ORIENTING CONVENTIONAL CORES FOR GEOLOGICAL PURPOSES: A REVIEW OF METHODS

A review of four simple techniques used to re-orient conventional cores back to theri in-situ position in presented. Cores can be oriented by:

• 1. 

  Cutting oriented. cores;
• 2. 

  Using dipmeters;
• 3. 

  Re-orienting in highly deviated holes;
• 4. 

  Using remanent palaeomagnetism.

The accuracy, costs and limitations of the methods are considered.     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL SAMPLES FROM THE IRANIAN SECTOR OF THE PERSIAN GULF

High-resolution (biomarker) geochemistry combined with other geochemical data has been used to investigate the genetic relationships of 14 crude oil samples from the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf, and to provide information on the lithologies, palaeo-depositional environments and probable ages of the respective source rocks. Oil samples from the Resalat, Salman, Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields in the SE of the Gulf, and the Foroozan, Bahregansar, Hendijan, Abouzar, Doroud and Nowrouz fields in the NW of the Gulf were investigated.
Results indicate that the studied oils belong to three genetic groups:

• (i)  

  Group 1 oils (Resalat and Salman fields) were sourced from Jurassic or older, shaly source rocks deposited in a relatively oxic environment;
• (ii)  

  Group 2 oils (Nowrouz, Doroud and Foroozan oilfields) originated from Jurassic or older carbonate-rich source rocks deposited in an anoxic environment;
• (iii)  

  Group 3 oils, which, according to biomarker parameters, were probably sourced from Middle Cretaceous calcareous shales. Two subgroups are recognised: subgroup 3A oils were sampled from oilfields located in the NW of the Gulf (Hendijan, Bahregansar and Abouzar), and subgroup 3B oils came from the south (Sirri A, Sirri C, Sirri D and Sirri E fields).

     

FUZZY MODELLING AND THE PREDICTION OF POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY FROM THE COMPOSITIONAL AND TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF SANDSTONE

A new method is presented here for predicting porosity and permeability from the compositional and textural characteristics of sandstones. The method employs fuzzy modelling which is a linguistic paradigm based on fuzzy logic, rooted in the theory of fuzzy sets. The essentials of fuzzy modelling are explained using an example in which porosity and permeability values of a sandstone are predicted from five compositional and textural attributes. Fuzzy modelling can be accomplished in five steps:

• (i) 

  Identification of input and output variables. In this paper, the inputs are five compositional and textural parameters, namely: relative amounts of ductile grains, rigid grains and detrital matrix, to gether with grain size, and the Trask sorting coefficient. The output is either porosity or permeability.
• (ii) 

  Fuzzy clustering of output values.
• (iii) 

  Formation of membership grades of input data.
• (iv) 

  Generation of fuzzy rules; and
• (v) 

  Prediction via fuzzy inference.

Compared to statistical modelling (i. e. multiple regression analysis), fuzzy modelling is not only assumption-free but is also tolerant of outliers. Fuzzy modelling is capable of making both linguistic and numeric predictions based on qualitative knowledge and/ or quantitative data. Thus, fuzzy modelling is not only appropriate for the problem discussed here, but is also desirable for many geological problems characterized by non-numerical knowledge and imprecise information.     

CONTROLS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMMULITE FACIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE LATE YPRESIAN EL GARIA FORMATION (KESRA PLATEAU, CENTRAL TUNISIA)

Eocene nummulite deposits along the southern Tethys margin locally constitute important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. In order to understand the heterogeneity of these complex reservoirs, we have carried out a detailed field study of the nummulite limestones which crop out at the Kesra Plateau in Central Tunisia. The main contributions of this paper can be summarised as follows:

• (1) 

  Various species of Nummulites and planktonic foraminifera were identified in late Ypresian carbonates in the Kesra area and provided accurate biostratigraphic ages. Nummulitic limestones occur in the Chouabine and El Garia Formations representing deposition over a period of about 2Ma.

       
  
  

RESERVOIR ARCHITECTURE IN A TERMINAL ALLUVIAL PLAIN: AN OUTCROP ANALOGUE STUDY (UPPER TRIASSIC, SOUTHERN GERMANY) PART 1: SEDIMENTOLOGY AND PETROPHYSICS

This outcrop analogue study investigates Triassic fluvial sandstones (Stubensandstein Formation) deposited on a terminal alluvial plain under semi-arid to sub-humid climatic conditions in the land-locked South German Keuper Basin. The Stubensandstein may serve as an analogue for reservoir units in comparable continental basins. Data came from studies of (i) 13 large sandpits: in total, these have wall faces that cover over 80,500 sq.m, while single wall faces are to 480m wide and 50m high; (ii) three subsurface welllog clusters (comprising up to 20 boreholes), and four single wells. In this paper, two representative outcrops in proximal and distal palaeogeographic positions are discussed in detail.
This study combines the results of the following methodologies:

• 1.

  Sedimentological analysis: Fourteen lithofacies types and nine types of architectural element were identified. Exposed sandpit walls allowed distinct styles of alluvial architecture to be mapped, ranging from proximal to distal end members. Channel geometries change from ribbon-like to sheet-like, and lateral accretions change their lithofacies make up from sandy to muddy.

       
  
  

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TECTONIC ACTIVITY AND EUSTATIC SEA-LEVEL CHANGES IN THE PINDOSAND MESOHELLENIC BASINS, NW GREECE: BASIN EVOLUTION AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

This paper investigates the sedimentological response of the Tertiary Pindos and Mesohellenic Basins to localized tectonic and eustatic sea-level changes in a submarine setting dominated by turbidite deposition. Five composite stratigraphic cross-sections were compiled from field data, three in the Pindos Basin and two in the Mesohellenic Basin; 45 samples were dated by means of nannofossil bio stratigraphy. On the basis of these field studies, we relate observed changes in depositional environment to eustatic sea-level changes and to activity on local thrusts. Between the early Eocene and the late Miocene, tectonically-driven subsidence in both basins was generally more significant than eustatic variations in controlling depositional patterns. However, depositional conditions can be related to eustatic changes at four specific times:

• (i)

  late Eocene submarine fans and deltaic or fan-delta deposits in the Mesohellenic Basin can be related to a sea-level rise (NP17) and subsequent fall (NP18-19), respectively;

       
  
  

ANALYSIS OF RESERVES DISCOVERED IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

Mathematical theory and empirical data show that discovery sizes from mature plays have lognormal distributions. This allows a simple transformation to be used that converts lognormal trends to straight lines from which valuable statistical data on exploration potential is derived.
After correcting for the unreliable nature of data from non-commercial accumulations and then discounting the extreme high ends and low ends (P1), discovery size distributions from a variety of mature plays outside the Middle East show certain common properties that help constrain reserves ranges in individual prospects and new play fairways. These are:

• •

  P99 is 0.3MM brl or less in non-DHI oil plays and 4BCF or less in gas plays at normal depths;

       
  
  

GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY FROM A FLUVIAL RESERVOIR IN THE GULF OF THAILAND

One problem with the inversion of transient well test data is that it can yield a non-unique solution. The uncertainty resulting from this type of approach can only be resolved by considering information from another source such as geology. Geological information will help to define the interpretation model which will ensure the correct analysis of the well test data. The results of well test analyses are of little value to reservoir characterisation and modelling unless they can be explained from a geological point of view. This last step is what we refer to here as geological interpretation. Other sources of information which can help with well test analyses come from seismic surveys and petrophysics. Modern well test interpretation therefore consists of two major steps: analysis of the well test data; and interpretation of the results. In detail, this should include the following:

• (1) 

  definition of an interpretation model — this requires the integration of geological, seismic and petrophysical data with transient pressure data

       
  
  

Asia's appetite for new refineries undimmed

Asia continues to plan new oil refineries at a faster rate than any other region ( see 'Focus', May 2006 ). The largest increases are taking place in India and China ( see 'Looking Ahead', December 2006 ), but considerable expansion is planned elsewhere across Asia. Up to 3.2 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity is being planned in other parts of the Asia/Pacific region ( see Table C ), of which nearly 1.1 mn bpd is slated for Indonesia.  

  Table C   Asia/Pacific: Proposed new Refineries     

10.

Asia faces refinery glut as projects mount up     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(12):13-14

A plethora of proposals to build new crude distillation units in Asia threatens to produce a large capacity surplus by the end of the decade. Almost 6 mn bpd of new capacity is currently under consideration, much of it in the rapidly growing markets of China and India ( see Table C ).  

  Table C  Asia: Proposed New Refineries     

11.

Non-OPEC production near to decline     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(4):3-6

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

12.

塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系划分及形成机制探讨          下载免费PDF全文

吕海涛  张哨楠  马庆佑 《石油实验地质》2017,39(4):444-452

基于地震地质解释,刻画了塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系的平、剖面特征,分析了不同断裂体系的结构模式、形成机制及演化历史。结果表明,该区分为4个断裂体系：（1）托普台“X”型走滑断裂体系,下古生界主要发育NNE、NNW向“X”型共轭剪切破裂及“1”字形直立构造、正花状构造,而中新生界多表现为NNE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（2）塔中NW向逆冲断裂体系,以近NW向基底卷入式或滑脱式逆冲断裂为主,发育“y”字形构造;（3）顺托NE向走滑断裂体系,奥陶系及以下层系表现为近NE向左旋走滑及“1”字形直立、正花状构造,而志留-泥盆系主要发育近NE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（4）塔河盐下“T”型断裂体系,下古生界层系由近EW向逆冲断裂与近SN、NNE向走滑断裂组成,中新生界层系主要发育NEE向、近SN向雁列式张性正断裂组。断裂体系的研究明确了研究区压扭走滑和张扭走滑作用的叠加改造过程,认为主要受控于盆缘古洋盆5期的消减闭合及碰撞造山作用。结合研究区构造动力学背景分析,将该区断裂体系的演化过程划分为中晚奥陶世的强挤压弱走滑期、晚志留—中泥盆世的强挤压强走滑期、晚石炭—早中二叠世的强拉张弱走滑期、晚二叠世—三叠纪的强挤压弱走滑期和侏罗纪—新近纪的弱挤压弱走滑期。     

13.

基于构造物理模拟实验的走滑量求取     

吴奎  何京  张中巧  张江涛  张金辉 《石油地球物理勘探》2019,54(4):891-900

利用现有钻井资料、地震解释成果,结合区域特殊断裂特征,基于辽中凹陷断裂体系的平面、剖面特征,完成了两条主走滑断裂平行侧列、两条主走滑断裂不平行侧列、单条主走滑断裂等3组断裂样式的构造物理模拟,深入研究了辽中凹陷走滑断裂典型特征、断裂演化以及形成机理,同时计算了主干断裂走滑量。模拟结果表明：①辽中凹陷在平面发育一系列雁列、帚状断裂体系,主要发育在LZ1断裂尾端以及走滑断裂上部浅层,受控于渐新世右旋走滑活动;②随着走滑量增加,先后形成雁列、帚状断裂体系、平面贯通断裂形态,雁列、帚状断裂体系可作为深层走滑断裂解释的基本依据;③走滑量定量模拟统计分析表明,伸展量与走滑量比率约为3：2,辽东湾坳陷的3条一级断裂在东营期走滑作用最强,LZ1断裂走滑量最大。     

14.

World's refiners plan massive increase in capacity     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(5):3-6

Talk of a worldwide shortage of refinery capacity has led to a plethora of new proposals for new refiners and refinery extensions. A survey compiled by Oil and Energy Trends and our associated web-based service Global Energy Review has identified proposals for over 16 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity ( see Table A ). This represents an increase of nearly 20% over present capacity levels: comfortably over any likely increase in world oil demand over the next decade. It is almost certain, therefore, that some of this planned capacity will not be built. Indeed, some of the proposals for certain individual countries are clearly meant as alternatives to one another. Indonesia and Vietnam, for example, are most unlikely to build more than one new refinery in the next ten years.  

  Table A  World refinery expansion plans     

15.

叠合盆地内部小尺度走滑断裂幕式活动特征及期次判别——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例          下载免费PDF全文

黄诚 《石油实验地质》2019,41(3):379-389

叠合盆地内部走滑断裂一般具有多期活动特征,其幕式形成演化过程与叠合盆地形成演化的重要构造变革期匹配。一般情况下,走滑断裂带在不同构造时期的会聚（或拉伸）应力场中,会在同期近地表构造层形成特有的伴生构造样式,最终构成一个完整的垂向构造序列。如果将各构造层特有的走滑伴生构造作为同期走滑断裂活动的地质记录,即可从现今地下地质结构中逐期恢复走滑断裂幕式活动过程,进而判定断裂活动期次。此外,在走滑断裂幕式滑移过程中,常会出现水平滑移方向改变和错断构造-沉积地质体的现象。这2种现象实际上体现了走滑断裂运动学特征的核心内容,即滑移方向和滑移距离,也可作为走滑断裂活动期次判定的重要依据。基于盆地构造-沉积演化背景研究,将塔里木叠合盆地划分为5个构造层,厘定走滑断裂体系的垂向构造序列及主要伴生构造样式。通过对塔里木叠合盆地不同构造层走滑伴生构造的几何学和运动学特征解析,形成了基于地震资料判别断裂活动期次的2类7种适用性技术方法。     

16.

A RE-CONSIDERATION OF THE "OIL WINDOW" FOR HUMIC COAL AND KEROGEN TYPE III SOURCE ROCKS   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

H. I. Petersen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2002,25(4):407-432

Based on natural data-sets and several hydrous-pyrolysis experiments on immature humic coals, the conventional "oil window" (0.5–0.6%R₀ to 1.3–1.35%R₀) for humic coals is re-considered. A worldwide coal data-set comprising coals of Carboniferous - Tertiary age and having vitrinite reflectances from 0.32%R₀ to 3.6%R₀ indicates that initial liquid hydrocarbon generation commences at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.5%R₀ to 0.6%R₀, and that a significant liquid hydrocarbon build-up occurs from approximately 0.6%R₀ to 0.85%R₀. The start of the "oil window" corresponds to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85%R₀; however, the start of the "oil window" can vary significantly for individual coal series, and it may range up to a vitrinite reflectance of 1.15%R₀. Liquid hydrocarbon generation is negligible at a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 1.8%R₀, and at 2.0%R₀ the hydrocarbon generative potential is exhausted. A vitrinite reflectance of 1.8%R₀ corresponds to the end of the "oil window", and for general use a vitrinite reflectance range of 0.85–1.8%R₀ is suggested to define the "oil window" for humic coals and kerogen type III. The end of the "oil window" at 1.8%R₀ is supported by published data, indicating a much higher thermal stability of nC₁₅₊ hydrocarbons than is generally accepted, and therefore limited oil-to-gas cracking at 1.3%R₀. The re-considered "oil window" between 0.85–1.8%R₀ has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.     

17.

中、新生代阿尔金走滑断裂系构造运动的沉积学揭示     

刘兴旺  郑建京  杨鑫  孙国强  苏龙  王亚东 《天然气地球科学》2012,23(1):119-128

将阿尔金走滑大断裂及与其相邻发育的几条展布方向一致、运动方式接近的断裂带统称为阿尔金走滑断裂系。通过对各断裂带组成、延伸规模、活动时期和活动方式,阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代沉积层系的岩相古地理,盆地上部沉积层系地震数据解释和柴西坳陷古近系沉积岩裂变径迹等方面的研究,结合遥感地质学等手段,探讨阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代构造运动学过程。研究认为,印支期阿尔金走滑断裂系总体构造格局处于相对隆起状态,区域上基本未接受三叠纪沉积,表现为剥蚀阶段。受燕山运动影响,在区域微弱拉张作用下,阿尔金走滑断裂系在侏罗纪相对整体沉降并开始接受侏罗纪沉积,形成大阿尔金湖。至燕山运动中晚期,受新特提斯构造域关闭的影响,形成区域范围的构造抬升,大阿尔金湖消亡。燕山运动末期发育区域范围的左旋走滑运动,阿尔金走滑大断裂带形成。喜马拉雅运动开始后,塔东南坳陷和柴达木盆地整体进入相对拗陷期,古近纪地层厚度展布特征揭示出,沉积区的古地理特征表现为阿尔金断隆开始抬升,阿尔金走滑大断裂带构造运动强度逐渐加强,尤其在古近纪晚期以来这一特征十分明显。受此构造事件影响,新生代民丰坳陷主要受阿尔金走滑大断裂和北民丰凸起的控制形成挤压挠曲型走滑拉分盆地,若羌坳陷主要受控于车尔臣河断裂、且末-若羌断裂和阿尔金北缘断裂形成雁列型拉分盆地。     

18.

渤海海域新近纪—第四纪断裂特征及形成机制   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

万桂梅  汤良杰  周心怀  金文正  陈绪云 《石油学报》2010,31(4):591-595

渤海海域是郯庐断裂带所经之地,该区断裂的形成与郯庐断裂的走滑作用密切相关。新近纪及后期郯庐断裂发生右行走滑作用,张家口-蓬莱断裂发生共轭左行走滑,分别控制了莱州湾-渤中-辽东湾地区和渤西地区浅层小断裂的形成,小断裂主要沿着走滑断裂两侧分布,走向有NE、NEE、近EW向和NWW向,以NE和NEE走向为主,断裂错综复杂。这些小断裂平面上大部分表现为反"S"型,剖面上大部分表现为花状构造。其形成机制为可以用持续简单剪切的作用下非共轴递进变形来解释,早期形成的NE向正断层在后期持续简单剪切作用下发生旋转,呈NEE向,并带有一定的左行走滑位移分量,简单剪切持续进行断层还可能发生正反转形成NWW向扭压断层。所以,渤海海域新近纪是在持续简单剪切作用下形成走滑断层体系。     

19.

塔里木盆地富满油田东部走滑断裂发育特征与油气成藏          下载免费PDF全文

宋兴国  陈石  谢舟  康鹏飞  李婷  杨明慧  梁鑫鑫  彭梓俊  史绪凯 《石油与天然气地质》2023,44(2):335-349

富满油田东部走滑断裂是塔里木盆地奥陶系超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探的重点目标。该走滑断裂活动较弱，识别解译难度较大，需要深入研究其发育、演化及控藏特征。基于富满油田最新采集的三维地震数据，选取并精细解译了3条典型主干断裂(F_Ⅰ10,F_Ⅰ12和F_Ⅰ17)，明确了富满油田东部走滑断裂活动特征及主要活动期次。在此基础上，结合油气性质及成藏期次，分析了断裂活动特征与油气成藏的关系，加深了对该区域断裂发育特征与油气分布规律的认识，进一步明确了断裂演化与油气成藏的耦合关系对油气性质的影响。研究表明，富满油田内走滑断裂具有垂向分层差异变形特征，可划分出4个构造变形层，由下往上分别为盐下基底构造层(■之下)、盐构造层(■)、碳酸盐岩构造层(■—TO₃t)和碎屑岩构造层(TO₃t之上)。研究区断裂活动期次整体可划分为加里东早期、加里东中期Ⅲ幕和加里东晚期—海西期3个阶段，其中加里东中期Ⅲ幕是区域内断裂主要活动阶段。结合油气性质差异、油井生产动态、断裂活动特征与油气成藏期的耦合关系认为，断裂活动影响了...     

20.

隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例     

穆星  赵海华 《石油物探》2021,(1):157-166

走滑断层对我国东部陆相盆地油气勘探具有重要意义,以往研究多关注大型走滑断层,忽视了小型或者隐性走滑断层。近年来在济阳坳陷陆续发现了一系列NNE向和NNW向的小型或隐性走滑断层,研究形成了此类断层的识别方法。利用走滑断层近等间距分布、多发生在构造性质转换处以及多条近平行断层收敛处的特点,首先识别出可能存在隐性断层的区域,再采用相干分析等方法进行走滑断层的精细解释,然后采用垂直断层两侧地震剖面处滑动扫描拼接方法、紧邻断层两侧平行地震剖面反射特征对比方法、平面地震属性切片、早期构造的切割、断层两侧伸展量差异估算等方法,定量地计算走滑量,进一步确定隐性走滑断层。将上述方法分别应用于济阳坳陷车镇凹陷车57地区、大王庄次洼PX722井区以及临南洼陷兴隆寺地区,识别出了相应的隐性走滑断层,而后依据不同地区的地质情况,采用不同的方法计算得到误差较小的走滑量,最后结合油气勘探实践,确定了隐性走滑断层,并证实隐性走滑断层对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用。上述隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算方法对类似地区隐性走滑断层的识别具有借鉴意义。     

Asia faces refinery glut as projects mount up

A plethora of proposals to build new crude distillation units in Asia threatens to produce a large capacity surplus by the end of the decade. Almost 6 mn bpd of new capacity is currently under consideration, much of it in the rapidly growing markets of China and India ( see Table C ).  

  Table C  Asia: Proposed New Refineries     

11.

Non-OPEC production near to decline     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(4):3-6

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

12.

塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系划分及形成机制探讨          下载免费PDF全文

吕海涛  张哨楠  马庆佑 《石油实验地质》2017,39(4):444-452

基于地震地质解释,刻画了塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系的平、剖面特征,分析了不同断裂体系的结构模式、形成机制及演化历史。结果表明,该区分为4个断裂体系：（1）托普台“X”型走滑断裂体系,下古生界主要发育NNE、NNW向“X”型共轭剪切破裂及“1”字形直立构造、正花状构造,而中新生界多表现为NNE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（2）塔中NW向逆冲断裂体系,以近NW向基底卷入式或滑脱式逆冲断裂为主,发育“y”字形构造;（3）顺托NE向走滑断裂体系,奥陶系及以下层系表现为近NE向左旋走滑及“1”字形直立、正花状构造,而志留-泥盆系主要发育近NE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（4）塔河盐下“T”型断裂体系,下古生界层系由近EW向逆冲断裂与近SN、NNE向走滑断裂组成,中新生界层系主要发育NEE向、近SN向雁列式张性正断裂组。断裂体系的研究明确了研究区压扭走滑和张扭走滑作用的叠加改造过程,认为主要受控于盆缘古洋盆5期的消减闭合及碰撞造山作用。结合研究区构造动力学背景分析,将该区断裂体系的演化过程划分为中晚奥陶世的强挤压弱走滑期、晚志留—中泥盆世的强挤压强走滑期、晚石炭—早中二叠世的强拉张弱走滑期、晚二叠世—三叠纪的强挤压弱走滑期和侏罗纪—新近纪的弱挤压弱走滑期。     

13.

基于构造物理模拟实验的走滑量求取     

吴奎  何京  张中巧  张江涛  张金辉 《石油地球物理勘探》2019,54(4):891-900

利用现有钻井资料、地震解释成果,结合区域特殊断裂特征,基于辽中凹陷断裂体系的平面、剖面特征,完成了两条主走滑断裂平行侧列、两条主走滑断裂不平行侧列、单条主走滑断裂等3组断裂样式的构造物理模拟,深入研究了辽中凹陷走滑断裂典型特征、断裂演化以及形成机理,同时计算了主干断裂走滑量。模拟结果表明：①辽中凹陷在平面发育一系列雁列、帚状断裂体系,主要发育在LZ1断裂尾端以及走滑断裂上部浅层,受控于渐新世右旋走滑活动;②随着走滑量增加,先后形成雁列、帚状断裂体系、平面贯通断裂形态,雁列、帚状断裂体系可作为深层走滑断裂解释的基本依据;③走滑量定量模拟统计分析表明,伸展量与走滑量比率约为3：2,辽东湾坳陷的3条一级断裂在东营期走滑作用最强,LZ1断裂走滑量最大。     

14.

World's refiners plan massive increase in capacity     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(5):3-6

Talk of a worldwide shortage of refinery capacity has led to a plethora of new proposals for new refiners and refinery extensions. A survey compiled by Oil and Energy Trends and our associated web-based service Global Energy Review has identified proposals for over 16 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity ( see Table A ). This represents an increase of nearly 20% over present capacity levels: comfortably over any likely increase in world oil demand over the next decade. It is almost certain, therefore, that some of this planned capacity will not be built. Indeed, some of the proposals for certain individual countries are clearly meant as alternatives to one another. Indonesia and Vietnam, for example, are most unlikely to build more than one new refinery in the next ten years.  

  Table A  World refinery expansion plans     

15.

叠合盆地内部小尺度走滑断裂幕式活动特征及期次判别——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例          下载免费PDF全文

黄诚 《石油实验地质》2019,41(3):379-389

叠合盆地内部走滑断裂一般具有多期活动特征,其幕式形成演化过程与叠合盆地形成演化的重要构造变革期匹配。一般情况下,走滑断裂带在不同构造时期的会聚（或拉伸）应力场中,会在同期近地表构造层形成特有的伴生构造样式,最终构成一个完整的垂向构造序列。如果将各构造层特有的走滑伴生构造作为同期走滑断裂活动的地质记录,即可从现今地下地质结构中逐期恢复走滑断裂幕式活动过程,进而判定断裂活动期次。此外,在走滑断裂幕式滑移过程中,常会出现水平滑移方向改变和错断构造-沉积地质体的现象。这2种现象实际上体现了走滑断裂运动学特征的核心内容,即滑移方向和滑移距离,也可作为走滑断裂活动期次判定的重要依据。基于盆地构造-沉积演化背景研究,将塔里木叠合盆地划分为5个构造层,厘定走滑断裂体系的垂向构造序列及主要伴生构造样式。通过对塔里木叠合盆地不同构造层走滑伴生构造的几何学和运动学特征解析,形成了基于地震资料判别断裂活动期次的2类7种适用性技术方法。     

16.

A RE-CONSIDERATION OF THE "OIL WINDOW" FOR HUMIC COAL AND KEROGEN TYPE III SOURCE ROCKS   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

H. I. Petersen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2002,25(4):407-432

Based on natural data-sets and several hydrous-pyrolysis experiments on immature humic coals, the conventional "oil window" (0.5–0.6%R₀ to 1.3–1.35%R₀) for humic coals is re-considered. A worldwide coal data-set comprising coals of Carboniferous - Tertiary age and having vitrinite reflectances from 0.32%R₀ to 3.6%R₀ indicates that initial liquid hydrocarbon generation commences at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.5%R₀ to 0.6%R₀, and that a significant liquid hydrocarbon build-up occurs from approximately 0.6%R₀ to 0.85%R₀. The start of the "oil window" corresponds to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85%R₀; however, the start of the "oil window" can vary significantly for individual coal series, and it may range up to a vitrinite reflectance of 1.15%R₀. Liquid hydrocarbon generation is negligible at a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 1.8%R₀, and at 2.0%R₀ the hydrocarbon generative potential is exhausted. A vitrinite reflectance of 1.8%R₀ corresponds to the end of the "oil window", and for general use a vitrinite reflectance range of 0.85–1.8%R₀ is suggested to define the "oil window" for humic coals and kerogen type III. The end of the "oil window" at 1.8%R₀ is supported by published data, indicating a much higher thermal stability of nC₁₅₊ hydrocarbons than is generally accepted, and therefore limited oil-to-gas cracking at 1.3%R₀. The re-considered "oil window" between 0.85–1.8%R₀ has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.     

17.

中、新生代阿尔金走滑断裂系构造运动的沉积学揭示     

刘兴旺  郑建京  杨鑫  孙国强  苏龙  王亚东 《天然气地球科学》2012,23(1):119-128

将阿尔金走滑大断裂及与其相邻发育的几条展布方向一致、运动方式接近的断裂带统称为阿尔金走滑断裂系。通过对各断裂带组成、延伸规模、活动时期和活动方式,阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代沉积层系的岩相古地理,盆地上部沉积层系地震数据解释和柴西坳陷古近系沉积岩裂变径迹等方面的研究,结合遥感地质学等手段,探讨阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代构造运动学过程。研究认为,印支期阿尔金走滑断裂系总体构造格局处于相对隆起状态,区域上基本未接受三叠纪沉积,表现为剥蚀阶段。受燕山运动影响,在区域微弱拉张作用下,阿尔金走滑断裂系在侏罗纪相对整体沉降并开始接受侏罗纪沉积,形成大阿尔金湖。至燕山运动中晚期,受新特提斯构造域关闭的影响,形成区域范围的构造抬升,大阿尔金湖消亡。燕山运动末期发育区域范围的左旋走滑运动,阿尔金走滑大断裂带形成。喜马拉雅运动开始后,塔东南坳陷和柴达木盆地整体进入相对拗陷期,古近纪地层厚度展布特征揭示出,沉积区的古地理特征表现为阿尔金断隆开始抬升,阿尔金走滑大断裂带构造运动强度逐渐加强,尤其在古近纪晚期以来这一特征十分明显。受此构造事件影响,新生代民丰坳陷主要受阿尔金走滑大断裂和北民丰凸起的控制形成挤压挠曲型走滑拉分盆地,若羌坳陷主要受控于车尔臣河断裂、且末-若羌断裂和阿尔金北缘断裂形成雁列型拉分盆地。     

18.

渤海海域新近纪—第四纪断裂特征及形成机制   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

万桂梅  汤良杰  周心怀  金文正  陈绪云 《石油学报》2010,31(4):591-595

渤海海域是郯庐断裂带所经之地,该区断裂的形成与郯庐断裂的走滑作用密切相关。新近纪及后期郯庐断裂发生右行走滑作用,张家口-蓬莱断裂发生共轭左行走滑,分别控制了莱州湾-渤中-辽东湾地区和渤西地区浅层小断裂的形成,小断裂主要沿着走滑断裂两侧分布,走向有NE、NEE、近EW向和NWW向,以NE和NEE走向为主,断裂错综复杂。这些小断裂平面上大部分表现为反"S"型,剖面上大部分表现为花状构造。其形成机制为可以用持续简单剪切的作用下非共轴递进变形来解释,早期形成的NE向正断层在后期持续简单剪切作用下发生旋转,呈NEE向,并带有一定的左行走滑位移分量,简单剪切持续进行断层还可能发生正反转形成NWW向扭压断层。所以,渤海海域新近纪是在持续简单剪切作用下形成走滑断层体系。     

19.

塔里木盆地富满油田东部走滑断裂发育特征与油气成藏          下载免费PDF全文

宋兴国  陈石  谢舟  康鹏飞  李婷  杨明慧  梁鑫鑫  彭梓俊  史绪凯 《石油与天然气地质》2023,44(2):335-349

富满油田东部走滑断裂是塔里木盆地奥陶系超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探的重点目标。该走滑断裂活动较弱，识别解译难度较大，需要深入研究其发育、演化及控藏特征。基于富满油田最新采集的三维地震数据，选取并精细解译了3条典型主干断裂(F_Ⅰ10,F_Ⅰ12和F_Ⅰ17)，明确了富满油田东部走滑断裂活动特征及主要活动期次。在此基础上，结合油气性质及成藏期次，分析了断裂活动特征与油气成藏的关系，加深了对该区域断裂发育特征与油气分布规律的认识，进一步明确了断裂演化与油气成藏的耦合关系对油气性质的影响。研究表明，富满油田内走滑断裂具有垂向分层差异变形特征，可划分出4个构造变形层，由下往上分别为盐下基底构造层(■之下)、盐构造层(■)、碳酸盐岩构造层(■—TO₃t)和碎屑岩构造层(TO₃t之上)。研究区断裂活动期次整体可划分为加里东早期、加里东中期Ⅲ幕和加里东晚期—海西期3个阶段，其中加里东中期Ⅲ幕是区域内断裂主要活动阶段。结合油气性质差异、油井生产动态、断裂活动特征与油气成藏期的耦合关系认为，断裂活动影响了...     

20.

隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例     

穆星  赵海华 《石油物探》2021,(1):157-166

走滑断层对我国东部陆相盆地油气勘探具有重要意义,以往研究多关注大型走滑断层,忽视了小型或者隐性走滑断层。近年来在济阳坳陷陆续发现了一系列NNE向和NNW向的小型或隐性走滑断层,研究形成了此类断层的识别方法。利用走滑断层近等间距分布、多发生在构造性质转换处以及多条近平行断层收敛处的特点,首先识别出可能存在隐性断层的区域,再采用相干分析等方法进行走滑断层的精细解释,然后采用垂直断层两侧地震剖面处滑动扫描拼接方法、紧邻断层两侧平行地震剖面反射特征对比方法、平面地震属性切片、早期构造的切割、断层两侧伸展量差异估算等方法,定量地计算走滑量,进一步确定隐性走滑断层。将上述方法分别应用于济阳坳陷车镇凹陷车57地区、大王庄次洼PX722井区以及临南洼陷兴隆寺地区,识别出了相应的隐性走滑断层,而后依据不同地区的地质情况,采用不同的方法计算得到误差较小的走滑量,最后结合油气勘探实践,确定了隐性走滑断层,并证实隐性走滑断层对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用。上述隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算方法对类似地区隐性走滑断层的识别具有借鉴意义。     

Non-OPEC production near to decline

Last year, the world produced some 82.2 mn bpd of crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGL), of which 48.2 mn bpd, or 59%, came from countries outside OPEC. Most of these non-OPEC countries are now mature oil-producers, in long term decline ( see Box ). A few have still to reach peak output, but non-OPEC production as a whole is within a few years of its peak, after which any net increase in world oil supplies will have to come entirely from OPEC.  

  NON-OPEC PRODUCERS     

12.

塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系划分及形成机制探讨          下载免费PDF全文

吕海涛  张哨楠  马庆佑 《石油实验地质》2017,39(4):444-452

基于地震地质解释,刻画了塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系的平、剖面特征,分析了不同断裂体系的结构模式、形成机制及演化历史。结果表明,该区分为4个断裂体系：（1）托普台“X”型走滑断裂体系,下古生界主要发育NNE、NNW向“X”型共轭剪切破裂及“1”字形直立构造、正花状构造,而中新生界多表现为NNE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（2）塔中NW向逆冲断裂体系,以近NW向基底卷入式或滑脱式逆冲断裂为主,发育“y”字形构造;（3）顺托NE向走滑断裂体系,奥陶系及以下层系表现为近NE向左旋走滑及“1”字形直立、正花状构造,而志留-泥盆系主要发育近NE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（4）塔河盐下“T”型断裂体系,下古生界层系由近EW向逆冲断裂与近SN、NNE向走滑断裂组成,中新生界层系主要发育NEE向、近SN向雁列式张性正断裂组。断裂体系的研究明确了研究区压扭走滑和张扭走滑作用的叠加改造过程,认为主要受控于盆缘古洋盆5期的消减闭合及碰撞造山作用。结合研究区构造动力学背景分析,将该区断裂体系的演化过程划分为中晚奥陶世的强挤压弱走滑期、晚志留—中泥盆世的强挤压强走滑期、晚石炭—早中二叠世的强拉张弱走滑期、晚二叠世—三叠纪的强挤压弱走滑期和侏罗纪—新近纪的弱挤压弱走滑期。     

13.

基于构造物理模拟实验的走滑量求取     

吴奎  何京  张中巧  张江涛  张金辉 《石油地球物理勘探》2019,54(4):891-900

利用现有钻井资料、地震解释成果,结合区域特殊断裂特征,基于辽中凹陷断裂体系的平面、剖面特征,完成了两条主走滑断裂平行侧列、两条主走滑断裂不平行侧列、单条主走滑断裂等3组断裂样式的构造物理模拟,深入研究了辽中凹陷走滑断裂典型特征、断裂演化以及形成机理,同时计算了主干断裂走滑量。模拟结果表明：①辽中凹陷在平面发育一系列雁列、帚状断裂体系,主要发育在LZ1断裂尾端以及走滑断裂上部浅层,受控于渐新世右旋走滑活动;②随着走滑量增加,先后形成雁列、帚状断裂体系、平面贯通断裂形态,雁列、帚状断裂体系可作为深层走滑断裂解释的基本依据;③走滑量定量模拟统计分析表明,伸展量与走滑量比率约为3：2,辽东湾坳陷的3条一级断裂在东营期走滑作用最强,LZ1断裂走滑量最大。     

14.

World's refiners plan massive increase in capacity     

《Oil and Energy Trends》2006,31(5):3-6

Talk of a worldwide shortage of refinery capacity has led to a plethora of new proposals for new refiners and refinery extensions. A survey compiled by Oil and Energy Trends and our associated web-based service Global Energy Review has identified proposals for over 16 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity ( see Table A ). This represents an increase of nearly 20% over present capacity levels: comfortably over any likely increase in world oil demand over the next decade. It is almost certain, therefore, that some of this planned capacity will not be built. Indeed, some of the proposals for certain individual countries are clearly meant as alternatives to one another. Indonesia and Vietnam, for example, are most unlikely to build more than one new refinery in the next ten years.  

  Table A  World refinery expansion plans     

15.

叠合盆地内部小尺度走滑断裂幕式活动特征及期次判别——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例          下载免费PDF全文

黄诚 《石油实验地质》2019,41(3):379-389

叠合盆地内部走滑断裂一般具有多期活动特征,其幕式形成演化过程与叠合盆地形成演化的重要构造变革期匹配。一般情况下,走滑断裂带在不同构造时期的会聚（或拉伸）应力场中,会在同期近地表构造层形成特有的伴生构造样式,最终构成一个完整的垂向构造序列。如果将各构造层特有的走滑伴生构造作为同期走滑断裂活动的地质记录,即可从现今地下地质结构中逐期恢复走滑断裂幕式活动过程,进而判定断裂活动期次。此外,在走滑断裂幕式滑移过程中,常会出现水平滑移方向改变和错断构造-沉积地质体的现象。这2种现象实际上体现了走滑断裂运动学特征的核心内容,即滑移方向和滑移距离,也可作为走滑断裂活动期次判定的重要依据。基于盆地构造-沉积演化背景研究,将塔里木叠合盆地划分为5个构造层,厘定走滑断裂体系的垂向构造序列及主要伴生构造样式。通过对塔里木叠合盆地不同构造层走滑伴生构造的几何学和运动学特征解析,形成了基于地震资料判别断裂活动期次的2类7种适用性技术方法。     

16.

A RE-CONSIDERATION OF THE "OIL WINDOW" FOR HUMIC COAL AND KEROGEN TYPE III SOURCE ROCKS   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

H. I. Petersen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2002,25(4):407-432

Based on natural data-sets and several hydrous-pyrolysis experiments on immature humic coals, the conventional "oil window" (0.5–0.6%R₀ to 1.3–1.35%R₀) for humic coals is re-considered. A worldwide coal data-set comprising coals of Carboniferous - Tertiary age and having vitrinite reflectances from 0.32%R₀ to 3.6%R₀ indicates that initial liquid hydrocarbon generation commences at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.5%R₀ to 0.6%R₀, and that a significant liquid hydrocarbon build-up occurs from approximately 0.6%R₀ to 0.85%R₀. The start of the "oil window" corresponds to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85%R₀; however, the start of the "oil window" can vary significantly for individual coal series, and it may range up to a vitrinite reflectance of 1.15%R₀. Liquid hydrocarbon generation is negligible at a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 1.8%R₀, and at 2.0%R₀ the hydrocarbon generative potential is exhausted. A vitrinite reflectance of 1.8%R₀ corresponds to the end of the "oil window", and for general use a vitrinite reflectance range of 0.85–1.8%R₀ is suggested to define the "oil window" for humic coals and kerogen type III. The end of the "oil window" at 1.8%R₀ is supported by published data, indicating a much higher thermal stability of nC₁₅₊ hydrocarbons than is generally accepted, and therefore limited oil-to-gas cracking at 1.3%R₀. The re-considered "oil window" between 0.85–1.8%R₀ has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.     

17.

中、新生代阿尔金走滑断裂系构造运动的沉积学揭示     

刘兴旺  郑建京  杨鑫  孙国强  苏龙  王亚东 《天然气地球科学》2012,23(1):119-128

将阿尔金走滑大断裂及与其相邻发育的几条展布方向一致、运动方式接近的断裂带统称为阿尔金走滑断裂系。通过对各断裂带组成、延伸规模、活动时期和活动方式,阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代沉积层系的岩相古地理,盆地上部沉积层系地震数据解释和柴西坳陷古近系沉积岩裂变径迹等方面的研究,结合遥感地质学等手段,探讨阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代构造运动学过程。研究认为,印支期阿尔金走滑断裂系总体构造格局处于相对隆起状态,区域上基本未接受三叠纪沉积,表现为剥蚀阶段。受燕山运动影响,在区域微弱拉张作用下,阿尔金走滑断裂系在侏罗纪相对整体沉降并开始接受侏罗纪沉积,形成大阿尔金湖。至燕山运动中晚期,受新特提斯构造域关闭的影响,形成区域范围的构造抬升,大阿尔金湖消亡。燕山运动末期发育区域范围的左旋走滑运动,阿尔金走滑大断裂带形成。喜马拉雅运动开始后,塔东南坳陷和柴达木盆地整体进入相对拗陷期,古近纪地层厚度展布特征揭示出,沉积区的古地理特征表现为阿尔金断隆开始抬升,阿尔金走滑大断裂带构造运动强度逐渐加强,尤其在古近纪晚期以来这一特征十分明显。受此构造事件影响,新生代民丰坳陷主要受阿尔金走滑大断裂和北民丰凸起的控制形成挤压挠曲型走滑拉分盆地,若羌坳陷主要受控于车尔臣河断裂、且末-若羌断裂和阿尔金北缘断裂形成雁列型拉分盆地。     

18.

渤海海域新近纪—第四纪断裂特征及形成机制   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

万桂梅  汤良杰  周心怀  金文正  陈绪云 《石油学报》2010,31(4):591-595

渤海海域是郯庐断裂带所经之地,该区断裂的形成与郯庐断裂的走滑作用密切相关。新近纪及后期郯庐断裂发生右行走滑作用,张家口-蓬莱断裂发生共轭左行走滑,分别控制了莱州湾-渤中-辽东湾地区和渤西地区浅层小断裂的形成,小断裂主要沿着走滑断裂两侧分布,走向有NE、NEE、近EW向和NWW向,以NE和NEE走向为主,断裂错综复杂。这些小断裂平面上大部分表现为反"S"型,剖面上大部分表现为花状构造。其形成机制为可以用持续简单剪切的作用下非共轴递进变形来解释,早期形成的NE向正断层在后期持续简单剪切作用下发生旋转,呈NEE向,并带有一定的左行走滑位移分量,简单剪切持续进行断层还可能发生正反转形成NWW向扭压断层。所以,渤海海域新近纪是在持续简单剪切作用下形成走滑断层体系。     

19.

塔里木盆地富满油田东部走滑断裂发育特征与油气成藏          下载免费PDF全文

宋兴国  陈石  谢舟  康鹏飞  李婷  杨明慧  梁鑫鑫  彭梓俊  史绪凯 《石油与天然气地质》2023,44(2):335-349

富满油田东部走滑断裂是塔里木盆地奥陶系超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探的重点目标。该走滑断裂活动较弱，识别解译难度较大，需要深入研究其发育、演化及控藏特征。基于富满油田最新采集的三维地震数据，选取并精细解译了3条典型主干断裂(F_Ⅰ10,F_Ⅰ12和F_Ⅰ17)，明确了富满油田东部走滑断裂活动特征及主要活动期次。在此基础上，结合油气性质及成藏期次，分析了断裂活动特征与油气成藏的关系，加深了对该区域断裂发育特征与油气分布规律的认识，进一步明确了断裂演化与油气成藏的耦合关系对油气性质的影响。研究表明，富满油田内走滑断裂具有垂向分层差异变形特征，可划分出4个构造变形层，由下往上分别为盐下基底构造层(■之下)、盐构造层(■)、碳酸盐岩构造层(■—TO₃t)和碎屑岩构造层(TO₃t之上)。研究区断裂活动期次整体可划分为加里东早期、加里东中期Ⅲ幕和加里东晚期—海西期3个阶段，其中加里东中期Ⅲ幕是区域内断裂主要活动阶段。结合油气性质差异、油井生产动态、断裂活动特征与油气成藏期的耦合关系认为，断裂活动影响了...     

20.

隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例     

穆星  赵海华 《石油物探》2021,(1):157-166

走滑断层对我国东部陆相盆地油气勘探具有重要意义,以往研究多关注大型走滑断层,忽视了小型或者隐性走滑断层。近年来在济阳坳陷陆续发现了一系列NNE向和NNW向的小型或隐性走滑断层,研究形成了此类断层的识别方法。利用走滑断层近等间距分布、多发生在构造性质转换处以及多条近平行断层收敛处的特点,首先识别出可能存在隐性断层的区域,再采用相干分析等方法进行走滑断层的精细解释,然后采用垂直断层两侧地震剖面处滑动扫描拼接方法、紧邻断层两侧平行地震剖面反射特征对比方法、平面地震属性切片、早期构造的切割、断层两侧伸展量差异估算等方法,定量地计算走滑量,进一步确定隐性走滑断层。将上述方法分别应用于济阳坳陷车镇凹陷车57地区、大王庄次洼PX722井区以及临南洼陷兴隆寺地区,识别出了相应的隐性走滑断层,而后依据不同地区的地质情况,采用不同的方法计算得到误差较小的走滑量,最后结合油气勘探实践,确定了隐性走滑断层,并证实隐性走滑断层对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用。上述隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算方法对类似地区隐性走滑断层的识别具有借鉴意义。     

塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系划分及形成机制探讨

基于地震地质解释,刻画了塔里木盆地中北部断裂体系的平、剖面特征,分析了不同断裂体系的结构模式、形成机制及演化历史。结果表明,该区分为4个断裂体系：（1）托普台“X”型走滑断裂体系,下古生界主要发育NNE、NNW向“X”型共轭剪切破裂及“1”字形直立构造、正花状构造,而中新生界多表现为NNE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（2）塔中NW向逆冲断裂体系,以近NW向基底卷入式或滑脱式逆冲断裂为主,发育“y”字形构造;（3）顺托NE向走滑断裂体系,奥陶系及以下层系表现为近NE向左旋走滑及“1”字形直立、正花状构造,而志留-泥盆系主要发育近NE向雁列式张性正断裂及负花状、堑垒构造;（4）塔河盐下“T”型断裂体系,下古生界层系由近EW向逆冲断裂与近SN、NNE向走滑断裂组成,中新生界层系主要发育NEE向、近SN向雁列式张性正断裂组。断裂体系的研究明确了研究区压扭走滑和张扭走滑作用的叠加改造过程,认为主要受控于盆缘古洋盆5期的消减闭合及碰撞造山作用。结合研究区构造动力学背景分析,将该区断裂体系的演化过程划分为中晚奥陶世的强挤压弱走滑期、晚志留—中泥盆世的强挤压强走滑期、晚石炭—早中二叠世的强拉张弱走滑期、晚二叠世—三叠纪的强挤压弱走滑期和侏罗纪—新近纪的弱挤压弱走滑期。     

基于构造物理模拟实验的走滑量求取

利用现有钻井资料、地震解释成果,结合区域特殊断裂特征,基于辽中凹陷断裂体系的平面、剖面特征,完成了两条主走滑断裂平行侧列、两条主走滑断裂不平行侧列、单条主走滑断裂等3组断裂样式的构造物理模拟,深入研究了辽中凹陷走滑断裂典型特征、断裂演化以及形成机理,同时计算了主干断裂走滑量。模拟结果表明：①辽中凹陷在平面发育一系列雁列、帚状断裂体系,主要发育在LZ1断裂尾端以及走滑断裂上部浅层,受控于渐新世右旋走滑活动;②随着走滑量增加,先后形成雁列、帚状断裂体系、平面贯通断裂形态,雁列、帚状断裂体系可作为深层走滑断裂解释的基本依据;③走滑量定量模拟统计分析表明,伸展量与走滑量比率约为3：2,辽东湾坳陷的3条一级断裂在东营期走滑作用最强,LZ1断裂走滑量最大。     

World's refiners plan massive increase in capacity

Talk of a worldwide shortage of refinery capacity has led to a plethora of new proposals for new refiners and refinery extensions. A survey compiled by Oil and Energy Trends and our associated web-based service Global Energy Review has identified proposals for over 16 mn bpd of new crude distillation capacity ( see Table A ). This represents an increase of nearly 20% over present capacity levels: comfortably over any likely increase in world oil demand over the next decade. It is almost certain, therefore, that some of this planned capacity will not be built. Indeed, some of the proposals for certain individual countries are clearly meant as alternatives to one another. Indonesia and Vietnam, for example, are most unlikely to build more than one new refinery in the next ten years.  

  Table A  World refinery expansion plans     

15.

叠合盆地内部小尺度走滑断裂幕式活动特征及期次判别——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例          下载免费PDF全文

黄诚 《石油实验地质》2019,41(3):379-389

叠合盆地内部走滑断裂一般具有多期活动特征,其幕式形成演化过程与叠合盆地形成演化的重要构造变革期匹配。一般情况下,走滑断裂带在不同构造时期的会聚（或拉伸）应力场中,会在同期近地表构造层形成特有的伴生构造样式,最终构成一个完整的垂向构造序列。如果将各构造层特有的走滑伴生构造作为同期走滑断裂活动的地质记录,即可从现今地下地质结构中逐期恢复走滑断裂幕式活动过程,进而判定断裂活动期次。此外,在走滑断裂幕式滑移过程中,常会出现水平滑移方向改变和错断构造-沉积地质体的现象。这2种现象实际上体现了走滑断裂运动学特征的核心内容,即滑移方向和滑移距离,也可作为走滑断裂活动期次判定的重要依据。基于盆地构造-沉积演化背景研究,将塔里木叠合盆地划分为5个构造层,厘定走滑断裂体系的垂向构造序列及主要伴生构造样式。通过对塔里木叠合盆地不同构造层走滑伴生构造的几何学和运动学特征解析,形成了基于地震资料判别断裂活动期次的2类7种适用性技术方法。     

16.

A RE-CONSIDERATION OF THE "OIL WINDOW" FOR HUMIC COAL AND KEROGEN TYPE III SOURCE ROCKS   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

H. I. Petersen 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2002,25(4):407-432

Based on natural data-sets and several hydrous-pyrolysis experiments on immature humic coals, the conventional "oil window" (0.5–0.6%R₀ to 1.3–1.35%R₀) for humic coals is re-considered. A worldwide coal data-set comprising coals of Carboniferous - Tertiary age and having vitrinite reflectances from 0.32%R₀ to 3.6%R₀ indicates that initial liquid hydrocarbon generation commences at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.5%R₀ to 0.6%R₀, and that a significant liquid hydrocarbon build-up occurs from approximately 0.6%R₀ to 0.85%R₀. The start of the "oil window" corresponds to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85%R₀; however, the start of the "oil window" can vary significantly for individual coal series, and it may range up to a vitrinite reflectance of 1.15%R₀. Liquid hydrocarbon generation is negligible at a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 1.8%R₀, and at 2.0%R₀ the hydrocarbon generative potential is exhausted. A vitrinite reflectance of 1.8%R₀ corresponds to the end of the "oil window", and for general use a vitrinite reflectance range of 0.85–1.8%R₀ is suggested to define the "oil window" for humic coals and kerogen type III. The end of the "oil window" at 1.8%R₀ is supported by published data, indicating a much higher thermal stability of nC₁₅₊ hydrocarbons than is generally accepted, and therefore limited oil-to-gas cracking at 1.3%R₀. The re-considered "oil window" between 0.85–1.8%R₀ has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.     

17.

中、新生代阿尔金走滑断裂系构造运动的沉积学揭示     

刘兴旺  郑建京  杨鑫  孙国强  苏龙  王亚东 《天然气地球科学》2012,23(1):119-128

将阿尔金走滑大断裂及与其相邻发育的几条展布方向一致、运动方式接近的断裂带统称为阿尔金走滑断裂系。通过对各断裂带组成、延伸规模、活动时期和活动方式,阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代沉积层系的岩相古地理,盆地上部沉积层系地震数据解释和柴西坳陷古近系沉积岩裂变径迹等方面的研究,结合遥感地质学等手段,探讨阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代构造运动学过程。研究认为,印支期阿尔金走滑断裂系总体构造格局处于相对隆起状态,区域上基本未接受三叠纪沉积,表现为剥蚀阶段。受燕山运动影响,在区域微弱拉张作用下,阿尔金走滑断裂系在侏罗纪相对整体沉降并开始接受侏罗纪沉积,形成大阿尔金湖。至燕山运动中晚期,受新特提斯构造域关闭的影响,形成区域范围的构造抬升,大阿尔金湖消亡。燕山运动末期发育区域范围的左旋走滑运动,阿尔金走滑大断裂带形成。喜马拉雅运动开始后,塔东南坳陷和柴达木盆地整体进入相对拗陷期,古近纪地层厚度展布特征揭示出,沉积区的古地理特征表现为阿尔金断隆开始抬升,阿尔金走滑大断裂带构造运动强度逐渐加强,尤其在古近纪晚期以来这一特征十分明显。受此构造事件影响,新生代民丰坳陷主要受阿尔金走滑大断裂和北民丰凸起的控制形成挤压挠曲型走滑拉分盆地,若羌坳陷主要受控于车尔臣河断裂、且末-若羌断裂和阿尔金北缘断裂形成雁列型拉分盆地。     

18.

渤海海域新近纪—第四纪断裂特征及形成机制   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

万桂梅  汤良杰  周心怀  金文正  陈绪云 《石油学报》2010,31(4):591-595

渤海海域是郯庐断裂带所经之地,该区断裂的形成与郯庐断裂的走滑作用密切相关。新近纪及后期郯庐断裂发生右行走滑作用,张家口-蓬莱断裂发生共轭左行走滑,分别控制了莱州湾-渤中-辽东湾地区和渤西地区浅层小断裂的形成,小断裂主要沿着走滑断裂两侧分布,走向有NE、NEE、近EW向和NWW向,以NE和NEE走向为主,断裂错综复杂。这些小断裂平面上大部分表现为反"S"型,剖面上大部分表现为花状构造。其形成机制为可以用持续简单剪切的作用下非共轴递进变形来解释,早期形成的NE向正断层在后期持续简单剪切作用下发生旋转,呈NEE向,并带有一定的左行走滑位移分量,简单剪切持续进行断层还可能发生正反转形成NWW向扭压断层。所以,渤海海域新近纪是在持续简单剪切作用下形成走滑断层体系。     

19.

塔里木盆地富满油田东部走滑断裂发育特征与油气成藏          下载免费PDF全文

宋兴国  陈石  谢舟  康鹏飞  李婷  杨明慧  梁鑫鑫  彭梓俊  史绪凯 《石油与天然气地质》2023,44(2):335-349

富满油田东部走滑断裂是塔里木盆地奥陶系超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探的重点目标。该走滑断裂活动较弱，识别解译难度较大，需要深入研究其发育、演化及控藏特征。基于富满油田最新采集的三维地震数据，选取并精细解译了3条典型主干断裂(F_Ⅰ10,F_Ⅰ12和F_Ⅰ17)，明确了富满油田东部走滑断裂活动特征及主要活动期次。在此基础上，结合油气性质及成藏期次，分析了断裂活动特征与油气成藏的关系，加深了对该区域断裂发育特征与油气分布规律的认识，进一步明确了断裂演化与油气成藏的耦合关系对油气性质的影响。研究表明，富满油田内走滑断裂具有垂向分层差异变形特征，可划分出4个构造变形层，由下往上分别为盐下基底构造层(■之下)、盐构造层(■)、碳酸盐岩构造层(■—TO₃t)和碎屑岩构造层(TO₃t之上)。研究区断裂活动期次整体可划分为加里东早期、加里东中期Ⅲ幕和加里东晚期—海西期3个阶段，其中加里东中期Ⅲ幕是区域内断裂主要活动阶段。结合油气性质差异、油井生产动态、断裂活动特征与油气成藏期的耦合关系认为，断裂活动影响了...     

20.

隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例     

穆星  赵海华 《石油物探》2021,(1):157-166

走滑断层对我国东部陆相盆地油气勘探具有重要意义,以往研究多关注大型走滑断层,忽视了小型或者隐性走滑断层。近年来在济阳坳陷陆续发现了一系列NNE向和NNW向的小型或隐性走滑断层,研究形成了此类断层的识别方法。利用走滑断层近等间距分布、多发生在构造性质转换处以及多条近平行断层收敛处的特点,首先识别出可能存在隐性断层的区域,再采用相干分析等方法进行走滑断层的精细解释,然后采用垂直断层两侧地震剖面处滑动扫描拼接方法、紧邻断层两侧平行地震剖面反射特征对比方法、平面地震属性切片、早期构造的切割、断层两侧伸展量差异估算等方法,定量地计算走滑量,进一步确定隐性走滑断层。将上述方法分别应用于济阳坳陷车镇凹陷车57地区、大王庄次洼PX722井区以及临南洼陷兴隆寺地区,识别出了相应的隐性走滑断层,而后依据不同地区的地质情况,采用不同的方法计算得到误差较小的走滑量,最后结合油气勘探实践,确定了隐性走滑断层,并证实隐性走滑断层对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用。上述隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算方法对类似地区隐性走滑断层的识别具有借鉴意义。     

叠合盆地内部小尺度走滑断裂幕式活动特征及期次判别——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例

叠合盆地内部走滑断裂一般具有多期活动特征,其幕式形成演化过程与叠合盆地形成演化的重要构造变革期匹配。一般情况下,走滑断裂带在不同构造时期的会聚（或拉伸）应力场中,会在同期近地表构造层形成特有的伴生构造样式,最终构成一个完整的垂向构造序列。如果将各构造层特有的走滑伴生构造作为同期走滑断裂活动的地质记录,即可从现今地下地质结构中逐期恢复走滑断裂幕式活动过程,进而判定断裂活动期次。此外,在走滑断裂幕式滑移过程中,常会出现水平滑移方向改变和错断构造-沉积地质体的现象。这2种现象实际上体现了走滑断裂运动学特征的核心内容,即滑移方向和滑移距离,也可作为走滑断裂活动期次判定的重要依据。基于盆地构造-沉积演化背景研究,将塔里木叠合盆地划分为5个构造层,厘定走滑断裂体系的垂向构造序列及主要伴生构造样式。通过对塔里木叠合盆地不同构造层走滑伴生构造的几何学和运动学特征解析,形成了基于地震资料判别断裂活动期次的2类7种适用性技术方法。     

A RE-CONSIDERATION OF THE "OIL WINDOW" FOR HUMIC COAL AND KEROGEN TYPE III SOURCE ROCKS

Based on natural data-sets and several hydrous-pyrolysis experiments on immature humic coals, the conventional "oil window" (0.5–0.6%R₀ to 1.3–1.35%R₀) for humic coals is re-considered. A worldwide coal data-set comprising coals of Carboniferous - Tertiary age and having vitrinite reflectances from 0.32%R₀ to 3.6%R₀ indicates that initial liquid hydrocarbon generation commences at a vitrinite reflectance of 0.5%R₀ to 0.6%R₀, and that a significant liquid hydrocarbon build-up occurs from approximately 0.6%R₀ to 0.85%R₀. The start of the "oil window" corresponds to a vitrinite reflectance of 0.85%R₀; however, the start of the "oil window" can vary significantly for individual coal series, and it may range up to a vitrinite reflectance of 1.15%R₀. Liquid hydrocarbon generation is negligible at a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 1.8%R₀, and at 2.0%R₀ the hydrocarbon generative potential is exhausted. A vitrinite reflectance of 1.8%R₀ corresponds to the end of the "oil window", and for general use a vitrinite reflectance range of 0.85–1.8%R₀ is suggested to define the "oil window" for humic coals and kerogen type III. The end of the "oil window" at 1.8%R₀ is supported by published data, indicating a much higher thermal stability of nC₁₅₊ hydrocarbons than is generally accepted, and therefore limited oil-to-gas cracking at 1.3%R₀. The re-considered "oil window" between 0.85–1.8%R₀ has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.     

中、新生代阿尔金走滑断裂系构造运动的沉积学揭示

将阿尔金走滑大断裂及与其相邻发育的几条展布方向一致、运动方式接近的断裂带统称为阿尔金走滑断裂系。通过对各断裂带组成、延伸规模、活动时期和活动方式,阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代沉积层系的岩相古地理,盆地上部沉积层系地震数据解释和柴西坳陷古近系沉积岩裂变径迹等方面的研究,结合遥感地质学等手段,探讨阿尔金走滑断裂系中、新生代构造运动学过程。研究认为,印支期阿尔金走滑断裂系总体构造格局处于相对隆起状态,区域上基本未接受三叠纪沉积,表现为剥蚀阶段。受燕山运动影响,在区域微弱拉张作用下,阿尔金走滑断裂系在侏罗纪相对整体沉降并开始接受侏罗纪沉积,形成大阿尔金湖。至燕山运动中晚期,受新特提斯构造域关闭的影响,形成区域范围的构造抬升,大阿尔金湖消亡。燕山运动末期发育区域范围的左旋走滑运动,阿尔金走滑大断裂带形成。喜马拉雅运动开始后,塔东南坳陷和柴达木盆地整体进入相对拗陷期,古近纪地层厚度展布特征揭示出,沉积区的古地理特征表现为阿尔金断隆开始抬升,阿尔金走滑大断裂带构造运动强度逐渐加强,尤其在古近纪晚期以来这一特征十分明显。受此构造事件影响,新生代民丰坳陷主要受阿尔金走滑大断裂和北民丰凸起的控制形成挤压挠曲型走滑拉分盆地,若羌坳陷主要受控于车尔臣河断裂、且末-若羌断裂和阿尔金北缘断裂形成雁列型拉分盆地。     

渤海海域新近纪—第四纪断裂特征及形成机制

渤海海域是郯庐断裂带所经之地,该区断裂的形成与郯庐断裂的走滑作用密切相关。新近纪及后期郯庐断裂发生右行走滑作用,张家口-蓬莱断裂发生共轭左行走滑,分别控制了莱州湾-渤中-辽东湾地区和渤西地区浅层小断裂的形成,小断裂主要沿着走滑断裂两侧分布,走向有NE、NEE、近EW向和NWW向,以NE和NEE走向为主,断裂错综复杂。这些小断裂平面上大部分表现为反"S"型,剖面上大部分表现为花状构造。其形成机制为可以用持续简单剪切的作用下非共轴递进变形来解释,早期形成的NE向正断层在后期持续简单剪切作用下发生旋转,呈NEE向,并带有一定的左行走滑位移分量,简单剪切持续进行断层还可能发生正反转形成NWW向扭压断层。所以,渤海海域新近纪是在持续简单剪切作用下形成走滑断层体系。     

塔里木盆地富满油田东部走滑断裂发育特征与油气成藏

富满油田东部走滑断裂是塔里木盆地奥陶系超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探的重点目标。该走滑断裂活动较弱，识别解译难度较大，需要深入研究其发育、演化及控藏特征。基于富满油田最新采集的三维地震数据，选取并精细解译了3条典型主干断裂(F_Ⅰ10,F_Ⅰ12和F_Ⅰ17)，明确了富满油田东部走滑断裂活动特征及主要活动期次。在此基础上，结合油气性质及成藏期次，分析了断裂活动特征与油气成藏的关系，加深了对该区域断裂发育特征与油气分布规律的认识，进一步明确了断裂演化与油气成藏的耦合关系对油气性质的影响。研究表明，富满油田内走滑断裂具有垂向分层差异变形特征，可划分出4个构造变形层，由下往上分别为盐下基底构造层(■之下)、盐构造层(■)、碳酸盐岩构造层(■—TO₃t)和碎屑岩构造层(TO₃t之上)。研究区断裂活动期次整体可划分为加里东早期、加里东中期Ⅲ幕和加里东晚期—海西期3个阶段，其中加里东中期Ⅲ幕是区域内断裂主要活动阶段。结合油气性质差异、油井生产动态、断裂活动特征与油气成藏期的耦合关系认为，断裂活动影响了...     

隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例

走滑断层对我国东部陆相盆地油气勘探具有重要意义,以往研究多关注大型走滑断层,忽视了小型或者隐性走滑断层。近年来在济阳坳陷陆续发现了一系列NNE向和NNW向的小型或隐性走滑断层,研究形成了此类断层的识别方法。利用走滑断层近等间距分布、多发生在构造性质转换处以及多条近平行断层收敛处的特点,首先识别出可能存在隐性断层的区域,再采用相干分析等方法进行走滑断层的精细解释,然后采用垂直断层两侧地震剖面处滑动扫描拼接方法、紧邻断层两侧平行地震剖面反射特征对比方法、平面地震属性切片、早期构造的切割、断层两侧伸展量差异估算等方法,定量地计算走滑量,进一步确定隐性走滑断层。将上述方法分别应用于济阳坳陷车镇凹陷车57地区、大王庄次洼PX722井区以及临南洼陷兴隆寺地区,识别出了相应的隐性走滑断层,而后依据不同地区的地质情况,采用不同的方法计算得到误差较小的走滑量,最后结合油气勘探实践,确定了隐性走滑断层,并证实隐性走滑断层对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用。上述隐性走滑断层的识别方法及其走滑量的计算方法对类似地区隐性走滑断层的识别具有借鉴意义。