“绿龙晶”的宝石矿物学研究

"绿龙晶"(俗称)为一种产自俄罗斯的绿泥石玉,目前普遍认为其矿物组成为斜绿泥石。本次研究用"绿龙晶"样品具有独特的深绿色至灰绿色,呈鳞片状至叶片状结构,密度为2.61~2.62 g/cm3,折射率约为1.57,摩氏硬度约为2.5,其主要矿物组成为绿泥石的亚种叶绿泥石。通过在显微镜下薄片观察发现,叶绿泥石具有靛蓝色、锈褐色和紫色异常干涉色,近平行消光。电子探针结果表明,该"绿龙晶"样品的主要化学成分为SiO2和MgO,其次为Al2O3和FeOT;计算其晶体化学式并根据Fe2+/R2+和Si的原子数量进行投影,恰好落于叶绿泥石的区域范围。在其X射线衍射图谱中出现了叶绿泥石的14.532 0,7.215 6,4.789 7,3.597 2处的特征衍射峰;其红外光谱中,高频区3 637,3 465 cm-1处的吸收谱带、中频区1 000 cm-1左右分裂的1 048,1 001,967 cm-1吸收峰和低频区444 cm-1处的强吸收谱带显示了叶绿泥石的红外光谱特征。     

水患!纯水不纯、净水不净

<正> 近期,接连看到各地技术监督局发布的关于纯净水质量的监察报告,不禁震惊,感觉“水患”正在逼近。这里说的水患不是浊浪滔天的洪水,动辄伤人性命,而是装在塑料瓶或桶里,温顺且美名曰“纯净”的水。 水是人类赖以生存的必需生理物质,喝什么样的水关系到人的健康乃至生命安全。过去人们都喝烧开的自来水,随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对于健康愈加重视,喝水也就愈来愈讲究,于是矿泉水、纯净水开始进入人们的生活,并在很短的时间内蔚然成风。据全国商业信息中心监测资料显示:今年6月份,全国瓶装饮用水的销售额为2,312.8万元。据国际调查机     

"DELICIOUS PILAFA" APPLE DENSITY CHANGES AS A QUALITY INDEX OF MASS LOSS DEGRADATION DURING STORAGE

ABSTRACT

Since many years, the mass density of many agricultural products has been used as a quality‐sorting criterion, and automatic machines have been developed for that purpose. According to the literature, apple flesh density seems to be related to flesh stiffness, but this behavior is not common among all cultivars. However, there is a lack of information on the evolution of apple density during storage. This study aims to investigate changes of “Delicious Pilafa” apple density during storage. Fruits have been preserved at 0, 10 and 16C. Experiments have been repeated for three successive storage periods. Linear equations between density and mass loss have been developed for two ranges of storage temperatures, 0–10C and 10–16C. Moreover, an efficient multifactor linear equation that relates density to storage time and mass loss has also been calculated. “Delicious Pilafa” apples are characterized by a high mass loss rate during storage. Thus, the relationships developed in this study could be useful for quality assessment of stored fruits according to their mass loss.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Mass loss of “Delicious pilafa” apple during storage can be estimated via fruit density and storage time using the developed equations that refers to a variety of storage conditions. Fruit density can be easily measured as well as storage time can be accurately estimated at a certain moment of storage. Such mass loss correlation is important for “Delicious pilafa” apples, characterized from high mass loss rates during storage and thus this prediction procedure could be very useful as an objective quality criterion during storage. Equations that relate mass loss and storage time with fruit density could be also useful for the estimation of fruit's volume. This is particularly important for respiration rate measurements, where fruits volume is required. Using such relations the estimation of volume is feasible only with weighting and without immersing fruits in water that could affect respiration activity and favor spoilage development.

     

原产地究竟保护什么(一)

<正> 近一段时期,原产地域保护被炒作得沸沸扬扬,诸如某种产品被批准为原产地域保护产品;某种产品被允许使用原产地标志;原产地域保护应该大力推广;各地企业产品为争夺原产地域保护又如何如何……然而,“保护”进行得如火如荼,问题可也不少。 两套认证——原产地有点乱 按照我国颁布的原产地域产品保护规则,原产地域产品是指利用产自特定地域的原材料,按照传统工艺,在特定地域内所生产的,并且具质量、特色或声誉特征的产品;在本质上则取决于其原产地域地理特征,并依照本规定经审     

QUALITY CHANGES OF "SHIRO" YELLOW PLUMS IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE

The overall objective of this study was to assess the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the quality of yellow "Shiro" plums. During 2 years of study, plums were harvested from commercial orchards and exposed to 1 µL/L of 1-MCP for 24 h at 0C. Following treatment, the fruit were held at 0C for 0, 2 or 4 weeks and then evaluated for quality during a 2-week ripening period at 22C. In general, plums treated with 1-MCP were firmer, had higher soluble solids concentration (SSC) and retained more green color than non-treated fruits. The effect of 1-MCP on firmness was greater in plums from earlier harvests and in those stored for 4 weeks at 0C. 1-MCP treatment also reduced CO₂ production, ethylene and hydrophobic total volatiles in "Shiro" plums but these effects were reduced or lost with longer storage time.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of 1-MCP could be beneficial for extending the marketing window of "Shiro" plums, since firmness retention is improved and the color change from green to yellow is delayed. The limited effect of 1-MCP on CO₂ and ethylene production may be advantageous in that these are delayed and not completely inhibited. In climacteric fruits such as plum, the limited period of 1-MCP effectiveness could be a benefit when successful 1-MCP application requires a delay, rather than irretrievable inhibition of the ripening processes, which reduces marketability.     

雪峰蜜橘果皮色素的稳定性研究

利用CO2超临界萃取技术提取雪峰蜜橘果皮色素,用紫外可见分光光度法测定色素在不同条件下最大吸收波长处的吸光度研究色素的稳定性。结果表明,光照、时间、温度、金属离子、氧化剂对雪峰蜜橘果皮色素的稳定性有不同程度的影响,其中长时间的光照对色素稳定性影响明显,氧化剂双氧水的存在对橘皮色素的稳定性有一定影响,但0.5%、1%、2%、3%四个浓度的H2O2对同一样品色素的稳定性影响不大,该类色素有一定的抗氧化作用。同时研究发现,不同萃取条件下得到的果皮色素对光照、时间、温度、金属离子、氧化剂的稳定性不同,说明不同萃取条件下得到的果皮色素组分、含量有差异。     

The US Public Health Service "treating tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guidelines" as a legal standard of care

Background

The important factors in evaluating the role of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in medical malpractice litigation have been discussed for several years, but have focused on broad policy implications rather than on a concrete example of how an actual guideline might be evaluated. There are four items that need to be considered in negligence torts: legal duty, a breach of that duty, causal relationship between breach and injury, and damages.

Objective

To identify the arguments related to legal duty.

Results

The Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence (revised 2000) CPG, sponsored by the US Public Health Service, recommends effective and inexpensive treatments for nicotine addiction, the largest preventable cause of death in the US, and can be used as an example to focus on important considerations about the appropriateness of CPGs in the judicial system. Furthermore, the failure of many doctors and hospitals to deal with tobacco use and dependence raises the question of whether this failure could be considered malpractice, given the Public Health Service guideline''s straightforward recommendations, their efficacy in preventing serious disease and cost‐effectiveness.

Conclusion

Although each case of medical malpractice depends on a multitude of factors unique to individual cases, a court could have sufficient basis to find that the failure to adequately treat the main cause of preventable disease and death in the US qualifies as a violation of the legal duty that doctors and hospitals owe to patients habituated to tobacco use and dependence.The use of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs)—sets of suggestions reflecting informed opinion on how to treat illnesses or conditions generally derived from scientific studies comparing the effectiveness of various clinical approaches^1,2—as evidence to support expert testimony in medical malpractice litigation or as legal standards of care approved by the court has been discussed for several years.^{3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11} These discussions have focused on broad policy implications, such as simplifying medical malpractice trials, eliminating expert witness bias or reducing doctors'' practice of defensive medicine, rather than giving concrete examples of how actual guidelines might be evaluated by courts.Despite the strong evidence that a doctor''s intervention is an effective form of smoking cessation treatment,^12,13,14 in 2003, only 63.6% of US smokers who had a routine check‐up that year were advised by a doctor to quit smoking.¹⁵ Furthermore, although treatment of nicotine addiction is often considered to be “prevention”, there is growing evidence that it should be considered to be “treatment”, as smoking cessation as a treatment is as effective or more effective than other treatments recommended for heart failure.^{16,17,18,19,20} This failure of many doctors and hospitals to deal with tobacco use and dependence despite the availability of effective treatment raises the question of whether this failure could be considered malpractice. An important element of answering this question requires an analysis of a clinician''s duty to adequately treat a patient who smokes.     

"象""意"对汉字装饰的影响

汉字装饰中的意象是从物象中经过人为抽象、体悟而提炼出来具有感性形象的符号或概念。这种符号或概念具有特定意义:"意"是"象"所蕴涵的意义,"象"是"意"藉以外现的符号概念。以"物象"和"意象"作为主题,从汉字装饰应物象形、取象表意和汉字"象"的图式意味论述"象""意"对汉字装饰的影响,用"象"思维研究汉字装饰。     

"Withdrawal symptoms" in adolescents: a comparison of former smokers and never-smokers.

Since the early 1980s, investigators have been reporting that adolescent smokers felt "dependent" on cigarettes and that adolescents trying to quit smoking experienced the same withdrawal symptoms observed in adult quitters, including restlessness, insomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, irritability or anger, depression, craving for cigarettes, and trouble concentrating. We hypothesized that most of these symptoms might be attributed to adolescence itself. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the prevalence of these seven "adult" withdrawal symptoms in a population of adolescent former smokers and never-smokers. Participants were high school students in Houston, Texas, participating in a nested, group-randomized control group study designed to estimate the impact of a CD-ROM intervention for smoking prevention and cessation. We measured differences in symptoms frequency between never-smokers and former smokers, matched in a 2:1 ratio on sex and race/ethnicity, and differences in symptoms among former smokers as a function of time since final quit attempt and prior level of smoking. Only former heavy smokers have shown significantly higher prevalence of withdrawal symptoms compared with never-smokers. Of the seven symptoms assessed, only craving incrementally increased with the intensity of smoking. Overall the individual withdrawal symptoms did not effectively differentiate between 112 never-smokers and 34 former lighter smokers (persons who used to smoke less than "a few cigarettes on most days"). Withdrawal symptoms can reliably differentiate former heavy smokers from light smokers and never-smokers, among adolescents. Because most adolescents tend to be lighter smokers, future tobacco use and cessation studies should interpret adult withdrawal symptoms among adolescents with caution.     

不同气调贮藏条件对早酥梨采后生理品质的影响

针对早酥梨易黄化软化、腐败变质的现象,本文研究了在相同的贮藏温度(0±1) ℃、相对湿度90%~95%下,设置1%~8%O₂+1%~9% CO₂的不同气体组分,进行气调实验。实验采取不同气体组分环境下对早酥梨在240 d贮藏期间的呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率、硬度、色差、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量的影响,从而优选出早酥梨贮藏的适宜的气调组分。结果表明:9种气调贮藏条件均对早酥梨贮藏期间的生理指标有影响;处理2在早酥梨贮藏过程中保持固形物含量、降低乙烯释放速率具有显著性效果(p<0.05);处理3可显著性(p<0.05)降低早酥梨呼吸作用、乙烯释放速率,保持其L*值、可溶性固形物含量、好果率;处理6在降低早酥梨呼吸作用、保持其硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、好果率方面具有显著性优势(p<0.05)。综合分析,处理2(3%~4% O₂+1%~2% CO₂)、处理3(5%~6% O₂+1%~2% CO₂)、处理6(5%~6% O₂+3%~4% CO₂)均可使早酥梨在贮藏期间保持较好的生理和外观品质,且处理3、6效果更好。     

舒美绒圆网印花工艺探讨

舒美绒系棉涤交织的经编绒类织物。本文通过各种试验论证了舒美绒在圆网印花机上印花的可行性,并对其工艺及条件,如色浆稠度、染料和网目的选择、烘干、蒸化、后处理等条件进行小样和大样试验探索,总结了批量生产中的一些工艺要点。     

Microbiological and sensory changes in "Morcilla de Burgos" preserved in air, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging

"Morcilla de Burgos" is the most popular blood sausage in Spain. Traditionally, this product is distributed and sold without packaging in the local market. To extend its shelf-life and expand the market, different packaging methods have been employed and compared: "morcilla" stored in air (without packaging), in vacuum and in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) using three different CO(2) concentrations 30%, 50% and 80% and balanced with N(2). Total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophs, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pseudomonads, enterobacteria, moulds and yeasts, enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and sulfite reducing clostridia were analysed during storage at 4°C. Sulfite-reducing clostridia, pathogenic staphylococci, and enterococci were not detected in any sample. In air-stored "morcilla" a significant increase in all microbial groups was observed during storage. Pseudomonads were the predominant microorganisms reaching a population higher than 8 log cfu/g after 27 days of storage. On the other hand, a decrease in pH was noticed in MAP and in vacuum packaged "morcilla" (pH 4.73) during storage. At the same time, LAB becomes the predominant species in all these packaged samples. The rest of the microbiota did not grow during storage. In "morcilla" packed with 50% and 80% of CO(2), counts of pseudomonads and enterobacteria were lower than found in the vacuum packs. Sensory analysis showed that shelf-life of "morcilla" stored in air did not exceed 17 days, while samples packed under vacuum and with 30% CO(2) were acceptable until 22 days of storage. "Morcillas" packaged with 50% and 80% CO(2) were sensorially acceptable for 32 days.     

A CASE OF "BLOWN PACK" MEAT LINKED TO CLOSTRIDIUM ESTERTHETICUM IN IRELAND

The objective of this study was to determine whether Clostridium estertheticum can be linked to the "blown pack" of vacuum-packed beef and lamb. Vacuum-packed chilled beef and lamb samples that had been spoiled by gross gas distension were obtained from two Irish meat processing plants. A sample of purged liquid from each sample was removed from the each meat pack and divided into 3 replicate samples. Both polymerase chain reaction amplification and conventional culturing methods was used to detect C. estertheticum in each purge sample. DNA sequencing was used to confirm its detection. C. estertheticum DNA was detected in beef but not detected in lamb. C. estertheticum was not isolated from the beef or lamb purge samples. This study represents the first confirmed link between C. estertheticum and the blown pack vacuum-packed beef in Ireland.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Blown pack spoilage of vacuum packed meat is a significant problem in the meat industry and has the potential to cause considerable economic loss to meat processors. This study found, the first evidence of Clostridium estertheticum in vacuum packed meat in Ireland. This research will contribute to a better understanding of blown pack spoilage of vacuum packed meat caused by C. estertheticum .     

DEVELOPMENT OF "FISH MINCE PAKORA" FROM A CULTURED CARP SPECIES, LABEO ROHITA (HAM.)

A convenience ready-to-cook product Fish Mince Pakora (FMP) has been developed at the Fisheries Research Complex of the Punjab Agricultural University from the deboned meat of Labeo rohita (Ham.). The sensory evaluation of the product (on a 9-point hedonic scale) scored between 7.7 and 8.5 for different sensory attributes. The overall acceptability score was 8.0. The cooking yield of FMP was 98.43% with fat retention capacity of 359.51%. The crude protein content of the fried FMP was 22.79%, total lipids 3.36%, total soluble sugars 2.60% and gross energy 188.31 kcal/g.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Processing of carps such as Labeo rohita into value-added ready-to cook/ready-to-eat products such as fish mince pakora (FMP) has a great potential in the present scenario of the increasing number of nuclear families and more and more women getting jobs. The development of FMP from L. rohita has a special significance in making carp culture sustainable. Carps can be cultured in semi-intensive fish farming systems, which are based on low-input technology and are most widely adopted in south and Southeast Asian countries. But as such, carps have limited consumer acceptability because of the presence of intramuscular bones. Processing of carps into value-added products such as FMP can enhance their acceptability and market value as revealed by the sensory evaluation of the product (FMP).     

《国家纺织产品基本安全技术规范》解读

国家强制性标准《国家纺织产品基本安全技术规范》已于2005年1月1日正式实施。阐述了制定与实施该标准的重要性,诠释了标准的性质、制定与实施的依据、涉及的检验项目与判定要求,有助于该标准的贯彻执行。     

青田石“灯光冻”品种的宝石矿物学特征及其成因

采用X射线粉末衍射和电子顺磁共振等方法,对青田石中的珍贵品种"灯光冻"样品进行了研究。结果表明,"灯光冻"样品的矿物组成为叶蜡石,多型特征为2M型,含极少量的1TC型;其结构有序度高,化学成分表现为贫Al、富Si型,边缘部位具有石英化迹象。"灯光冻"样品中的Fe3+呈八面体占位,与Ti4+,Si-O--Al空穴心共同致色。"灯光冻"样品中的叶蜡石晶体呈不规则叶片状,大小较均一,呈弯曲片状集合体结构。     

"天珠"的染色工艺研究

采用常规宝石学方法对"天珠"样品的材质进行了研究,通过无机试剂染色实验和加温固色实验,初步探讨了"天珠"的染色工艺过程.