黎药经验方的致突变试验研究

目的:考察黎药经验方的遗传毒性。方法:致突变试验采用鼠伤寒沙门菌回复突变试验(Ames试验)、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸型试验等三项试验。Ames试验:设受试物5个剂量组(即5.000、1.000、0.200、0.040、0.008mg/皿),另设未处理对照组、溶剂对照组和阳性对照组;微核试验:小鼠50只,雌雄各半,设10、5.0、2.5 g/kg·bw剂量组,另设溶剂对照和阳性对照组;精子畸型率试验:昆明种小鼠雄性25只,分组同微核实验,检测精子畸形率。结果:Ames试验中,加或不加S9的情况下,受试物对TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102菌株均未显示致突变作用。与溶剂对照组比较,高、中、低3个剂量的受试物组雄性、雌性小鼠微核试验、小鼠精子畸变率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:综合考虑前期试验结果及相关研究,在本次实验条件下,在一定剂量范围内,Ames试验、微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验结果显示阴性,认为该黎药经验方具有遗传毒性的可能性较小。     

三七菊花速溶粉毒理学安全性评价

目的:对以三七、菊花、乳糖等为原料生产的三七菊花速溶粉进行毒理学安全性评价。方法:用小鼠急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验等。结果:经口急性毒性试验LD50>21.50g/kg.bw,属无毒级;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染性红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形三项遗传毒性试验检测均为阴性结果;30d喂养试验末期各项血液学指标、生化指标检测结果和肝、肾、脾、及生殖腺脏器系数值与阴性对照组无明显差异。大鼠体重变化、食物利用率正常,病理组织学观察结果表明肝、肾、胃、十二指肠及卵巢和睾丸均未见明显异常。传统致畸试验未见对胎鼠致畸效应或其它胚胎毒性作用。结论:三七菊花速溶粉对动物的生长发育、造血功能、肝肾功能、器官组织均无明显毒性作用。     

上海自来水氯化消毒副产物研究

采用毛细柱色谱、色质联机对上海市黄浦江源水、出厂自来水的卤代有机物进行的定性、定量测定,并进行了Ames致突变试验。其结果表明,水经处理后加氯生成22只卤代有机物,Ames致突变性较源水增强。     

反渗透和纳滤膜工艺去除饮用水中有机物及放射性活度的试验研究

以某地自备井水为研究对象，探讨反渗透和两种纳滤膜工艺对水中有机物和放射性总α、总β活度的去除效果。结果表明：三种膜都能较好地去除致突物，膜产水Ames试验结果为阴性，选择TS40型纳滤膜进行优质饮水净化。     

ClO2消毒涉及毒性问题的探讨

对二氧化氯 Cl O2 消毒无机副产物亚氯酸盐 Cl O2 - 和氯酸盐 Cl O3- 来源进行了分析 ,高浓度的 Cl O2 、Cl O2 - 和 Cl O3- 的毒性主要与血液系统有关 ,在相当于人饮用 Cl O2 、Cl O2 - 和 Cl O3- 混合溶液 1 60倍的动物血液常规检测中未发现异常 ,Ames试验显示试验浓度的 Cl O2 、Cl O2 - 和 Cl O3-水溶液不具有致突变作用 .     

饮用水致突变能力的SOS显色法检测

一、引言 目前,我国自来水Ames试验呈阳性问题十分普遍,也是当今世界面临的普遍问题。以现有检测技术,已在给水中鉴别出2221种有机物,饮用水中765种,其中43种是可疑致癌物,56种是致突变物,18种是促癌物。     

反渗透组合工艺去除水中致突变有机物

以高锰酸盐指数（CODMn)和Ames试验为评价指标，研究了反渗透为主的组合工艺对自来水中致突变性有机物的去除效果。试验表明，组合工艺中的活性炭单元可以去除自来水中约50％的有机污染物，但对自来水的致突变性没有明显改善；反渗透膜单元能达到同时去除有机污染物和改善自来水致突变性的效果。此工艺是获得安全优质饮用水的一种可行办法。     

不同工艺出水中有机物的致突变性及类雌激素效应

取南方某市水源水和经5种不同饮用水处理工艺处理后的出水，采用XAD-2大孔树脂分别提取水样中的非挥发性有机物，对其进行Ames试验和重组酵母菌雌激素效应检测，比较了水源水及不同工艺出水中非挥发性有机物（NOCs）的致突变性和类雌激素效应。结果表明，各工艺对水源水中具有致突变性和类雌激素效应的有机物均有一定程度的去除作用，其中经预臭氧氧化-混凝、沉淀-砂滤-GAC过滤-次氯酸钠消毒工艺处理的出水，其NOCs的致突变性和类雌激素效应均较低。     

水氯化消毒出水中的卤代物问题

氯化消毒出水中普遍检测出了有机卤代物 ,氯化水样的 Ames致突变研究结果表明为致突变阳性 .八个自来水厂水样的微核试验表明 ,氯化消毒出水对小鼠微核的发生产生了诱导作用     

生物预处理对致突变物的去除效果

分别取生物接触氧化池，生物滤塔的出水进行Ames试验，结果表明生物预处理工艺对去除致突变物的效果并不显著。在生物预处理出水中投加粉末活性炭对吸附法除致突变物有很好的效果，且粉末活性炭的投量对其影响显著。     

Drinking water quality in the Ethiopian section of the East African Rift Valley I--data and health aspects

Drinking water samples were collected throughout the Ethiopian part of the Rift Valley, separated into water drawn from deep wells (deeper than 60 m), shallow wells (<60 m deep), hot springs (T>36 degrees C), springs (T<32 degrees C) and rivers. A total of 138 samples were analysed for 70 parameters (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, In, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, NO(2), NO(3), Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, SO(4), Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, temperature, pH, conductivity and alkalinity) with ion chromatography (anions), spectrometry (ICP-OES and ICP-MS, cations) and parameter-specific (e.g. titration) techniques. In terms of European water directives and WHO guidelines, 86% of all wells yield water that fails to pass the quality standards set for drinking water. The most problematic element is fluoride (F), for which 33% of all samples returned values above 1.5 mg/l and up to 11.6 mg/l. The incidence of dental and skeletal fluorosis is well documented in the Rift Valley. Another problematic element may be uranium (U)-47% of all wells yield water with concentrations above the newly suggested WHO maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 2 microg/l. Fortunately, only 7% of the collected samples are above the 10 microg/l EU-MAC for As in drinking water.     

Biogeochemical cycles for the chemical elements in Nymphaea odorata ait. and the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) living in Linsley Pond

A hydrogeochemical study to determine the abundance of the chemical elements in the water of Linsley Pond, North Branford, Conn., U.S.A., was initiated in 1965. As the investigation progressed, it became clear that the aquatic macrophytes, associated sediments, and the soils and rocks of the basin had to be examined chemically in order to elucidate the biogeochemical cycle of the elements in the water. This aspect of the study concerns the elemental chemical composition of Nymphaea odorata Ait. and the aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (L.) feeding on its leaves. Thirty-five elements were detected in the water but fifty-four were found in this water-lily and its aphid. Those not encountered in lake water concentrated twenty-fold were Cs, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, Ge, Zr, Hf, Th, As, Nb and Se. The water-lily, the aphid, the lake sediment and the soils and rocks of the basin all contained detectable quantities of the rare earths, though beyond Sm only those of even atomic number were encountered. The aphids contained more Na, Li, Cs, Ba, Zn, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Pb, Ti, Hf, P, Bi, S, Se, Cr, Mo, I, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Y, La, Ce, Pr and Sm than the leaves upon which they feed. The water-lily leaves contain more Ag, Ca, Mg, Cd, Hg, B, Sn, Zr, Th, Cl, Br, Nd and Sc than the aphids. The amount of Be, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, K, Rb, Cu, Sr, As, V and F is essentially the same in the insects as in the leaves which support them. Pertinent comparative data from other sources are also presented.     

Kidney and liver levels of some major, minor and trace elements in two Ontario communities

The contents of Ag, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sr, Th, Ti and Zn in 143 autopsied liver and kidney specimens from two Ontario communities (Kingston and Ottawa) were determined using the techniques of inductively-coupled plasma--atomic emission spectrometry, and electrothermal atomization--atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride evolution (As, Se), reduction--aeration (Hg), or solvent extraction (Pb). The majority of samples came from individuals older than 50 y. In general, the data for the various elements were independent of age or sex but showed some dependence on location for elements such as Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn. Despite these differences the elemental values of the liver and kidney samples from both the communities were within the normal range.     

Concentrations of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification.

Concentration of heavy metals (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn) as well as macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) were measured in water, bottom sediments and plants from anthropogenic lakes in West Poland. The collected plants were: Phragmites australis, Potamogeton natans, Iris pseudoacorus, Juncus effusus, Drepanocladus aduncus, Juncus bulbosus, Phalaris arundinacea, Carex remota and Calamagrostis epigeios. Two reference lakes were sampled for Nymphaea alba, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha angustifolia and Polygonum hydropiper. These plants contained elevated levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Mn, and part of the plants contained in addition elevated levels of Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn. Analyses of water indicated pollution with sulfates, Cd, Co, Ni. Zn, Pb and Cu, and bottom sediments indicated that some of the examined lakes were polluted with Cd, Co and Cr. Strong positive correlations were found between concentrations of Co in water and in plants and between Zn in sediments and plants, indicating the potential of plants for pollution monitoring for this metal. Heavy metal accumulation seemed to be directly associated with the exclusion of Ca and Mg.     

The influence of a city on element contents of a terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens)

Forty terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens) samples were collected along a 120-km-long south-north transect running through Norway's largest city Oslo. Concentrations of 29 chemical elements (Ag, Al, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, S, Sb, Sr, Th, Ti, and Zn) and values for loss on ignition (475 degrees C) are reported. Silver (Ag), Al, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Th, Ti, and Zn all show a characteristic Oslo peak when element concentrations are plotted against location of the sample site along the transect. Gold (Au) and Pt show the greatest relative enrichment of all elements in the city (ca. 10x "background"). Titanium (Ti), which is related to local minerogenic dust rather than anthropogenic emissions, shows a significant peak in Oslo. Loss on ignition, a measure of the amount of organic material in a sample, shows a negative peak in Oslo and at sites close to a known dust source. Input of fine dust thus appears to dominate many of the observed element concentrations in moss. The concentrations of Na are clearly influenced by the input of marine aerosols and show decreasing concentrations from south (near Oslo Fjord) to north (inland). The major plant nutrients Ca, K, Mg, P and S, as well as Hg, are the few elements displaying no spatial dependency along the transect. Element concentrations reach background variation levels at a distance of 20-40 km from the city centre.     

Comparison of the element composition in several plant species and their substrate from a 1500000-km2 area in Northern Europe.

Leaves of 9 different plant species (terrestrial moss represented by: Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi; and 7 species of vascular plants: blueberry, Vaccinium myrtillus; cowberry, Vaccinium titis-idaea; crowberry, Empetrum nigrum; birch, Betula pubescens; willow, Salix spp.; pine, Pinus sylvestris and spruce, Picea abies) have been collected from up to 9 catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1500000 km2 area in Northern Europe. Soil samples were taken of the O-horizon and of the C-horizon at each plant sample site. All samples were analysed for 38 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Y, Zn and Zr) by ICP-MS, ICP-AES or CV-AAS (for Hg-analysis) techniques. The concentrations of some elements vary significantly between different plants (e.g. Cd, V, Co, Pb, Ba and Y). Other elements show surprisingly similar levels in all plants (e.g. Rb, S, Cu, K, Ca, P and Mg). Each group of plants (moss, shrubs, deciduous and conifers) shows a common behaviour for some elements. Each plant accumulates or excludes some selected elements. Compared to the C-horizon, a number of elements (S, K, B, Ca, P and Mn) are clearly enriched in plants. Elements showing very low plant/C-horizon ratios (e.g. Zr, Th, U, Y, Fe, Li and Al) can be used as an indicator of minerogenic dust. The plant/O-horizon and O-horizon/C-horizon ratios show that some elements are accumulated in the O-horizon (e.g. Pb, Bi, As, Ag, Sb). Airborne organic material attached to the leaves can thus, result in high values of these elements without any pollution source.     

山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准建设探析

20世纪90年代以来,我国经济持续高速增长,伴随而来的是对矿产、森林、土地、水资源等自然资源过度的开发利用,导致我国部分地区生态系统严重退化。为从根本解决生态退化问题,国家自2016年以来,在全国范围内选择25个试点省份,先后组织开展了一系列山水林田湖草生态保护修复系统治理工程,拟由原来的单项工程整治转变为以山水林田湖草等多种自然资源要素构成的自然生态恢复治理为导向的保护修复。然而,由于目前国家没有制定统一的山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准,导致在工程调查、勘查、设计、施工、监理、验收、绩效评价等多个环节出现无统一依据可循、工程预算编制不科学、项目推进迟缓、工程无法验收、绩效无法合理评价等一系列问题的出现。作者从参与该项工程的具体实践入手,对制定山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准进行深入分析,提出了尽快研制山水林田湖草生态保护修复治理工程预算定额标准的建议,以促进该工程尽快推进实施。     

Heavy metal pollution of soils affected by the Guadiamar toxic flood

Total heavy metal concentrations were determined in soil samples of seven selected areas along the Guadiamar river valley affected by the toxic flood, after removal of the deposited sludge. Mean total concentrations of nine elements (As, Au, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) out of the 23 (As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Th, Tl, U, V, Y and Zn) analysed were higher in sludge-covered soils than in unaffected soils. Mean values of total As, Au, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn in sludge-affected soils were higher than the upper limits for normal soils world-wide. Mean concentrations of Bi, Cd and Cu were within these ranges, although some individual values exceeded the upper limits. In all sampling areas, severe heavy metal pollution was observed in the superficial layers (0-20 cm) of most of the affected soils, which decreased downward in the soil profile. Generally, in soils with more than 25% of clay, concentration of heavy metals below the 20-cm depth decreased to values close to those of the background level of the Guadiamar valley soils, while in coarser soils, heavy metal pollution penetrated below this depth, being noticeable down to a depth of at least 50-80 cm.     

Trace element concentrations in blood of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Wadden Sea

Concentrations of 23 elements (Be, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Pt, Pb) were evaluated in whole blood samples of live harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from two different locations in the Wadden Sea, the Lorenzenplate in Germany, and the Danish island R?m?. Elemental blood levels were compared to data from literature of seals, other marine mammals and humans. While homeostatically controlled elements showed no differences, concentrations of As, Cr, Mn, Mo, Se, and V were higher than human levels. Furthermore, animals from both locations showed significant geographical differences in whole blood concentrations of Al, Mn, Cu, and Pt. These findings could be explained by differences in feeding areas. The element pattern was not affected by gender. In conclusion, these findings indicate an impact of the environment on biochemical blood parameters of the harbor seals. The significant differences of elements in blood samples of two groups of seals, which were associated with geographical variations of prey support the use of element pattern in blood as tool for investigation of environmental impact on seals.     

Elemental analysis of a tumor from a nocturnal prosimian with special emphasis on bromine.

Few natrually occurring tumors have been reported in primates. A spherical mass was noticed on the medial aspect of the thigh and caudal abdomen of a 15-year old female Perodicticus potto. The mass was surgically removed and the recovery was uneventful. Histological examination provided the diagnosis of myeloliposarcoma. Thirty-two elements were detected by chemical analysis. These are Na, K, Rb, Cs, Li, Cu, Ag, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Hg, B, Al, Ga, Si, Sn, Ti, P, Bi, V, S, Se, Mo, F, Cl, Br, Fe, Co and Ni. It has been proposed by some that tumor tissue tends to be chemically similar to embryonic tissue. Bromine is unexpectedly high in the potto tumor, in other tumor analyses reported in the literature, as well as in the only available embryonic tissue from the female potto, a placenta. Data are presented that lend credence to the speculation that Br may have a hitherto unexpected function in reproduction.