RCC坝层面影响带黏弹塑性流变模型

针对碾压混凝土坝施工层面影响带渐变力学特性，基于坝体层内材料横观各向同性假定，依据复合材料分析思路和串、并联模型理论，建立了碾压混凝土坝层面影响带渐变规律分析模型，并针对其渐变特性，提出了层面影响带厚度、弹性模量以及粘性系数等计算参数的确定方法，揭示了坝体层面影响带渐变力学行为规律；据此研究，建立了相应的黏弹塑性流变分析计算流程，并研制了相应的有限元计算程序。实例表明，提出的碾压混凝土坝层面影响带主要计算参数的确定方法以及建立的黏弹塑性分析模型能客观地模拟大坝结构变化形态，其计算结果与原位监测成果吻合较好，同时，文中所建分析模型可推广应用于常态混凝土坝，尤其是坝基有夹层或断层等变形规律的分析。     

碾压混凝土坝弹性力学参数渐变规律分析

受振动碾压和龄期的影响,碾压混凝土坝力学参数具有空间和时间的渐变特性。这些渐变特性导致碾压混凝土坝力学参数的复杂变化,是各碾压层本体和层面的力学参数以及层面厚度难以准确确定的主要原因。本文首先针对碾压混凝土坝各相邻碾压层弹性模量和徐变度差别较小的特点,研究了碾压混凝土坝并层龄期的确定方法;然后考虑碾压混凝土的空间渐变特性,结合复合材料力学串并联模型,建立了典型碾压层弹性计算参数分析模型;进一步利用并层算法,构建了并层体的弹性计算参数分析模型;最后,在碾压混凝土坝并层等效弹性力学参数反分析的基础上,利用粒子群算法,求解出了碾压混凝土坝弹性渐变参数。工程实例表明,本文提出的方法是可行有效的。     

基于损伤理论的碾压混凝土坝层面影响带流变模型

针对碾压混凝土坝层面影响带力学渐变特性及其对大坝变形显著影响的问题,基于损伤力学理论,深入研究了施工层面的变形特征及规律,建立了施工层面各向异性蠕变损伤分析模型.结合工程实例进行研究表明,所建模型计算结果与原位监测数据分析成果吻合较好,从而验证了该模型的合理性和科学性.提出的分析方法还可推广应用于常规混凝土,特别是坝基内断层和夹层岩体等变形分析.     

基于层面参数等效的碾压混凝土坝渗流场与应力场耦合分析

受施工、龄期、环境及服役期大坝承受的反复静动荷载等多因素影响,坝体和层面出现不同程度的劣化损伤,碾压层本体及层面物理参数呈渐变特性。针对碾压层内力学参数渐变的特性,提出了相应物理参数的等效算法,且给出了耦合性态参数间的数学转换关系,分析坝体应力场与渗流场相互影响机理,据此建立了考虑层内参数渐变的碾压混凝土坝渗流场与应力场耦合分析模型,并编制了相应的有限元分析程序。工程实例分析表明,耦合作用致使大坝的渗流场发生改变,坝体的应力较未耦合时普遍偏大,坝踵处的应力集中显著;渗流场与应力场耦合作用激励下的不利因素可为大坝的设计、施工及安全运行提供参考。     

碾压混凝土坝等效黏弹性参数反演

根据碾压混凝土坝的成层结构特性,将层面影响概化到整个坝体中,将碾压混凝土坝视为横观各向同性体,建立了碾压混凝土坝等效黏弹性模型。根据位移实测资料,采用偏最小二乘法建立位移统计模型,分离水压分量和时效分量,建立反演碾压混凝土坝双向异性黏弹性参数的目标函数,并利用混沌遗传算法对黏弹性参数进行反演。工程实例中,将反演得到的黏弹性参数作为已知值,计算测点在相应时间段变形的水压和时效分量之和,并与分离出的实测值进行对比,结果表明:计算值与实测值比较接近,说明反演方法是正确、可行的。     

碾压混凝土坝层面影响带厚度分析

为模拟碾压混凝土坝层面的影响,通过建立薄片计算模型,利用最小势能和最小余能原理,推求出碾压混凝土坝层面影响带厚度范围,并提出了实际层面影响带厚度的确定方法.这使坝体应力、变形和渗流等分析计算有了科学依据.     

基于混沌遗传算法的碾压混凝土坝力学参数反分析

坝体物理力学参数是衡量坝体质量的一项重要指标,如何获取碾压混凝土坝当前实际的物理力学参数是分析和评价大坝安全性态的前提和关键。根据碾压混凝土坝施工过程、压实机理和层面特性等,将碾压混凝土坝力学参数识别反问题作为优化问题处理,系统地研究并建立了碾压混凝土坝变形力学参数反分析理论和方法。为克服传统遗传算法的早熟缺点,在处理优化问题时引入混沌遗传算法,并应用混沌遗传算法对某碾压混凝土坝的横观各向同性变形参数和渐变参数进行了反演。最后将横观各向同性模型与参数渐变模型计算值和实测值进行对比分析,验证了反分析理论和方法的正确性,同时也说明了参数渐变模型的合理性和正确性。     

思林水电站非溢流坝段渗流分析

思林水电站大坝是一坝高117 m的碾压混凝土重力坝,其坝身及地基渗径是筑坝中的关键技术问题.本文应用平面有限元方法对坝体及坝基稳定渗流进行了计算分析,计算中碾压混凝土坝层面渗流按各向异性考虑.针对碾压混凝土坝的筑坝方式,选用三种方案进行渗流分析计算,研究碾压混凝土坝渗透特性及其影响因素.经渗流分析计算,得出碾压混凝土坝渗透特性主要取决于层面、上游防渗面板、防渗帷幕的渗透性.     

碾压混凝土坝层内力学参数渐变分析模型

由于碾压混凝土的施工过程和压实机理，激振力和振动加速度等参数沿层深呈指数衰减分布。在此影响下，碾压混凝土的抗压强度、密度等参数同样沿层深逐渐衰减。针对碾压层内力学参数的渐变特性，将碾压层分解成多层结构，用分解刚度法及串、并联模型建立了综合等效参数与层内渐变力学参数之间的转换关系，导出了积分型和离散型两种计算公式。这种渐变模型下的层面特性由碾压层内参数渐变特性及上、下表面参数的差异来描述。对弹性模量、瞬时弹性模量、延迟弹性模量、黏性系数以及渗透系数等力学参数给出了具体的等效变换公式及求解方法，并计算了在不同碾压厚度和不同的各向异性情况下指数分布的具体形态和参数变化规律。     

碾压混凝土坝的渗流与控制(一)

依据国内外碾压混凝土及碾压混凝土坝渗透试验结果,结合碾压混凝土渗流特性的理论,分析了碾压混凝土本体和层面的渗透性、层面等效水力隙宽、层面处理方式等基本因素对碾压混凝土渗流特性的影响,归纳出碾压混凝土坝渗流的一般规律性,并通过对已建工程实践的分析比较,提出碾压混凝土坝的一些渗流控制对策。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。