层层自组装PDADMAC/PSS纳滤膜的制备

以荷负电的聚砜超滤膜为基膜,采用静态层层自组装技术,制备了PDADMAC/PSS多层聚电解质纳滤膜.考察了支撑盐的种类、浓度、自组装层数对膜的分离性能、荷电性能、亲水性等的影响.研究结果表明,以NaCl为支撑电解质制得的膜具有较高的性能,聚合电解质溶液中支撑电解质的浓度以0.5mol/L为宜;在较优的条件下所制备的(PDADMAC/PSS)5对2g/L Na2SO4的截留率可达93%,通量在1.0MPa下接近60L/(m2.h),对NaCl的截留率仅为9%～13%,通量可达80L/(m2.h).膜表面的荷电量和接触角的变化均反映了聚电解质的交替自组装.以PSS为最外层的膜表面具有很好的负电性和很低的接触角.随着双层数的增加,膜表面的负电荷量的绝对值先逐渐增大,达到一个极大值后又逐渐减少,说明层数并非越多越好;以PSS作为最外层的膜具有很好的亲水性.     

共价层层自组装纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

纳滤膜目前多采用界面聚合的方法制备.层层自组装是近年来发展的一种新型制膜方法,但层层自组装所制备的纳滤膜大多需要5个以上双层,制备过程繁琐,同时,以静电力结合的阴阳离子聚电解质在水中存在一定程度的解离和溶胀,结构不稳定.本文提出用静电组装与化学交联相结合的方法制备纳滤膜,增强膜的稳定性.以改性的聚丙烯腈(PAN)为基膜,以聚丙烯酸(PAA)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)分别为阴阳离子聚电解质,以戊二醛(GA)为交联剂,制备了共价层层自组装纳滤膜(PEI/PAA/GA)n,研究了双层数、交联剂浓度、交联时间等因素对膜性能的影响.结果表明,当制备两个双层时,(PEI/PAA/GA)_2纳滤膜对2 000 mg/L Na_2SO_4溶液中的Na_2SO_4的截留率就能达到98.1%,水通量为12.6 L/(m~2·h·MPa);对2 000 mg/L NaCl溶液中的NaCl的截留率达到82.9%,水通量为16.8 L/(m~2·h·MPa).交联后的纳滤膜有良好的耐溶胀性和长期运行稳定性.     

PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟染料废水处理中的应用

以氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)超滤膜为基膜,将多巴胺(DA)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)共沉积后,与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)进行界面聚合制备了聚酰胺/聚多巴胺/氯化聚氯乙烯(PA/PDA/CPVC)复合纳滤膜。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、接触角仪对PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜选择层的化学结构、微观结构、表面粗糙度及亲水性进行了表征,探讨了PEI质量浓度对复合纳滤膜结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明：随着PEI质量浓度的增大,复合纳滤膜表面变得光滑、亲水性增强,通量先增大后减小;PEI质量浓度为5g/L时,复合纳滤膜的通量达到最大。PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜对染料活性黑5(RB5)的截留率皆高于94%,而对NaCl的截留率低于5.6%,说明该复合纳滤膜能够对染料和盐进行较好的分离,复合纳滤膜在模拟RB5染料废水处理中稳定性良好。     

荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及表征

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)平板膜为基膜,对其进行亲水改性后,以支化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为主要单体,通过界面聚合制备了荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜。采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和固体表面Zata电位分析仪研究了复合纳滤膜的表面化学结构、微观形貌和荷电特性,结果表明,在亲水PTFE基膜表面形成了致密的多层结构,复合纳滤膜在pH为中性的条件下呈现荷正电。通过优化制备条件,复合纳滤膜对MgCl_2溶液的截留率达到95.7%,水通量为13.47 L/(m~2·h)(测试液浓度1000 mg/L,操作压力0.4 MPa)。此外,测试复合纳滤膜对不同盐溶液的截留率大小顺序为MgCl_2(95.7%)MgSO_4(90.7%)Na_2SO_4(77.5%)NaCl(58.1%),对聚乙二醇(PEG)的截留相对分子质量为402。研究表明制备的复合纳滤膜在硬水软化领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

耐氯聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备与性能

采用哌嗪(PIP)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为单体以界面聚合制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜,用戊二醛(GA)对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行交联处理,再浸入间氨基乙酰苯胺中进行接枝反应得到具有耐氯性的改性复合纳滤膜.通过红外光谱和固体表面电位Zeta电位分析仪表征,证明间氨基乙酰苯胺接枝到活性层表面,降低了复合膜的荷负电性,扫描电子显微镜显示改性膜呈现无孔和更加粗糙的状态,接触角测量表明改性提高了复合膜表面的亲水性.耐氯测试表明,室温下,在pH=4,浓度1 g/L的NaClO溶液中浸泡10 h后,改性膜的截留率由94.04％下降至91.81％,PIP-TMC复合纳滤膜的截留率由94.60％下降至78.85％.     

PA/PDA/PVDF复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟RB5染料废水处理中的应用研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜为基膜,通过多巴胺(DA)/聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)共沉积与交联剂均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)进行界面聚合组合的方法制备了聚酰胺/聚多巴胺/聚偏氟乙烯(PA/PDA/PVDF)复合纳滤膜。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、原子力显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜对复合纳滤膜的结构、形貌进行了表征,考察了沉积时间、DA/PEI(质量浓度比)、PEI相对分子质量及DA+PEI沉积总量对复合纳滤膜微观结构与性能的影响,研究了复合纳滤膜对模拟活性黑5(RB5)染料废水的处理效果及运行稳定性。结果表明：最佳沉积时间为60min,随着PEI相对分子质量的减小,DA/PEI中PEI质量浓度的增加及DA与PEI沉积总量减小,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量增加。DA与PEI质量浓度比为1∶3时,PA/PDA/PVDF复合纳滤膜最大纯水通量达到3.11L/(m²·h·MPa),RB5染料废水通量为1.09L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率为95.89%;DA与PEI沉积总量为4g/L时,RB5染料废水最大截留率达到99.45%,纯水通量为1.34L/(m^2<...     

改性水滑石复合纳滤膜的制备及染料/盐分离性能研究

通过低饱和共沉淀法制备水滑石(LDH),采用反向原子转移自由基聚合(RATRP)法在水滑石片层表面接枝聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS),制备改性水滑石LDH-PSS,最后采用层层自组装法制备LDH/LDH-PSS复合纳滤膜,并研究复合纳滤膜对染料与二价盐的分离效果以及不同添加量和LDH/LDH-PSS层数对其性能的影响.分析复合纳滤膜对一价盐、二价盐以及活性黑的截留性能和膜的纯水通量,研究复合纳滤膜的分离性能.结果表明,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着水滑石和改性水滑石层数的增加而降低,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量最高达到145 L/(m~2·h·MPa).复合纳滤膜对活性黑5的截留率可达96.7%,且对二价无机盐MgSO_4的截留率低至20%以下.     

复合纳滤膜的性能研究

采用电子束辐照的方法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(PDM)/聚砜(PSF)中空纤维复合纳滤(NF)膜.研究了PDM水溶液的浓度、预涂膜的干燥时间、辐照时间、辐照剂量等制备条件与纳滤膜截留性能的关系.实验得到中空纤维内压纳滤膜对1g/L MgSO4的截留率为84.8%,对0.5g/L NaCl的截留率为12.8%.对纳滤膜截留性能的研究表明:(1)纳滤膜对阴离子的截留率与香农半径的变化规律相同,而阳离子相反,阴离子的价态对截留率的影响较小,而阳离子的价态对截留率的影响较大;(2)纳滤膜可实现单糖与多糖分离;(3)纳滤膜能有效截留纺丝废水中的[Amim]Cl.采用流动电位法研究纳滤膜的表面动电现象,研究了浓度和压力对膜的表面Zeta电位和电荷密度的影响.结果表明,纳滤膜的表面流动电位的绝对值(|△E|)和表面Zeta电位的绝对值(|ζ|)均随电解质溶液浓度和压力的增加而减小;|△E|在不同电解质溶液中的顺序为NaCl>MgCl2>KCl>KBr>Na2SO4>MgSO4;表面电荷密度的绝对值(|σd|)随电解质溶液浓度的增加而增加,随压力的增加而降低.采用流动电位法研究了功能层结构与纳滤膜截留性能的关系.实验表明,流动电位法可用于研究复合纳滤膜的截留机理和功能层结构.流动电位法可以得到膜表面电学参数,如流动电位(△E)、Zeta电位(ζ)和表面电荷密度(σd),这些参数的变化与功能层交联时间和纳滤膜截留率的变化一致.复合纳滤膜的|ζ|按照NazSO4>MgSO4>MgCl2增加,同截留率的变化一致.带侧基单体交联后得到的纳滤膜的表面电性能参数的绝对值小于不带侧基单体的.     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯/聚砜中空纤维纳滤复合膜的研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)为表层材料,以对二氯苄为交联剂,聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,通过界面聚合反应(季铵化反应)制备了荷正电中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了基膜、PDMAEMA、交联剂、溶剂、催化剂等和制膜工艺对复合纳滤膜截留性能的影响,从中总结出以聚电解质为交联预聚体制备复合纳滤膜的基本规律.首先用本体聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA,采用中空纤维超滤技术精制PDMAEMA水溶液.PDMAEMA水溶液具有浓度、外加盐和pH的响应性.其凝胶层也表现出相同的特点.研究了以聚砜(PSF)平板膜为基膜时,PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的制备条件.研究结果如下:此界面聚合反应在有机相中进行;较优的制备条件为:PDMAEMA浓度为2wt%,对二氯苄浓度为1%～1.5%(wt),应加入少量的NaHCO3来维持溶液的微碱性,室温下反应即可进行,反应时间为5h.另外,用辐照交联的方法制备了PDMAEMA平板型复合纳滤膜,所制备的纳滤膜对2g/LMgSO4的截留率为50%左右.中空纤维外压复合纳滤膜的制备实验包括以下内容:进行了中空纤维外压纳滤膜的基膜选择,研究了基膜对聚合物溶液的吸附行为;确定PDMAEMA涂层液的最佳浓度为0.75wt%;在PDMAEMA水溶液中加入0.148mol/L NaHCO3能提高纳滤膜对二价盐的截留率,但对通量的提高不大;往PDMAEMA水溶液中加入5%(v/v)乙醇能得到高通量、高脱盐率的中空纤维纳滤膜,对MgSO4的截留率≥98%,水通量可达19.5L/(m2·h)(内压膜),水通量≥20L/(m2·h)(外压膜);加入催化剂碘化钾(KI)使反应时间缩短为3.5h.荷正电的PDMAEMA中空纤维纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率顺序为:MgSO4＞MgCl2＞NaCl＞KCl＞KI,对阳离子的截留顺序为:Mg2 ＞Na ＞K ,对阴离子的截留顺序为:Cl-＞Br-＞I-.对蔗糖的截留率＞60%,对D-甘露糖的截留率为37.4%(外压膜)和32.2%(内压膜),并能有效软化自来水.对分子量大于300的小分子荷正电染料的截留率＞50%.纳滤操作条件影响纳滤膜对无机盐的截留性能.无机盐的浓度上升,纳滤膜的截留率和通量都略有下降;纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和水通量随着操作压力的增大而增加.PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜表现出温度敏感性和pH敏感性.制备了PDMAEMA中空纤维内压纳滤膜,确定PDMAEMA溶液的浓度为0.75wt%,内压纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和通量的变化与压力的关系符合高斯曲线.实验测试了PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的耐溶剂性,所用溶剂为纯水,0.5mol/L HCl,0.5mol/L NaOH和30%H2O2(wt%).实验表明:PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的杀菌性、耐碱性和耐氧化性较好,但不适于在酸性介质中保存和使用.     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯中空纤维复合纳滤膜的制备与性能表征

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDM)作为交联预聚物,利用双苄基试剂在聚砜中空纤维超滤膜表面进行季铵化反应(界面聚合),制得荷正电复合中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了PDM浓度、外加碱、溶剂、交联剂和交联温度等制备条件的影响.所制备的中空纤维纳滤膜对2g/L MgSO4的截留率≥98%,通量19.5L/(m2·h),界面聚合时间为3.5h.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.