含植物河道曼宁阻力系数的研究

含植物河道的水流阻力不仅仅来源于边壁,传统的曼宁公式不能够直接用来计算这种河道的糙率。本文基于水流阻力等效原则,首次提出了一系列等效水力参数的概念,建立了等效综合曼宁糙率系数和等效植物附加曼宁系数的计算公式,并给出了能否使用水深代替水力半径的判别参数。使用刚性圆柱棒进行水槽试验,对植物在非淹没和淹没条件下的曼宁系数进行了计算和比较。试验结果验证了理论分析提出的关于判别参数的结论,并且表明使用水深计算的糙率在植物非淹没条件下可以用来表示植物引起的附加阻力。本文提出的等效综合曼宁糙率系数计算公式包含了植物的物理特性,因此具有普遍的应用价值,可以用来进行实际工程中糙率的计算。     

PARAMETRIC STUDY ON THE THRUST OF BUBBLY WATER RAMJET WITH A CONVERGING-DIVERGING NOZZLE

To predict the thrust of bubbly water ramjet with a converging-diverging nozzle, the physical processes occurring in the diffuser, mixing chamber and nozzle were analyzed. The mathematical models were constructed separately under the restrictions of certain assumptions. The bubbly nozzle flow was examined using a two-fluid model and accomplished by specifying the water velocity distribution in the nozzle. The numerical analysis of flow field in the nozzle shows that the Mach number at the throat is 1.009, near unity, and supersonic bubble flow appears behind the throat. There is greater thrust produced by bubbly water ramjet, compared with single-phase air ramjets. Subsequently, the influences of vessel velocity, air mass flow rate, inlet area A_m, area ratio (i.e., mixing chamber to inlet area A_m/A_i), and initial bubble radius on the thrust were emphatically investigated. Results indicate that the thrust increases with the increase of air mass flow rate, inlet area and the area ratio, and the decrease of initial bubble radius. However, the thrust weakly depends on the vessel velocity. These analytical and numerical results are useful for further investigation of bubbly water ramjet engine.     

桩墩影响下的水动力数值模拟

建立平面二维数值水槽模型,将桩墩作为不透水边界处理,利用三角形加密网格精确模拟桩墩形状,计算分析缓流河道中单排桩墩影响下水位和流速的变化,并探讨了方墩与圆墩对水流变化的影响差异以及糙率与紊动黏性系数对壅水数值的敏感性。研究结果表明:①桩墩引起的水流变化沿纵、横向呈现出不同的分布形式,沿横向呈波状分布。墩身上游主要表现为水位壅高,流速减小;墩身下游则表现为水位跌落,流速在墩间区域增加,而在墩后区域减小。②方墩对水流变化的影响比圆墩大;上游壅水随糙率变化较小,但对紊动黏性系数的变化较为敏感。     

Dam-Break flood forecasting in Piemonte region,northwest Italy

Six major reservoirs in Piemonte region, northwest Italy, have been examined in order to assess the possible flood damages to the downstream area. In this paper, some results of the hydraulic study are presented. The floods are simulated by computer models with the input data which describe the imagined dam-break events as well as other facts. Some important practical aspects of the work are extensively discussed, i.e. the problems concerning determination of the dam-breaches, the influence of the breach parameters, and estimation of the hydraulic resistance factors.Notation A = cross sectional area of water flow - C = Chezy roughness coefficient - C = discharge coefficient - g = acceleration due to gravity - H = height of dam-breach - H = height of dam - h = water surface level above the datum plane - L = width of dam - Q = flow discharge - Q_e, Q_u = inflow and outflow discharges respectively - q = lateral inflow discharge - R_* = hydraulic radius - T = formation time of dam-breach - t = time - V = volume of reservoir storage - W = width of dam-breach - X = downstream distance from a dam along the river - = velocity distribution factor     

阵性泥石流的平均流速与加速效应

本文讨论了泥石流的定义和分类 ,分析了不同形式泥石流运动方程的结构特点 ,认为泥石流平均流速公式与曼宁公式结构相似。考虑了粗颗粒平均粒径、泥石流龙头泥位、体积比浓度、不稳定层厚度、泥面相对比降等因素对平均流速的影响 ,并用蒋家沟实测资料和实验室资料进行了验证。最后通过初步实验说明两阵泥石流迭加过程中出现超载孔隙水压力 ,孔隙水压力突然增加 ,且不能及时消散 ,减小了泥石流龙头的阻力 ,出现泥浆飞溅的加速运动。从而可以解释在缓坡 ( 5°～ 1 0°)上泥石流流速能够达到每秒十几米的成因。     

Hydraulic Resistance Determination in Marsh Wetlands

Restoration of degraded and creation of constructed wetlands require proper hydraulic design. Of particular importance is the accurate determination of flow resistancefactors and the proper use of resistance equations, somethingessential for computing basic hydraulic parameters, such as depth and velocity, and for modeling the hydrodynamics of the system. In this study, selected previous theoretical, laboratoryand field studies on wetlands and vegetated-channel hydraulics are reviewed, and existing data from these studies are extractedand compiled in a common database. Resistance determining parameters are discussed, and results are summarized and presented, aiming at obtaining laws governing the flow, and deriving values for frictional factors under various flow scenarios. Graphs of Darcy-Weisbach f or Manning's n versus appropriate hydraulic parameters are presented.A modified n-VR graph is also presented, appropriate for marsh preliminary hydraulic analyses and design. These graphs also indicate missing information and can guide in future research.     

The artificial recharge of groundwater: A solution by successive variations of steady states

The artificial recharge of groundwater aims at the modification of water quality, an increase of groundwater resources, and the optimization of the exploitation and recovery of contaminated aquifers. The purpose of this work is to develop a new mathematical model for the problem of an artificial recharge well, using the method of successive variations of steady states. Applying this method, one arrives at an expression of time as a double integral. This integral contains the time-dependent radius of the recharge boundary and the piezometric head of the well, calculated with the finite-element method. The new model is simple and useful, and can be applied to many practical problems, using the designed dimensionless graphs.Notations A area of the finite element (m²) - c the Euler constant (0.5772156649...) - e index of the finite element - E _i the exponential integral function - F _j nodal values of the functionF - h piezometric head, (m) - h ₀ piezometric head at timet=0 (m) - h _w piezometric head on the well contour (m) - i, j, k nodal indices of the finite element - K hydraulic contactivity (ms^–1) - N _i interpolation function - Q discharge (m³ s^–1) - r cylindrical coordinate (m) - r ₀ the action radius of the well (m) - r _w the radius of the well (m) - S the effective porosity - t the time (s) - T the transmissivity of the aquifer (m²s^–1) - V the stored water volume (m³) - x, y, dummy variables     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERLAND FLOW WITH GEOCELL

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with a geocell slope are different from those of traditional flows because of its special structure. In this paper,a hydraulic flume with different slope gradients is used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with geocell. The differences of flow characteristics between the overland flow with the geocell slope and the traditional flows are studied, and the hydrodynamic characteristics are obtained, including the flow pattern, the flow velocity and the hydraulic friction factor for the slope flow with geocell under different flow rates and slope gradients. The results show that there is a positive power function relationship between the rill depth of the slope surface (h) and the drag coefficient of the Darcy Weisbach (f).There is a positive logarithmic function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Reynolds number Red,and there is a negative power function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Froude number Fr.     

Water table fluctuation due to transient recharge in a 2-D aquifer system with inclined base

Recharging of aquifers due to irrigation, seepage from canal beds and other sources leads to the growth of water table near to the ground surface causing problems like water logging and increase of salinity in top soils in many regions of the world. This problem can be alleviated if proper knowledge of the spatio — temporal variation of the water table is available. In this paper an analytical solution for the water table fluctuation is presented for a 2-D aquifer system having inclined impervious base with a small slope in one — direction and receiving time varying vertical recharge. Application of the solution in estimation of water table fluctuation is demonstrated with the help of an example problem.Notations A length of the aquifer [L] - B width of the aquifer [L] - D mean depth of saturation [L] - e specific yields - h variable water table height [L] - K hydraulic conductivity [LT ^–1] - P(t) transient recharge rate [LT ^–1] - P ₁+P _o initial rate of transient recharge [LT ^–1] - P ₁ final rate of transient recharge [LT ^–1] - q slope of the aquifer base in percentage - r decay constant [T ^–1] - t time of observation [T] - x, y coordinate axes - x ₂–x ₁ length of the recharge basin [L] - y ₂–y ₁ width of the recharge basin [L]     

A hydrogeomorphic dynamics approach to assess in‐stream ecological functionality using the functional flows model,part 1—model characteristics

The functional flows model integrates hydrogeomorphic processes and ecological functions for stream physical habitat evaluations. Functional flows are discharge values that serve ecological uses. Assessments of functional flows are based on evaluation of shear stress dynamics. The analysis is based on the occurrence of sediment transport regimes defined by threshold values of Shields stress estimated from discharge (Q), a parameter (f) governing depth response to incremental discharge changes, water surface slope (S) and media grain size (D₅₀). As an example, the model was tuned for fall‐run Chinook salmon spawning. Ecological functions studied were bed occupation (spawning, incubation and emergence) and bed preparation (river bed reworking periods)—both reliant on shear stress dynamics. A numerical experiment and sensitivity analysis using a wide range of realistic values of input variables indicated the effect of each variable on flow functionality. Combinations of S = 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01, D₅₀ = 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 m, f = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and four sediment transport stages produced 144 scenarios. Ranges of functional flows were greater for scenarios for low f (0.2) with low slope (0.001,0.05), for high f (0.5) with small grain size (0.02 m) and for intermediate low f (0.3) with coarse grain size (0.1 m). The functional flows model incorporates in‐stream habitat processes by including metrics of hydrologic, hydraulic, geomorphic and ecologic dynamics. Model uncertainties related to input data, calculation algorithms, and model structure are analysed. Functional flows analysis can be useful in studying water management alternatives to improve habitat conditions for target species and lifestages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

梯形透水潜坝附近水面线及透水率

为研究结构物的透水特性和水动力特性,利用PIV流场测量系统专用水槽物理模型试验与Flow3D数值模拟相结合的方法研究均匀开孔的梯形透水潜坝附近水面线及坝体透水率的变化规律。结果表明:潜坝附近壅水及水跌高度随透空率的增大而减小,不同透空率潜坝坝后水面均出现"逆坡现象"。相同断面平均流速条件下,水深越大,相对壅水高度越小;当水深大于2倍坝高时,坝体壅水效果逐渐消失。相同坝前远端水深条件下,随着断面平均流速增大,坝后水跌高度增大。最后利用数模计算结果经回归拟合得到透水率的综合计算公式,经验证该经验公式计算结果和实测值最大偏差不超过5%,具有一定的可靠性。     

三维水流的紊动结构特征

矩形断面中流动的水流，在边壁附近其特征表现为三维性。依据试验资料，论证了笔者提出的水力半径分割原则，在角区附近存在一条雷诺应力为零的曲线，二次流不穿越该线，两个方向相反的二次流分别存在于分割线上、下。在此基础上，从流速分布角度论证了水力半径分割曲线的存在；通过整理试验资料发现，同一根垂线上，当高度越过分割线时，其流速分布曲线偏离对数规律，需用另一区域的对数规律描述。并提出了断面流速的计算方法。     

Analytical solutions of unsteady drainage problems for soils subjected to variable recharge from a semi-confined aquifer

In drainage of agricultural lands, the upward vertical recharge from a semi-confined aquifer depends on the difference of the piezometric heads on the two sides of the semi-impermeable layer through which this recharge takes place. This means that the recharge through the semi-impermeable base depends on the unknown height of the unsteady water table. In the nonhomogeneous Boussinesq equation, which describes the drainage problems, the downward uniform rate of the recharge from rain or irrigation and the recharge from the semiconfined aquifer are expressed by two terms. By solving the Boussinesq equation expressions for the nondimensional height of the water table and the nondimensional discharge of the drains per unit drained area are obtained for three different initial conditions. Some known solutions are shown as special cases of the present solutions. Variation of nondimensional water table heights at half distance of the drain spacing and the nondimensional discharge of the drains with nondimensional time have been graphically illustrated with the help of synthetic examples.Notation B _s thickness of the semi-impervious layer [L] - c hydraulic resistance of the semi-impervious layer [T] - D depth of the drains from the base [L] - d _e equivalent depth [L] - h=h(x, t) height of the water table [L] - h ₀ initial height of the water table [L] - h _t water table height at mid-distance of drains att [L] - h _j ,h _k water table height at mid-distance of drains at timej andfk, respectively [L] - H ₀ piezometric head in the semi-confined aquifer [L] - K hydraulic conductivity of the soil [LT^–1] - K _s hydraulic conductivity of the semi-impervious layer [LT^–1] - k ₀,k ₁,k ₂ nondimensional constants - L distance between the drains [L] - q ₀ upward recharge per unit surface area through the semi-impervious layer [LT^–1] - q _t discharge per unit drainable area of drains at timet [LT^–1] - R,R ₀ recharge per unit surface area from rain or irrigation during the unsteady and steady-state, respectively, [LT^–1] - S specific yield of the soil - t time of observation [T] - x distance measured from the drain [L] - leakage factor [L] - nondimensional distance - nondimensional time     

Hydraulic model with roughness coefficient updating method based on Kalman filter for channel flood forecast

A real-time channel flood forecast model was developed to simulate channel flow in plain rivers based on the dynamic wave theory.Taking into consideration channel shape differences along the channel,a roughness updating technique was developed using the Kalman filter method to update Manning's roughness coefficient at each time step of the calculation processes.Channel shapes were simplified as rectangles,triangles,and parabolas,and the relationships between hydraulic radius and water depth were developed f...     

On the prediction of groundwater mound formation due to transient recharge from a rectangular area

Recharge to the aquifer leads to the growth of a groundwater mound. Therefore, for the proper management of an aquifer system, an accurate prediction of the spatio-temporal variation of the water table is very essential. In this paper, a problem of groundwater mound formation in response to a transient recharge from a rectangular area is investigated. An approximate analytical solution has been developed to predict the transient evolution of the water table. Application of the solution and its sensitivity to the variation of the recharge rate have been illustrated with the help of a numerical example.Notations a = Kh/e [L²/T] - A = aquifer's extent in the x-direction [L] - B = aquifer's extent in the y-direction [L] - e = effective porosity - h = variable water table height [L] - h ₀= initial water table height [L] - h = weighted mean of the depth of saturation [L] - K = hydraulic conductivity [L] - m, n = integers - P = constant rate of recharge [L/T] - P ₁+P₀= initial rate of transient recharge [L/T] - P ₁= final rate of transient recharge [L/T] - s = h ²–h ₀ ² [L²] - t = time of observation [T] - x,y = space coordinates - x ₂–x₁= length of recharge area in x-direction [L] - y ₂–y₁= width of recharge area in y-direction [L] - z = decay constant [T^-1]     

大理岩裂隙渗流特性及充填砂土影响

利用自行研制的岩石裂隙渗流系统,对9个不同裂隙面形貌的大理岩试样分别进行充填和未充填裂隙渗流试验,研究了不同法向应力条件下,加卸载过程、水头差大小、裂隙面形态、充填砂土粒径及厚度等因素对裂隙渗流的影响。试验结果表明:裂隙未充填时,在法向加载阶段,渗流量随水头差的增大呈线性递增,渗流量随法向应力的增大呈负指数减小,并得到了包含裂隙面三维形貌参数坡度均方根S_q的渗流量和法向应力关系式;单位水头流量与力学隙宽呈指数关系,指数平均值为3.01,基本符合立方关系。因此,通过增加修正参数得到了修正的立方定律,其中修正参数与裂隙面的三维形貌参数S_q呈指数关系。在法向卸载阶段,渗流量随法向应力的降低基本不变,相较于加载阶段,卸载阶段法向应力对渗流量的影响明显降低;相较于未充填裂隙,充填裂隙闭合量、裂隙面形态、法向应力在加载和卸载阶段对渗流量的影响均较小,充填砂土的粒径或厚度越大,相同法向应力下裂隙渗流量越大。     

Enhanced Channel Division Method for Estimation of Discharge in Meandering Compound Channel

Accurate prediction of shear force distribution along the boundary in open channels is a key to the solution of numerous hydraulic problems. The problem becomes more complicated for meandering compound channels. A model is developed for predicting the percentage of shear force at the floodplain (%S_fp) of two-stage meandering channels using gene-expression programming (GEP) by considering five dimensionless parameters viz. the width ratio, relative depth, sinuosity, bed slope, and meander belt width ratio as the inputs in the model. Basing on the %S_fp, the apparent shear force along the division lines of separation in compound channels is selected for discharge calculation using the conventional channel division methods. An Enhanced Channel Division Method (ECDM) is introduced to calculate discharge by assuming interface line at main channel and floodplain junction. A modified variable-inclined (MVI) interface is suggested having zero apparent shear determined from flow contribution in the main channel and floodplain. The MVI interface is further used to calculate discharge in the meandering compound channels. Performance of the GEP model is tested against other analytical methods of calculating %S_fp. Error between the observed and calculated discharges using the MVI interface is found to be the minimum when compared to other interface methods. The enhance channel division method is successfully applied for validating the two available overbank discharge values for the river Baitarani at Anandapur (drainage area of 8570 sq. km), giving the minimum errors of 0.31% and 1.02% for flow depths of 7.5 m and 8.63 m, respectively.

     

用平均水深代替水力半径的流量计算误差的探讨

本文通过对用曼宁公式推求流量时,用断面平均水深代替水力半径,给计算的流量成果带来的误差。对不同形状断面的流量计算的误差进行了分析,根据《水文资料整编规范》对水位流量关系水力因素法定线指标,系统误差不超过2%的规定,给出了矩形、等腰三角形、"u"形等不同断面形状可采用断面平均水深代替水力半径进行流量计算的最小宽深比。对用曼宁公式推求流量起到了进一步的指导作用。     

A variable sorptivity infiltration equation

Horizontal and vertical one-dimensional infiltration are compared when they both occur in a homogeneous isotropic porous body initially at a uniform low water content _n under constant concentration (₀) or constant pressure head (H ₀) conditions. From a consideration of the physics governing infiltration under such conditions, the conclusion is reached that the magnitude of the pressure head gradient atx=0, wherex=0 denotes the infiltration surface in the horizontal case, must be larger than the magnitude of the pressure head gradient atz=0, wherez=0 denotes the infiltration surface in the vertical case, for all finitet>0, so that for the hydraulic head gradient atz=0 to be greater than (1/2K ₀)S _x t ^–1/2 but smaller than [(1/2K ₀)S _x t ^–1/2+1],K ₀ being the hydraulic conductivity at ₀ andS _x the sorptivity during horizontal infiltration. On these grounds, it is further argued that if the sorptivityS _z is introduced for the case of vertical infiltration, then it must be equal toS _x fort=0 only and that it must decrease with time. Results obtained by solving soil-water flow equations for the infiltration conditions defined above, and from experiment, support the above conclusions. An equation for the relationship between cumulative infiltration and time during vertical infiltration is developed after assuming thatS _z decreases with time in an exponential manner. Cumulative infiltration versus time relationships given by this equation are compared with those obtained from the numerical solution of the soil-water flow equation and from experiment.     

草被覆盖下坡面-沟坡系统坡面流阻力变化特征试验研究

本项研究旨在通过室内放水冲刷试验,揭示坡面—沟坡系统坡面不同草被覆盖面积比、不同空间配置、不同放水流量下坡面阻力的变化过程及特征。试验共涉及坡面—沟坡系统坡面5种草被覆盖面积比、3种空间配置和2种放水冲刷流量。结果表明：坡面—沟坡系统坡面流各段面平均曼宁糙率系数和平均阻力系数与放水流量关系密切,随流量的增大在有草被覆盖断面两系数呈减小趋势,在无草被覆盖断面呈增大趋势。有草覆盖面积大小对阻力影响较大,随面积比的增加阻力系数增大;坡面流阻力在整个坡面—沟坡系统中沿流程增加而下降。在有草覆盖条件下各断面径流平均曼宁糙率系数和平均阻力系数均呈增加趋势,无草坡面则变化不大。因此可得出结论认为草被覆盖和坡度对坡面流阻力大小起着决定性的影响。