任务类型和导航对层次型超文本信息搜索的影响

考察任务类型和导航对层次型超文本信息搜索绩效的交互效应。采用2(特定任务,关系任务)×2(有导航图,无导航图)被试者内设计,以搜索时间、正确率、平均总节点数、平均重复节点数和主观满意感为指标。结果表明:(1)对关系任务的信息搜索绩效显著低于特定任务;(2)导航图能降低信息搜索的迷路程度;(3)提供导航更有利于关系任务的信息搜索。     

不同呈现条件下景点信息内隐记忆的绩效研究

实验探讨了在不同呈现条件下阅读者对旅游景点获取的效果,旨在为网页和广告设计以及效果评估提供心理学依据。通过过程分离程序(PDP)的包含和排除测验计算超文本和线性文本的不同呈现条件下外显控制性加工和内隐自动化加工各自的贡献大小。结果表明：①超文本的内隐记忆绩效优于线性文本;②有图像的文本内隐记忆优于无图像文本;③超文本的外显记忆绩效优于线性文本;④外显控制性加工在同一阅读材料的不同呈现方式的记忆中无显著差异。结论：过程分离程序可以分离记忆的控制性加工和自动化加工,在设计一个网络时应考虑控制性加工效果和自动化加工效果。     

基于可视化呈现的数字化健康信息认知研究

目的 研究数字化健康信息的呈现状态和呈现方式对年轻用户健康信息认知理解的影响。方法 采用两因子组内设计的人因学实验,测试了18名年轻受试者在两种信息呈现状态（静态呈现,动态呈现）及三种信息呈现方式（条形图,仪表图,文本型）下的认知绩效、主观感知及眼动行为,并采用重复测量方差分析法分析实验数据。结果 信息呈现状态显著影响用户认知理解绩效,动态呈现方式能有效降低用户信息搜索时间。呈现方式显著影响感知易用性和满意度等主观评价指标,两种图形类方式主观感知评价显著高于文本型。信息呈现状态和呈现方式对眼动行为存在显著主效应及交互作用,条形图和文本型在动、静态呈现时的首次注视时间无显著差异,但动态仪表图的首次注视时间晚于静态仪表图。图形类呈现方式的总注视时长较之于文本型也较短,其信息认知效率较高。结论 呈现状态中,动态呈现能够提高用户提取重要信息的效率;而呈现方式中,图形类呈现方式有更好的用户主观认知评价。研究结果有助于揭示呈现状态和呈现方式对数字化健康信息认知的影响机制,为优化数字化健康信息的编码设计提供了指导。     

飞机空中交会显示格式对情境意识与认知绩效的影响

为考察飞机空中交会信息显示格式对情境意识和认知绩效的影响。实验采用模拟飞行相撞判断任务,以情境意识和相撞判断准确率为指标,对整合式显示与分离式显示这两种显示格式的视觉工效进行比较。结果表明:(1)整合式显示条件下情境意识与相撞判断的准确率均高于分离式显示;(2)信息显示格式以情境意识为中介对认知绩效产生显著影响。结论:整合式显示格式的相对优势可归因于该显示格式对情境意识的促进作用。     

VDT搜索作业绩效影响因素及其测量方法研究进展

随着当代社会信息加速膨胀,人们通过VDT在日常生活乃至军事、医学等高危行业进行视觉搜索越来越普遍,使得人的作业绩效及其影响因素成为人因学、心理学等领域的研究热点。本文在系统整理国内外文献的基础上,梳理了搜索绩效常用的评价指标和测量方法,从任务特征、个体特性、作业环境三个方面对影响搜索绩效的相关因素进行了归纳和分析,并指出了现有研究的特点和不足,同时对未来的相关研究进行了展望。     

人际协同视角下CEO包容型领导与创业绩效的关系研究

采用194份合伙人-CEO配对数据,探讨了新创企业CEO包容型领导风格对创业绩效的影响,尤其是考察了地位冲突的中介作用以及目标一致性的调节作用。结果发现:(1)CEO包容型领导对创业绩效具有显著正向影响;(2)创业团队内部地位冲突在CEO包容型领导与创业绩效之间起部分中介作用;(3)合伙人-CEO目标一致性调节了地位冲突对创业绩效的负面影响;(4)合伙人-CEO目标一致性对地位冲突在CEO包容型领导与企业绩效之间的中介作用具有显著调节作用。合伙人-CEO目标一致性越弱,以地位冲突为中介的CEO包容型领导对创业绩效的影响越强,反之亦然。     

色彩对比度及信息密度对老年用户视觉搜索的影响

通过动态导向显示屏呈现就诊信息的医院逐年增多,而老年人群由于视觉功能逐渐衰退,在医院检索及识别动态导向分诊信息时经常出现困难。为提升老年用户观察动态导向信息界面的绩效,对影响老年用户视觉搜索绩效明显的色彩对比度及信息密度因素展开研究。基于医院动态分诊显示器界面及E-prime实验平台,以色彩对比度及信息密度作为自变量,对20位60岁以上的老年用户展开视觉搜索实验,采集不同自变量水平下的视觉搜索时间、视觉搜索正确率及清晰度、舒适度评价。结果表明,色彩对比度为13.7∶1时,老年用户的视觉搜索绩效及评价最佳,当数值上升至17.4∶1及21∶1时,绩效及评价开始显著下降,但仍优于8.7∶1水平。在研究选用的字体及显示器下,老年用户在0.46及0.55 (5～6行)信息密度水平的视觉搜索绩效及评价结果显著优于其他水平,且0.74(8行)信息密度水平为适用于老年用户的最大信息密度设计。     

诱发情绪、职业决策自我效能对个体职业决策信息加工的影响

目的揭示职业决策自我效能和诱发情绪对职业决策过程的共同作用机制。方法以88名大学生为被试,通过职业决策信息板任务探讨了诱发情绪与职业决策自我效能对个体职业决策信息加工过程的影响。结果 (1)在平均决策时间上,职业决策自我效能的主效应显著;(2)在探索深度上,职业决策自我效能的主效应显著,职业决策自我效能与诱发情绪的交互作用显著;(3)在职业决策信息搜索模式和职业决策满意度上,职业决策自我效能和诱发情绪的主效应与交互作用均不显著。结论职业决策自我效能会延长平均决策时间,加深探索深度,且积极诱发情绪会加深低职业决策自我效能个体探索深度。     

屏幕放大镜不同工作模式下用户绩效的评估

在屏幕放大镜的不同工作模式下,72名老年参试者完成了16个词语搜索任务.统计结果表明,老年用户在使用重叠模式的放大镜时,绩效高于使用平行模式时;使用黄色背景的放大镜时,绩效高于使用无背景色的放大镜时;当文本密度较低时,放大镜以双工模式呈现信息时,用户具有较高的绩效;当文本密度较高时,没有发现用户绩效之间存在显著的差异.根据以上发现,对屏幕放大镜的设计提出了一些建议.     

基于视觉认知特性的作战显控界面信息结构布局研究

目的 智能化作战趋势相应地会对在作战显控系统界面的信息量和信息呈现内容提出要求。针对未来态势环境下显控界面信息结构更为复杂,且融入更多信息的显控系统界面需要不断迭代的问题,从显控界面的信息结构分类展开实验研究,设计不同的信息结构布局类型,从而进行认知绩效的视觉搜索测评实验。方法 通过文献分析,从认知特性与界面信息架构布局、飞行员的认知行为等方面出发,对相关成果进行综述梳理。运用眼动追踪实验,设计针对不同任务的视觉搜索实验,从而对不同信息布局形式的认知绩效进行评估测量。结果 实验结果表明,在“作战”与“导航”任务场景中“纵向任务栏型”布局形式整体更优于“横向主图型”任务布局。在“作战”任务中,纵向三分类型布局形式的绩效水平更优;在“导航”任务中,纵向二分类型布局形式的绩效水平更优。结论 针对复杂显控作战界面的信息呈现,可以通过设定与作战任务相匹配的不同结构布局来优化信息模块的合理分配方式,对后续在作战显控界面的信息模块布局设计优化起到一定参考作用。     

Citation analysis of Ted Nelson’s works and his influence on hypertext concept

This study investigates Ted Nelson’s works and the influence of his hypertext concept through citation analysis, including citation counting, characteristics of citing articles on language, document type, citing year, discipline, and citation content. The selection of the Nelson’s works was based on searching Library Literature & Information Science, Library and Information Science Abstracts, Google and Yahoo search engines. The citation data were compiled from the database of Web of Science. The results of the study reveal that hypertext has directly great impact on information retrieval and world wide web; therefore, the concept has had profound influence on information, library and computer science disciplines. Moreover, the influence of Nelson’s works spreads to other disciplines variously, especially on education, literature, business and economics, engineering, sociology, psychology, etc. The citation context analysis of citing articles on information and library science reveals that (1) definition, orientation and general introduction of hypertext; (2) relation of Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson in terms of hypertext; (3) Nelson’s Xanadu system and its component of hypertext; (4) the application of hypertext in information science and library science are four most citing purpose.     

Are drivers aware of sleepiness and increasing crash risk while driving?

Drivers are advised to take breaks when they feel too tired to drive, but there is question over whether they are able to detect increasing fatigue and sleepiness sufficiently to decide when to take a break. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which drivers have access to cognitive information about their current state of sleepiness, likelihood of falling asleep, and the implications for driving performance and the likelihood of crashing. Ninety drivers were recruited to do a 2 h drive in a driving simulator. They were divided into three groups: one made ratings of their sleepiness, likelihood of falling asleep and likelihood of crashing over the next few minutes at prompts occurring at 200 s intervals throughout the drive, the second rated sleepiness and likelihood of falling asleep at prompts but pressed a button on the steering wheel at any time if they felt they were near to crashing and the third made no ratings and only used a button-press if they felt a crash was likely. Fatigue and sleepiness was encouraged by monotonous driving conditions, an imposed shorter than usual sleep on the night before and by afternoon testing. Drivers who reported that they were possibly, likely or very likely to fall asleep in the next few minutes, were more than four times more likely to crash subsequently. Those who rated themselves as sleepy or likely to fall asleep had a more than 9-fold increase in the hazards of a centerline crossing compared to those who rated themselves as alert. The research shows clearly that drivers can detect changes in their levels of sleepiness sufficiently to make a safe decision to stop driving due to sleepiness. Therefore, road safety policy needs to move from reminding drivers of the signs of sleepiness and focus on encouraging drivers to respond to obvious indicators of fatigue and sleepiness and consequent increased crash risk.     

Impact of age and cognitive demand on lane choice and changing under actual highway conditions

Previous research suggests that drivers change lanes less frequently during periods of heightened cognitive load. However, lane changing behavior of different age groups under varying levels of cognitive demand is not well understood. The majority of studies which have evaluated lane changing behavior under cognitive workload have been conducted in driving simulators. Consequently, it is unclear if the patterns observed in these simulation studies carry over to actual driving. This paper evaluates data from an on-road study to determine the effects of age and cognitive demand on lane choice and lane changing behavior. Three age groups (20–29, 40–49, and 60–69) were monitored in an instrumented vehicle. The 40's age group had 147% higher odds of exhibiting a lane change than the 60's group. In addition, drivers in their 60's were less likely to drive on the leftmost lane compared to drivers in their 20's and 40's. These results could be interpreted as evidence that older adults adopt a more conservative driving style as reflected in being less likely to choose the leftmost lane than the younger groups and less likely to change lanes than drivers in their 40's. Regardless of demand level, cognitive workload reduced the frequency of lane changes for all age groups. This suggests that in general drivers of all ages attempt to regulate their behavior in a risk reducing direction when under added cognitive demand. The extent to which such self-regulation fully compensates for the impact of added cognitive demand remains an open question.     

How fleeting emotions affect hazard perception and steering while driving: The impact of image arousal and valence

Video-billboards and portable video-display devices are becoming increasingly common and the images they project can often be dramatic or provocative. This study investigated the lingering effects of emotion-evoking images on driving as measured in a driving simulator. Images were projected on an in-vehicle display while drivers followed a lead vehicle at a safe distance. To ensure attention to the images drivers were required to indicate whether each image was positive or negative by pressing a button. Occasional braking events (sudden decelerations in the lead vehicle that necessitated braking) occurred either 250 or 500 ms after the button press. In the 250 ms delay condition braking RT was faster after high arousal images (fastest for high arousal positive images); following a 500 ms delay braking RT was slower after high arousal images (slowest for high arousal negative images). Responding to all images reduced steering performance (in the period after the image but before the button press) but image valence had an effect on steering as well. Positive images were associated with better steering performance than negative images, especially when they were both low in arousal: a result that supports the broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions and the theory that ambient (wide field/peripheral) vision controls steering performance. We discuss implications for both basic research on attention–emotion and applied research on driving.     

Study of automated text searching of U.S. patents

A comparative study of automated full text searching of U.S. patent documents with manual, classified document searches was conducted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in a number of technology areas. The same twelve patent applications from each technology were searched by two examiners using either computer terminals providing access to an electronic database containing the full text of the patents (but no drawings) or the classified paper files of the Office. Comparisons of the search methods were based on the actions taken by the examiners in rejecting or not rejecting the patent claims in the applications. Manual and automated full text searching resulted in similar claims actions but the documents cited were different. Overall automated text searching resulted in the citation of more references. About 28% of the cited references from automated searches could not have been found by manual searches since they were outside the classified fields of search.     

Texting while driving as impulsive choice: A behavioral economic analysis

The goal of the present study was to examine the utility of a behavioral economic analysis to investigate the role of delay discounting in texting while driving. A sample of 147 college students completed a survey to assess how frequently they send and read text messages while driving. Based on this information, students were assigned to one of two groups: 19 students who frequently text while driving and 19 matched-control students who infrequently text while driving but were similar in gender, age, years of education, and years driving. The groups were compared on the extent to which they discounted, or devalued, delayed hypothetical monetary rewards using a delay-discounting task. In this task, students made repeated choices between $1000 available after a delay (ranging from 1 week to 10 years) and an equal or lesser amount of money available immediately. The results show that the students who frequently text while driving discounted delayed rewards at a greater rate than the matched control students. The study supports the conclusions that texting while driving is fundamentally an impulsive choice made by drivers, and that a behavioral economic approach may be a useful research tool for investigating the decision-making processes underlying risky behaviors.