黑龙江省工业固体废物及城市生活垃圾状况分析

本文通过对黑龙江省工业固体废物及城市生活垃圾状况的分析，使读者了解我省固体废物的发展趋势及加强固体废物的科学管理和治理的必要性。     

云南省明确:到2020年实现固体废物全过程监管

<正>日前,云南省生态环境厅印发《云南省固体废物污染治理攻坚战实施方案》(以下简称《方案》)明确,到2020年,云南省将实现固体废物全过程监管。《方案》明确,到2020年,云南省重点行业重点重金属排放量比2013年下降12%,工业固体废物综合利用率力争达到56%以上,城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率达到97%左右,州(市)政府所在地城市污水处理厂污泥无害化处理处置率达到90%以上,乡镇和村庄生活垃圾基本实现全收集全处理。     

杨矿职工医院污水与固体废物处理

本文综述杨家杖子矿务局对职工医院污水与固体废物的调查结果、处理技术措施和具体做法、存在的问题与建议等,有一定的借鉴或参考价值。     

环境保护部即将发布《进口废物管理目录（2009年）》

近日，环境保护部发布《进口废物管理目录（2009年）》（征求意见）（下称《目录》）。据该《目录》，电子垃圾等固体废物进入中国将受到更多限制。此次《目录》是环保部对2008年进口固体废物管理目录的修订和增补，共分三部分，包括《禁止进口固体废物目录（2009年）》、《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录（2009年）》和《自动许可进15类可用作原料的固体废物目录（2009）》。     

固废处理迎来“十二五”投资热潮

固体废弃物是指在生产、生活和其他活动中产生的污染环境的固态和半固态物质,包括生活垃圾、工业固体废物和农村固废。固废处理行业一般划分为生活垃圾处理,工业固废处理和危险废物处理。2015年初步建立起网络完善、技术先进、分拣处理良好、管理规范的现代废旧商品回收体系,各主要品种废旧商品回收率达到70％。环保部环境规划院预测,“十二五”废固处理行业投资将达到8000亿元,较“十一五”期间翻两番。     

基于GIS的城市生活垃圾规划管理智能决策系统的关键技术

用现代先进的信息技术对城市生活垃圾信息进行科学、高效地管理,为城市生活垃圾治理可持续发展战略决策搭建先进的技术支撑平台,是城市生活垃圾规划管理研究的重要内容.本文在城市生活垃圾规划管理的实践基础上,完成了城市生活垃圾规划管理决策系统功能模块的设计,初步构建了辅助决策系统,探讨了图文一体化技术、模型库构建、系统模型库与GIS(地理信息系统)无缝集成、基于知识的系统等关键技术的实现     

关于城市生活垃圾的危害及特性分析

城市生活垃圾是当今人类面临的主要环境问题之一，由于其危害严重，目前已受到世界各国的普遍关注。本文通过阐述城市生活垃圾的危害，说明处理城市生活垃圾的必要性。最后介绍了与垃圾处理技术有关的城市生活垃圾特性。     

从工业废物中回收金属的分离技术

本文介绍了三种处理工业废物的湿法冶金工艺。主要分离技术是：溶剂萃取、浸出－沉淀、电氧化和离子交换。从电子和珠宝工业固体废物中回收金的工艺包括热降解、用硝酸溶液两段浸出除去银和其它金属、用王水溶解金、用丙二酸二乙酯选择性溶剂萃取金和从有机相中还原金。从...     

弥渡县城市生活垃圾处理现状及对策探讨

对弥渡县城市生活垃圾的产生、构成、垃圾收运、处理、环境污染等现状进行综合分析，找出了目前弥渡县城市生活垃圾管理中存在的问题。同时提出了为使弥渡县城市生活垃圾管理走出困境应当从法规宣传、管理体系、技术路线、经济政策等方面人手的建议。     

治理“白色污染”新技术

结合国内外废塑料处理现状和技术发展方向，通过不同废塑料处理方法和技术的分析比较，详细阐述城市生活垃圾中废塑料与煤共焦化的理论基础和应用前景，综合分析了利用首钢现有焦炉处理北京市生活垃圾中废塑料的可行性。     

冶金技术在城市固体废弃物处理中的应用前景

利用冶金技术处理城市固体废弃物,不仅有利于发挥钢铁企业的城市友好功能,而且可以低成本地实现废弃物处理的无害化、减量化、资源化。介绍了4种利用冶金工艺及设备处理固体废弃物的技术：利用焦化工艺处理废塑料技术、利用焦炉热解处理城市生活垃圾,高炉喷吹废塑料技术和利用电弧炉熔融处理垃圾焚烧灰技术。     

Anaerobic Digestion of Food Industry Wastes: Effect of Codigestion on Methane Yield

Anaerobic treatability of two different wastes that represent the main refuse streams generated by a frozen food factory (fresh vegetable waste and precooked food waste) was assessed. Moreover, the sludge coming from agro-industrial wastewater treatment was codigested with the previously mentioned wastes. Batch tests were performed at different solids content both on the single wastes and on appropriate mixtures of them (also in order to simulate the seasonality of factory production). Both fresh vegetable and precooked food wastes strongly inhibited methanogenesis from unacclimated inoculum at 10% solids content (undiluted waste) and 5% solids content (eight- to nine-fold diluted waste), respectively. This was due to their high contents of potassium and lipids, respectively. The aerobic sludge from the wastewater treatment plant did not exert inhibitory effect up to 10% solids content (undiluted waste). Codigestion of the fresh vegetable waste and sludge (60 and 40% on wet basis) was more effective both in terms of rate and yield of methane production with respect to the single wastes (due to dilution and synergic effects). On the other hand, methanogenesis remained strongly inhibited from mixtures containing pre-cooked food waste (at 25 and 45%, on wet basis). Methanogenesis inhibition could be overcome by a long acclimation period. The results showed that fill-and-draw digestion in a 0.5 L lab-scale reactor of the fresh vegetable waste and sludge mixture after start up with acclimated inoculum allowed higher methane yields (37% at high organic load and 57% at low organic load). Better results were obtained in a 1.7 L micropilot fill-and-draw reactor (yield of 67%) fed at higher frequency.     

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States and Implications for Carbon Sequestration and Methane Yield

Eleven statewide waste characterization studies were compared to assess variation in the quantity and composition of waste after separation of recyclable and compostable materials, i.e., discarded waste. These data were also used to assess the impact of varying composition on sequestered carbon and methane yield. Inconsistencies in the designation of waste component categories and definitions were the primary differences between study methodologies; however, sampling methodologies were consistent with recommended protocols. The average municipal solid waste (MSW) discard rate based on the statewide studies was 1.90?kg?MSW?person?1?day?1, which was within the range of two national estimates: 2.35 and 1.46?kg?MSW?person?1?day?1. Dominant components in MSW discards were similar between studies. Organics (food waste, yard trimmings), paper, and plastic components averaged 23.6±4.9%, 28.5±6.5%, and 10.6±3.0% of discarded MSW, respectively. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste was 20.2±9.7% of total solid waste discards (i.e., MSW plus C&D). Based on average statewide waste composition data, a carbon sequestration factor (CSF) for MSW of 0.13 kg C dry kg?MSW?1 was calculated. For C&D waste, a CSF of 0.14 kg C dry kg C and D waste?1 was estimated. Ultimate methane yields (Lo) of 59.1 and 63.9?m3 CH4 wet Mg refuse?1 were computed using EPA and state characterization study data, respectively, and were lower than AP-42 guidelines. Recycling, combustion, and other management practices at the local level could significantly impact CSF and (Lo) estimates, which are sensitive to the relative fraction of organic components in discarded MSW and C&D waste.     

Life-Cycle Inventory of Municipal Solid Waste and Yard Waste Windrow Composting in the United States

This paper presents a life-cycle inventory (LCI) for solid waste composting. Three LCIs were developed for two typical municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facilities (MSWCFs) and one typical yard waste (YW) composting facility (YWCF). Municipal solid waste was assumed to comprise three organic components, food wastes, yard wastes, and mixed paper, as well as various inorganic components. Total costs, combined precombustion, and combustion energy requirements and 29 selected material flows—also referred to as LCI coefficients—were calculated by accounting for both the processes involved in originally producing, refining and transporting a material used in the facility as well as consumption during normal facility operation. Total costs ranged from $15/t to $50/t and energy requirements from 29?kw?h/t to 167?kw?h/t for a YWCF and a high quality MSW composting facility, respectively. More than 90% of the overall CO2 emissions in all facilities were due to the biological decomposition of the organic substrate, while the rest was due to fossil fuel combustion.     

Shear Strength Parameters of Municipal Solid Waste with Leachate Recirculation

The objective of this study was to characterize relative changes in waste shear strength parameters during waste decomposition. Twelve direct shear tests (100?mm diameter by 50?mm thickness) were performed on waste specimens ranging from fresh to well-decomposed residential refuse. In addition, nine direct shear tests were performed on selected waste components including fresh paper, partially decomposed refuse, and plastics. Results indicate that the friction angle of refuse decreased with decomposition. As refuse decomposed, the plastic content increased, which contributed to a decrease in friction angle as the friction angle of plastics is 18–19° as compared to 33° for fresh shredded waste. The extent of refuse decomposition was characterized by the cellulose plus hemicellulose to lignin ratio [(C+H)/L]. The measured friction angle decreased from 32 to 24° as (C+H)/L decreased from 1.29 to 0.25. The shearing pattern for decomposed refuse showed a peak, followed by residual, which was then followed by a steady increase in shear stresses with displacement; the final rate of increase was similar to that observed in fresh paper specimens. Results from this work were comparable to data from previous reports, though it is important to characterize the extent of solids decomposition for a valid comparison with published studies.     

典型固废资源化与无害化处置技术

2021年我国产出约110亿吨固体废弃物,其中40亿吨为工业固体废弃物,12亿吨不同程度含有价金属,具有一定的回收利用价值。重点针对复杂多金属典型固废,介绍了国内外资源化与无害化处置技术,包括铜冶炼过程含砷物料、铅锌冶炼渣、废锂离子动力电池、废催化剂、电镀污泥和氰化渣等典型固废。目前,我国已初步建立了典型固废特别是危废的处置体系,但存在处置能力不足、技术装备参差不齐、处理不彻底、经济性差等问题,未来发展趋势将向着规模化、高温无害化、协同冶炼等方向发展。     

Physical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste for Geotechnical Purposes

A procedure to characterize municipal solid waste (MSW) for geotechnical engineering purposes is developed based on experience with waste characterization and testing. Existing MSW classification systems are reviewed briefly, and the field and laboratory waste characterization programs of two important projects are presented. Findings on the influence of the waste’s physical composition on its mechanical response from these projects and recent studies of MSW are integrated to develop a waste characterization procedure for efficient collection of the relevant information on landfill operation and waste physical characteristics that are most likely to affect the geotechnical properties of MSW. A phased approach to implementation of this procedure is proposed as a best practice for the physical characterization of MSW for geotechnical purposes. The scope of the phased procedure can be adjusted to optimize the effort required to collect relevant information on a project-specific basis. The procedure includes a systematic evaluation of the moisture and organic content of MSW, because they are important factors in the geotechnical characterization of MSW.     

Constitutive Model for Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a refuse composed of various materials with different properties. Some of the components are stable while others degrade as a result of biological and chemical processes. These aspects impart to MSW a complex behavior that has been modeled, with many limitations, within the concepts of soil mechanics. In this paper, a framework to model the MSW mechanical behavior is proposed based on results from laboratory tests, such as triaxial compression and confined compression of large samples. It is suggested that two different effects command MSW mechanical behavior: (a) the reinforcement of MSW by synthetic fibers (composed by many types of polymers) and (b) the behavior of the MSW paste, without fibers. Accordingly, two distinct frameworks were used to represent the main MSW characteristics: (a) a critical state framework for MSW paste and (b) an elastic perfectly plastic framework for waste fibers, with a time lag for fiber loading (function fm). The proposed model is capable of reproducing quite well the results obtained from triaxial and confined compression tests performed in the laboratory as well as the settlement recorded in a sanitary landfill.     

低中水平放射性固体废物玻璃固化熔融炉综述

核电的发展引起公众对放射性废物处理的关注。玻璃固化是一种有效的实现废物最小化与稳定化的处理技术。介绍了玻璃固化技术的原理与优势,综合分析了放射性固体废物玻璃固化熔融炉的结构、工作原理及应用,展望了处理核电厂低中水平放射性固体废物的玻璃固化熔融炉的发展前景。     

生活垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾的开采与综合利用

介绍了矿化垃圾作为稳定化垃圾的概念以及国内外的开采现状,从作为填埋场覆盖材料、土地利用、处理废水、处理废气以及建筑材料等方面概述了矿化垃圾综合利用的研究现状,并结合研究现状提出了展望。