空间机器人柔性臂的动力学轨迹跟踪控制

机器人柔性擘控制问题是目前机器人研究中的一个重点和难点，本文动用基于关节的求逆技术，得到了有关大质量负载的空间机器人柔性臂动力学轨迹跟踪非线性控制问题的有效方法，并以一平面二杆空间机器人柔性臂为例进行了控制的仿真研究，仿真研究的结果表明，该方法具有较高的可靠性和良好的控制效果。     

基于滑模控制器的双臂机器人控制仿真

针对工业机械臂运动控制中由于建模误差和未知干扰导致的控制误差问题,基于机器人力矩控制方法,采用滑模控制理论,利用关节角运动误差,设计并搭建机器人控制系统。以安川Motoman-SDA20机器人为例,对该机器人进行了运动学与动力学分析,搭建相关数学模型,并针对该机器人系统设计了滑模运动控制器。在机器人仿真环境VERP与Simulink中搭建联合仿真平台,对虚拟环境中的机械臂进行运动控制仿真试验,验证了算法的有效性。试验对比了逆运动学控制与滑模控制算法效果,同时对滑模控制算法在机械臂定点运动与轨迹跟踪中的控制效果进行了验证与分析。该控制算法计算过程简明、便于设计。利用VERP仿真平台,获得了更加直观的效果,实现了存在较大建模误差与较小控制频率下的机械臂位置控制,角度误差在0. 3 rad以内。该研究对于机器人控制算法的研究与仿真环境的搭建具有借鉴意义。     

机器人臂的模型参数识别及其仿真

本文提出了一种识别机器人臂动力学方程的模型参数的方法.通过重组机器人臂的拉氏函数,使得臂的动力学方程中的模型参数个数最少;进一步形成了上三角块形式的机器人臂的模型参数识别公式.通过使用最小二乘法和龙格-库塔方法,对一个两连杆操作臂的模型参数的识别进行了仿真,得到了高的仿真精度.本方法有助于机器人的控制算式中有关操作臂的参数的确定和机器人的机械设计.     

基于凯恩方法的机器人动力学建模与仿真

研究机器人动力学的目的是多方面的.机器人动力学模型的重要应用是设计机器人,因为动力学方程可以用来精确地算出实现给定运动所需要的力(矩).用凯恩方法对六自由度关节臂式机器人进行动力学方程的推导,可以减少计算步骤,提高计算效率.经过对推导的动力学方程仿真可以找到现场使用机器人第三个臂出现故障的原因,因此在机器人具体设计、轨迹规划、动力学优化以及实时控制中可以代入具体的参数,从而时机器人的动力学性能进行分析,并具有通用性.     

自由飞行空间机器人系统的协调运动控制

考虑由载体和机械臂组成的空间机器人系统的协调控制问题,提出了一种新的协调 控制策略.该策略首先利用简单的变结构控制器粗略控制载体的运动,进而设计机械臂控制 器以保证手端精确跟踪其期望的运动轨迹.应用该策略分别对手端自由运动和受限运动设计 了相应的控制器,并对两杆平面空间机器人系统进行了仿真,证实了控制策略的有效性.     

自由飞行空间机器人系统的协调运动控制

考虑由载体和机械臂组成的空间机器人系统的协调控制问题，提出了一种新的协调控制策略.该策略首先利用简单的变结构控制器粗略控制载体的运动，进而设计机械臂控制器以保证手端精确跟踪其期望的运动轨迹.应用该策略分别对手端自由运动和受限运动设计了相应的控制器，并对两杆平面空间机器人系统进行了仿真，证实了控制策略的有效性.     

七自由度数据臂实现主从控制研究与仿真实验

介绍了一种BUAA-Ⅲ型七自由度数据臂对异构从动机器人的主从控制方法;针对数据臂主从控制多为异构控制这一特点,提出了将关节控制与位置控制结合面向任务的控制方案,通过编程实现了对PUMA262型六自由度虚拟机器人的仿真控制,并应用BUAA-Ⅲ型数据臂控制虚拟机器人完成了抓棒仿真实验;从而,验证了针对BUAA-Ⅲ型数据臂的异构主从控制方案的可行性和可靠性.     

6维矩阵及操作臂的运动学动力学

本文应用6×6转换阵,6维铰基矢阵导出操作臂雅可比阵,并应用子系统牛顿欧拉递推法解出了带回路操作臂的动力学.具有方程数少,递归及程式化计算,易于工程应用,便于推广到解复杂机器人运动学、动力学.并以5杆回路操作臂为例作了程式化计算.     

机器人计算力矩不确定性的神经网络补偿控制*

提出一种由计算力矩控制器和神经网络补偿控制器相结合的控制方案,探讨了用神经网络补偿机器人计算力矩不确定性的方法,推导了网络权值的自适应调整律,并证明了系统的稳定性和误差的收敛性.该方案结构简单、鲁棒性强,且神经网络补偿器有较好的适应性,无须事先知道机器人动力学参数和结构的精确值.对机器人轨迹跟踪的仿真结果表明,所提方案具有很好的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力.     

柔性臂漂浮基空间机器人建模与轨迹跟踪控制

利用拉格朗日法和假设模态方法建立了末端柔性的两臂漂浮基空间机器人的非线性动力学方程．通过坐标变换,推导出一种新的以可测关节角为变量的全局动态模型,并在此基础上运用基于模型的非线性解耦反馈控制方法得到关节相对转角与柔性臂的弹性变形部分解耦形式控制方程．最后,讨论了柔性臂漂浮基空间机器人的轨迹跟踪问题,并通过仿真实例计算,表明该模型转换及控制方法对于柔性臂漂浮基空间机器人末端轨迹跟踪控制的有效性．     

Cooperative Strategy for a Wheelchair and a Robot to Climb and Descend a Step

This paper discusses a cooperative strategy that enables a wheelchair and a wheeled robot to climb and descend a step. In this method, not only does the robot assist the wheelchair user, but also the user assists the robot to overcome the step. The research indicates the feasibility of this new cooperative strategy between a physically disabled person and a personal robot that is not designed for high-level performance. The two vehicles (the wheelchair and the wheeled robot) are connected by a simple link mechanism, the two connecting positions of which are free joints. This method is especially affected by the link positions. A numerical calculation clarifies the combinations of the two link positions to avoid a collision between each vehicle and to overcome a step at the same time. The result of the simulations indicate that it is necessary to change the link positions to climb and descend a step safely. The experimental results show that this method is effective.     

正弦驱动与传感反馈结合的双足机器人仿生行走控制

提出了一种正弦驱动与传感反馈结合的双足机器人仿生行走控制方法．所有关节由正弦振荡器驱动, 较之相互耦合的神经元振荡器更加简单;控制参数具有明晰的物理意义,便于对运动模式进行调节．传感反馈表征 了机器人的运动状态,对于保证机器人的稳定行走起着至关重要的作用．将机器人碰地、碰膝等关键运动状态作为 相位反馈,对控制力矩进行相位重置,协调各关节动作,进而实现控制器、机器人、环境的耦合．同时,从节省能量 和仿生的角度,考虑了关节运动的被动特性,确定了各关节力矩的作用区间．仿真结果表明,该控制方法能实现机 器人稳定行走,并具有良好的能效性和自稳定性.     

The design and control of a robot finger for tactile sensing

This article describes the design and control of a lightweight robot finger intended for tactile sensing research. The finger is a three-link planar chain with the joints actuated through cables by two motors. Kinematic coupling of the three joints provides two degrees of freedom for finger tip manipulation, and a curling action of the finger for enclosing an object. Hall effect sensors in each joint provide position feedback, and strain gage sensors on each cable provide tension information. To minimize weight and power consumption, a high speed low torque motor together with a 172:1 speed reducer is used as the actuator. A force control loop around the motor speed reducer system reduces the effect of the friction inherent in the speed reducer. Flat mounting plates are provided on each link for special purpose grasping surfaces and sensors.     

Redundant Control of a Planar Snake Robot with Prismatic Joints

This paper presents a control method of a planar snake robot with prismatic joints. The kinematic model is derived considering velocity constraints caused by passive wheels. The proposed control method based on the model allows the robot to track a target trajectory by appropriately changing its link length using prismatic joints. The degrees of freedom of prismatic joints are represented as kinematic redundancy in the model and are used in realizing subtasks such as singularity avoidance and obstacle avoidance. In addition, the link length is below its limit when introducing a sigmoid function into the kinematic model. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show a novel motion that avoids singular configurations through changes in link lengths.

     

A Reconfigurable Robot With Lockable Cylindrical Joints

This paper presents a new conceptual design for reconfigurable robots. Unlike conventional reconfigurable robots, our design does not achieve reconfigurability by utilizing modular joints. Rather, the robot is equipped with passive joints, i.e., joints without actuator or sensor, which permit changing the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters such as the link length and twist angle. The passive joints will become controllable when the robot forms a closed kinematic chain. Also, each passive joint is equipped with a built-in brake mechanism that is normally locked, but the lock can be released whenever the parameters are to be changed. Such a versatile and agile robot is particularly suitable for space application for its simple, compact, and light design. The kinematics and recalibration of this kind of reconfigurable robot are thoroughly analyzed. A stable reconfiguration-control algorithm is devised to take the robot from one configuration to another by directly regulating the passive joints to the associated, desired DH parameters. Conditions for the observability and the controllability of the passive joints are also derived in detail.      

Dynamic Feedback Control of XYnR̄ Planar Robots with n Rotational Passive Joints

We consider the problem of trajectory planning and control for an XYnR? Planar robot with the first two joints (rotational or prismatic) actuated and n rotational passive joints, moving both in the presence and the absence of gravity. Under the assumption that each passive link is attached at the center of percussion of the previous passive link, dynamics of the system can be expressed through the behavior of n special points of the plane. These points are called link‐related acceleration points (LRAP) since their instantaneous acceleration is oriented as the axis of the related passive links. Moreover, LRAP dynamics present a backward recursive form which can be exploited to recursively design a dynamic feedback that completely linearizes the system equations. We use this approach to solve trajectory planning and tracking problems and report simulation results obtained for an RR2R? robot having the first two rotational joints actuated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A technique for the detection of robot joint gear tightness

A new technique for the examination of gear tightness in robot joint drive systems is presented. A single robot joint is subjected to random excitation while the rest of the joints are constrained. The corresponding link motion is monitored by two accelerometers mounted on the link. The transfer function of the translational component of link acceleration is then obtained. From the half peak magnitude bandwidth of the first resonant frequency it is possible to determine whether the joint gears under testing have a tight or loose meshing. Tests were performed on the wrist rotation joint of an industrial robot in two steady state positions with the end effector loaded and unloaded.     

Compliance measurement for the Mitsubishi PA-10 robot

In this study, we measure the compliance characteristics of the 7-degree-of-freedom (DOF) vertical multiarticulated Mitsubishi PA-10 robot. To determine the compliance characteristics of the robot, numerical values of joint compliance are identified by a partial simultaneous measurement method using a force/torque sensor and a 3-D measurement system. The identified compliance is derived from an extended 10-DOF link model that comprises three additional virtual joints and seven actual joints. The virtual joints, which can be handled in the same manner as the actual joints, can be used for more accurate identification. The modeling error derived from link flexibility may be compensated by introducing the extended link model with additional virtual joints. To investigate the accuracy of the compliances identified with the extended link model, verification experiments were conducted. The results show that precise compliance characteristics are obtained from the extended link model. Finally, we reveal the compliance model of the Mitsubishi PA-10 robot, which comprises the numerical values of the joint compliance and a simple kinematic modeling.     

对未知环境的机器人力控自律跟踪及建模

在考虑摩擦力的情况下，利用传感器所感知的机器人和未知轮廓间的相互作用力确接触处轮廓的切矢和法矢，据此建立端点约束坐标系，在该坐标系中沿切矢进行位置控制并沿法矢进行力控制。实现机器人对未知轮廓的自律跟踪运动。由跟踪运动所确定每一点处切矢信息及该点位置信息构造未知轮廓几何模型。在机器人学开放研究实验室的ＰＵＭＡ５６２机器人上实现了上述自律运动并建立了环境模型。     

A constrained assumed modes method for dynamics of a flexible planar serial robot with prismatic joints

In the present study, for the first time, flexible multibody dynamics for a three-link serial robot with two flexible links having active prismatic joints is presented using an approximate analytical method. Transverse vibrations of flexible links/beams with prismatic joints have complicated differential equations. This complexity is mostly due to axial motion of the links. In this study, first, vibration analysis of a flexible link sliding through an active prismatic joint having translational motion is considered. A rigid-body coordinate system is used, which aids in obtaining a new and rather simple form of the kinematic differential equation without the loss of generality. Next, the analysis is extended to include dynamic forces for a three-link planar serial robot called PPP (Prismatic, Prismatic, Prismatic), in which all joints are prismatic and active. The robot has a rigid first link but flexible second and third links. To model the prismatic joint, time-variant constraints are written, and a motion equation in a form of virtual displacement and virtual work of forces/moments is obtained. Finally, an approximate analytical method called the “constrained assumed modes method” is presented for solving the motion equations. For a numerical case study, approximate analytical results are compared with finite element results, which show that the two solutions closely follow each other.