire treatment facility, since the filter systems failed to meet their respective CPLTs. This left the disinfection phase to remove the remaining portion of indicators. Faecal coliforms appeared to be completely removed from post-chlorination samples. This indicated that both chlorine disinfection phases were 100% effective in meeting their disinfection CPLTs, despite having to "clean up" the indicator organisms that spilt over from the upstream CCPs. This, nevertheless, implied a risk of unsafe water release into distribution. CCPs at these treatment facilities had some difficulties in reducing the health-related risks to meet their respective CPLTs. Applying a HACCP programme would minimise the risk of contaminated water distribution in cases of system component failure.     

水处理工艺过程中有机物分子量分布规律

针对太湖流域某湖泊水源有机物分子量分布的特性,考察饮用水处理各工艺单元对有机物的去除效应。结果表明:原水以小分子量有机物为主,小于1k Dalton的有机物占36.1%;常规工艺对大分子量有机物去除率高,尤其对分子量在10k Dalton以上的有机物去除率达32.7%以上,但对小分子量有机物去除率低,其中分子量小于1k Dalton的有机物反而增加了12.6%左右。超滤深度处理工艺中PES膜工艺对小分子量有机物,特别是分子量小于10kDalton的有机物去除率达76.4%,出水UV254值及SUVA值比砂滤出水分别下降了22.0%和11.2%;PVDF膜工艺对各分子量有机物均有较好的去除,但对大分子有机物去除效果优于小分子有机物,其出水UV254值及SUVA值比砂滤出水分别下降了28.8%和6.3%。     

Roughing filtration as an effective pre-treatment system for high turbidity water

Effective water treatment is the prime goal of every water treatment facility. Chakwal Water Treatment Plant in Pakistan has been treating high-turbidity surface water through crude coagulation, sedimentation and slow sand filtration since the early 1980s. The process has always been tedious in terms of high coagulant dosage, large volumes of sludge and short filter runs especially after wet spells. A laboratory-scale study was conducted to see if roughing filtration, as the pre-treatment process, would help in reducing coagulant dose and sludge volume and improving effluent quality. Results indicated that up-flow rouging filtration with media grades decreasing in the direction of flow could reduce wet weather raw water turbidity (by more than 90%) and coagulant dose. Overall, the plant could save over US $54,000 annually in terms of coagulant cost only. Longer filter runs, improved product water quality leading to lower chlorine dose requirement, would be additional benefits.