Correlation between leaf age,shade levels,and characteristic beneficial natural constituents of tea (Camellia sinensis) grown in Hawaii

This study showed the relationship between tea leaf age, bud and first two leaves, and shade levels, on the relative concentrations of six major compounds of tea leaf, namely l-theanine, caffeine, and the major tea catechins; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin (EC), and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), all of which are reported to have positive effects on human health, as well as at the ferric reducing antioxidant power of bud and leaf extracts. The concentration of l-theanine and caffeine decreased as leaf age increased moving from bud to first and then second leaf, while the concentration of the four catechins increased from the bud to first and second leaves. In most cases this increase was generally relatively small but in the case of EGC it was 7 to 10-fold. Certain chemical components of freshly picked, minimally processed and essentially unoxidised tea may potentially be used as markers for age, quality, authenticity and area of growth.     

Impact of genotype,seasons and manufacturing process on the activities of peptidase and lipoxygenase in tea

Tea flush shoots comprising three leaves and a bud were harvested from five different cultivars planted in a single area of UPASI Tea Research Farm and analysed for lipoxygenase (LOX) and peptidase activities. Among the cultivars, UPASI-3 recorded high peptidase activity, while UPASI-9 registered significantly higher lipoxygenase activity. This study suggested the influence of genotype on these enzymes. Green leaves sampled during mid-April to May (Premonsoon) exhibited higher peptidase activities, while LOX activity was predominant during monsoon period (June to August). Peptidase activity was higher in actively growing tea tissues (bud) and decreased with shoot maturity, whereas LOX activity significantly increased with the maturity of shoot from bud to third leaf and rapid decline in the internodes. During manufacturing process, the activity of both the enzymes varied widely and maximum peptidase activity was observed in withered leaves and cut dhool had maximum LOX activity. The flavour analysis was carried out in green leaf, withered leaf, cut dhool, fermented dhool and black tea which indicated that the value of flavour index was higher in final black tea and lowest in green leaf. This provides significant information that most of the aroma compounds are formed during processing (after harvesting only).     

3种紫芽茶不同成熟度芽叶特性及生化成分分析

目的 研究不同成熟度紫芽茶芽叶特性及其生化成分含量与成熟度的相关性。方法 以思茅茶树良种场资源圃的紫娟、丹妃、水塘黑茶3个品种为原料,采用茶树种质资源描述规范法对芽叶特性进行描述,高效液相色谱法分析茶叶内含成分含量,并对其与成熟度的相关性进行分析。结果 供试样内含成分随成熟度呈现不同程度的变化,其中花青素含量与芽叶红紫色深浅程度呈正相关,与成熟度呈负相关,花青素含量变幅为0.14～3.63mg/g。茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、水浸出物同成熟度呈现负相关;不同成熟度氨基酸含量变化1.09%～5.85%,其中含量最高的是水塘黑茶,其次是丹妃;咖啡碱含量2.58%～5.76%,其中含量最高的是紫娟,其次是丹妃;茶多酚含量6.36%～31.21%、儿茶素含量2.42%～24.03%、水浸出物含量22.93%～41.30%,其中含量最高的均是丹妃。结论 紫色品种茶中的内含成分丰富,具有较高的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸和儿茶素,其中丹妃内含成分含量均较高,单芽的花青素含量达3.63 mg/g,可作为高产优质、高花青素茶树品种的选育对象。     

Cream formation and main chemical components of green tea infusions processed from different parts of new shoots

The formation of green tea cream and its chemical components were investigated. The green tea infusions were processed from different parts of new shoots: the bud and the first leaf, the second leaf and its implicative stem, the third leaf and its implicative stem, and the fourth leaf and its implicative stem, which were named as first part, second part, third part and fourth part, respectively. The results showed that the formation of tea cream and its settlement slowed down gradually from the first part to the fourth part, and that the amount of tea cream also decreased accordingly. The amount of tea cream was influenced remarkably by the chemical components in the green tea infusion. The main components of green tea cream were polyphenols (29.86 –78.66%), total sugar (14.47–27.62%) and caffeine (2.35–10.43%). Catechins (12.8–42.5%) were the main components of polyphenols which participated in tea cream formation. The main components in the catechins were found to be (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-epicatechin (EC) and (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG). Seven minerals were found in the tea cream, including Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ni²⁺.     

高效液相色谱法分析武夷岩茶中的生物碱含量

选取10种典型武夷岩茶(5种肉桂和5种水仙)作为研究对象,以绿茶、铁观音和红茶为对照,通过高效液相色谱法检测样品叶片及冲泡茶汤中的可可碱、茶碱和咖啡碱含量,并依据各样品的生物碱含量进行主成分分析。试验结果发现,武夷岩茶叶片中的咖啡碱、可可碱和茶碱含量分别约占茶叶干重的2.341%,0.065%,0.011%,低于绿茶、铁观音和红茶;茶叶经过60s沸水冲泡后,约46.56%,46.36%,50.15%的咖啡碱、可可碱和茶碱溶于茶汤中。此外,通过主成分分析发现,武夷岩茶的3种生物碱含量与绿茶、铁观音和红茶的生物碱含量有显著差异。     

基于多元统计分析的不同品种和嫩度大叶种茶树新梢主要滋味物质的比较

为探究大叶种鲜叶原料的生化特性,本研究以云南大叶种（清水3号、香归银毫、云抗10号、云抗14号、云茶普蕊）的单芽、一芽一叶、一芽二叶、一芽三叶等不同嫩度的茶树新梢为研究对象,通过检测其主要滋味物质（茶多酚、黄酮苷、氨基酸及可溶性糖等）含量,探明不同品种云南大叶种鲜叶原料滋味品质随嫩度的变化规律,并运用多元统计方法研究不同嫩度鲜叶的分类,建立不同类别鲜叶的判别模型。结果表明,茶树新梢的成熟度越高,酚氨比、总简单儿茶素、黄酮苷、过氧化物酶等值越高（且一芽二叶和一芽三叶显著高于单芽和一芽一叶（P<0.05））,但没食子酸、氨基酸等值越低（且单芽和一芽一叶显著高于一芽二叶和一芽三叶（P<0.05））;茶多酚、总酯型儿茶素、咖啡碱等值随着嫩度的降低先升后降,与一芽三叶相比,一芽二叶的茶多酚、总酯型儿茶素、咖啡碱等值分别增加了7.67%、13.77%、10.22%;黄酮苷和可溶性糖中含量较高的组分分别为芦丁、蔗糖,质量分数范围分别为0.03%～0.93%、0.14%～1.14%;单芽的云抗14号、一芽二叶的清水3号分别为适制绿茶、适制红茶的较佳原料;多元统计分析可把不同嫩度鲜叶分为单芽...     

‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶加工工艺研究及品质评价

为了探究‘巴山早’紫色芽叶的红茶加工工艺及其制茶品质特点。本研究选用‘巴山早’紫色芽叶为原料,在万源红茶加工工艺基础上进行工艺优化,对红茶关键加工技术（萎凋、发酵和干燥）进行单因素实验和正交试验,以感官评分、茶黄素和茶红素之和与茶褐素的比值TFRB为评价指标,确定紫色芽叶红茶的最优工艺参数,探究关键加工技术不同参数对红茶品质的影响;以‘福鼎大白’绿色芽叶为对照,采一芽一叶新梢,按照优化后的加工工艺加工成红茶,所制茶样与‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶通过感官审评、内含品质成分测定分析和香气组分检测分析。结果表明,‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶的最优加工工艺为萎凋时间21 h,发酵时间4.5 h,干燥温度90±2℃,此时感官评分最高为92.83±0.19,‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶的感官品质优于对照,其茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶黄素和茶红素含量分别为12.58%、3.62%、2.89%、37.89%、4.61%、0.38%和3.57%,均高于对照,TFRB为1.07是其滋味鲜醇,汤色红亮的物质基础;氨基酸组分总量、呈鲜爽味氨基酸组分和呈甜味氨基酸组分含量分别为32.35、22.68和3.4...     

茶酒的保健作用

以茶类产品为主要原料,进行微生物发酵得到的茶酒,内含丰富的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、固形物等成分,具有营养、保健、医疗3大功能。主要从茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶氨酸这3种主要营养成分分析茶酒的保健作用。     

Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) – A review

The medicinal effects of tea have a history dating back almost 5000 years. The chemical components of green tea chiefly include polyphenols, caffeine and amino acids. Tea also contains flavonoids, compounds reported to have anti-oxidant properties having many beneficial effects. Tea flavonoids reduce inflammation, have antimicrobial effects and prevent tooth decay. Consumption of tea may have diuretic effects due to the caffeine. A related compound found in tea is theophylline, a licensed medicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma. Today’s computer-driven world can generate complicated lifestyle-related disorders and consumption of certain natural product like tea may very well replace the ill-effects of chemical drugs leading to a safer world with happier life. The paper is an overview of revealing all such ethno medicinal research efforts throughout the world over the times.     

Green tea from purple leaf coloured tea clones in Kenya- their quality characteristics

The Kenyan tea industry wishes to diversify its tea products, and in line with this, anthocyanin – rich teas were developed at the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya. These teas have purple-coloured leaves and the green colour is masked. In total, 12 accessions of the purple leaf coloured teas and 2 standard tea varieties were studied. Clones Hanlu and Yabukita are Chinese and Japanese tea varieties, respectively, known for good green tea, and they were used as reference standards. Little if any research had been done to characterize the quality of these purple leaf coloured teas and this study investigated their total polyphenols (TPP), catechins, caffeine, gallic acid and theanine. These are the major green tea quality parameters. Results showed that the new Kenyan tea clones had higher total polyphenols than had the reference standard tea varieties, which had 17.2% and 19.7% while the lowest among the Kenyan clones was 20.8%. On catechin quality index, K-purple and TRFK 91/1 showed high index values of 15.9 and 13.3, respectively, while clones TRFK 83/1 and 73/5 showed low index values of 0.74 and 1.0, respectively. Hanlu had the highest caffeine level with 2.42% while clones TRFK KS 3, TRFK KS 2 and TRFK 83/1 had relatively high caffeine levels among the purple leaf coloured teas, with 2.33%, 2.22% and 2.21%, respectively. Clone TRFK 73/5 had the lowest caffeine content, with 1.16%. Theanine analysis showed that most purple leaf coloured teas had more theanine than had the reference standard clones, except TRFK 83/1 and K-purple, which were lower than the reference standard clones. The implication of the green tea chemical quality parameters is also discussed. It is concluded that all the studied clones/varieties have above the minimum 14% of total polyphenols. Clones K-purple and TRFK 91/1 showed high green tea quality indices with the latter doubling with high levels of theanine; hence its highly recommended for green tea manufacture.     

Studies on the formation and composition of ‘cream’ in tea infusions

Tea ‘cream’ is a finely-divided suspension of insoluble particles that forms when a strong infusion of black tea cools. This study not only confirms that the principal constituents of ‘cream’ are theaflavins, thearubigins and caffeine, but shows that ‘cream’ also contains smaller amounts of other flavonoids, non-caffeine nitrogen compounds, chlorophyll, and inorganic material; all of which are present in the original black tea. The effects of caffeine, theaflavin and thearubigin content, also the composition of the thearubigins (as indicated by the E₃₈₀/E₄₆₀ value) of black tea, the strength of infusion, and the pH of the infusing water on the amount of cream formed in infusions were investigated. Evidence was obtained that creaming causes a partial fractionation of the thearubigins. A method for determining the ‘creaming power’ of tea is proposed.     

海拔与树龄对五峰县茶叶生化成分的影响

摘 要：目的 探究海拔、树龄对湖北五峰县夏季茶树鲜叶中主要生化成分的影响。方法 以湖北五峰县海拔217~934 m之间采集的14份茶树一芽二叶鲜叶样本为研究对象，对其茶多酚、游离氨基酸、咖啡因以及部分儿茶素单体含量进行测定，并结合相关性分析和主成分分析来分析其变化规律。结果 茶多酚在海拔217~820 m范围内随海拔上升而升高，树龄10年时含量最低；咖啡因与海拔呈极显著正相关，与树龄无显著相关性；游离氨基酸含量在海拔610 m处达到最大值；酚氨比结果显示，树龄小于15年且海拔610 m以下的茶叶可能更适合制作绿茶，710 m以上的可能更适合制作发酵茶；主成分分析结果显示，提取出前2个主成分，累计方差贡献率达66.21%，可以将14份茶树样本以500 m海拔为界限大致分为两类，且500 m海拔以上的茶树鲜叶中表儿茶素没食子酸酯等儿茶素类物质的含量更高。结论 不同海拔和树龄的茶叶各生化成分之间有不同程度的差异，研究不同条件下茶叶成分含量为五峰县夏季茶树鲜叶的利用和加工提供了一定的数据支持和理论依据。     

文冠果芽茶与叶茶主要营养功能成分分析及抗氧化活性评价

以张掖高台种植的文冠果芽茶与叶茶为试验材料,对其营养功能成分及抗氧化活性进行比较;使用INQ法对其营养成分进行质量评价,并对功能成分与抗氧化能力进行相关性分析。结果表明,芽茶中K、Zn、Cu含量及K/Na显著高于叶茶（P<0.05）,二者均呈现高K低Na特点。芽茶中粗蛋白含量显著高于叶茶（P<0.05）、而粗脂肪含量叶茶显著高于芽茶（P<0.05）。营养质量评价表明,芽茶、叶茶K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、粗脂肪、粗蛋白INQ均>1;Na、Mg和可溶性总糖INQ芽茶<叶茶<1。芽茶多酚含量显著高于叶茶（P<0.05）,黄酮含量差异不明显。芽茶与叶茶对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、O₂?·清除能力的IC₅₀分别为2.52和2.69、1.65和1.74、1.64和2.10 μg·mL?1,阳性对照芦丁在此浓度范围内无IC₅₀,抗氧化能力强弱为芽茶>叶茶>芦丁。相关性分析表明,芽茶、叶茶多酚、黄酮含量与DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、O₂?·清除率均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,芽茶相关系数为0.892~0.990,叶茶相关系数为0.879~0.994。以上研究表明,文冠果芽茶的营养功能价值及抗氧化能力优于叶茶,有开发新产品的潜力。     

Partial Purification And Characterization Of Polyphenoloxidase From Turkish Tea Leaf (Camellia Sinensis L.)

Polyphenoloxidase was isolated from tea leaf, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze grown in Turkey and its biochemical characteristics were studied. Polyphenoloxidase was extracted and partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography on a column packed with diethyaminoethyl cellulose. The optimum temperature and pH of polyphenoloxidase were found to be 30^oC and 6.0, respectively. Heat stability of tea leaf polyphenoloxidase decreased as the temperatures increased from 30 to 80^oC. Tea leaf polyphenoloxidase contained several phenolic compounds as substrate and sensitive to inhibitors such as ascorbic acid, cysteine, oxalic acid, and citric acid.     

L-theanine,unique amino acid of tea,and its metabolism,health effects,and safety

Tea has been a very popular beverage around the world for centuries. The reason that it is delicious, enabling hydration, showing warming and relaxing effect can be mentioned why it is consumed so much in addition to its prominent health effects. Although the catechins and caffeine are the primary bioactive components that are related with the health effects of the tea, the health effects of theanine amino acid, which is a nonproteinic amino acid special to tea, has become prominent in recent years. It has been known that the theanine amino acid in tea has positive effects especially on relaxing, cognitive performance, emotional status, sleep quality, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and common cold. The results of acute and chronic toxicity tests conducted on the safety of theanine express that L-theanine is reliable in general even if it is consumed too much with diet. However, it has not revealed a clear evidence-based result yet regarding theanine metabolism, health effects, and its safety. Within this frame, chemical structure of theanine, its biosynthesis, dietary sources, metabolism, health effects, and safety are discussed in present study.     

Effect of extraction temperature on cream and extractability of black tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]

Summary Tea cream and haze in black tea infusions increased with the rise in the tea extraction temperature. The temperature at which substances involved in cream and haze formation began to be extensively extracted into the tea infusion was between 50 and 60 °C. The tea cream particle volume concentration in infusions extracted at 50 °C or below formed less tea cream particles, and their particle sizes were larger and more heterogeneous than those extracted at 60 °C and second infusions extracted at 90 °C from the residual leaves that were previously extracted at 40–50 °C. High‐performance liquid chromatography confirmed that constituents with pyrogallol groups are involved in tea creaming, and the effect of caffeine on tea cream and haze depends on whether these constituents are sufficiently present. The extractability of tea increased with the rise in extraction temperature. Two‐stage extraction of tea in ready‐to‐drink tea processing and its effects on colorimetric indicators were also examined.     

Tea consumption and disease correlations

Tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world next to water and is obtained from the leaves Camellia sinensis. In recent years, the potential health benefits and effect mechanisms of tea have attracted a lot of interest. The potential health benefits of tea have been attributed to its various phenolic compounds with unique biological properties found in tea. These phenolic compounds are especially catechins and their derivatives, which constitute at most 30% of the dry weight of the tea. Tea is a new and effective strategy for reducing the severity of neurological diseases and for protecting against obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer (ovaryum, lung, skin, breast, endometrial, prostate, bladder, oral and colorectal cancers).Overall, the study that supports the health benefits of tea is increasing. But, the amounts of and the frequency of tea consumption that is associated with potential health benefits vary greatly from work to work and this situation creates difficulty in determining the optimal consumption amount and frequency that tea can exhibit health benefits. For this reason, we aimed to examine the health effect of the tea and how much consumption is to investigate whether it meets the claimed health benefits.Within that frame, there is a need for more studies on the possible health effects of tea. While studying on that effect, the effects of various doses, forms (in synthetic or natural product matrix), exposure in different periods (short or long term) on health should be studied. However, currently the conducted studies are promising for tea is a bioactive component like polyphenol, theaflavins, thearubigins, caffeine and mineral. In addition, although the fact intake with diet proved to be reliable at the end of the conducted acute and chronic toxicity test is another positive part, safety of bioactive component in tea should be supported through further studies.     

Variations in the leaf standard,chemical composition and quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis) due to plucking intervals

Green leaf standard, chemical composition and quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze) change with plucking intervals. Long plucking intervals lead to poor leaf standard with a lot of mature leaves and lower theaflavins, the sum of volatile flavour compounds imparting a sweet flowery aroma (group II volatile flavour compounds), caffeine contents and tasters' evaluations of black tea. The sum of volatile flavour compounds imparting inferior, grassy, green flavour (group I volatile flavour compounds) to tea, however, increases with long plucking intervals.     

茶叶中有效成分综合提取的研究

以绿茶为原料，采用ZJL大孔离了交换树脂和ZJX大孔吸附树脂从茶叶的浸提液中提取茶氨酸、咖啡因、茶多酚和茶多糖。通过对树脂的静态、动态吸附性能的实验研究，确定了咖啡因、茶氨酸、茶多酚及茶多糖联合分离提取的工艺。研究结果表明：该工艺能有效的从茶叶中提取咖啡因、茶氨酸和茶多酚，提取的咖啡因纯度达83．23％，提取率为1．9％，茶氨酸纯度达85．43％，提取率为0．94％，提取的茶多酚纯度达95．62％，提取率为12．35％，且茶多酚中的咖啡因含量低于0．7％，茶多糖的纯度达51％，提取率为1．1％。     

Tea and Its Consumption: Benefits and Risks

The recent convention of introducing phytochemicals to support the immune system or combat diseases is a centuries’ old tradition. Nutritional support is an emerging advancement in the domain of diet-based therapies; tea and its constituents are one of the significant components of these strategies to maintain the health and reduce the risk of various malignancies. Tea is the most frequently consumed beverage worldwide, besides water. All the three most popular types of tea, green (unfermented), black (fully fermented), and oolong (semifermented), are manufactured from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis. Tea possesses significant antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, cholesterol-lowering, and thermogenic properties. Several research investigations, epidemiological studies, and meta-analyses suggest that tea and its bioactive polyphenolic constituents have numerous beneficial effects on health, including the prevention of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, genital warts, and obesity. Controversies regarding beneficialts and risks of tea consumption still exist but the limitless health-promoting benefits of tea outclass its few reported toxic effects. However, with significant rise in the scientific investigation of role of tea in human life, this review is intended to highlight the beneficial effects and risks associated with tea consumption.