黄河汛期倒灌渭河规律的分析

本文通过分析渭河下游及黄河北干流的实测水文资料。研究了黄河洪水倒灌渭河的水流过程、产生倒灌的条件、影响倒灌的因素及倒灌对渭河下游的淤积影响，提出了倒灌流量预报方法。     

水库支流异重流入汇区水沙演化特点试验研究

为研究水库支流异重流入汇问题,借助水槽试验,分析了支流异重流入汇干流前后水流运动状态、异重流头部特点以及流速、含沙量变化,研究了不同影响因素条件下倒灌干流异重流浑液面、异重流头部流速以及倒灌长度的变化特点。研究表明:随着流量、含沙量及入汇角增大,异重流倒灌干流厚度、头部流速以及倒灌距离增大;随干流比降增大,异重流倒灌干流厚度、头部流速以及倒灌距离减小;流量、入汇角及比降对倒灌影响较大,而含沙量变化对倒灌影响较小。     

长江口北支下段平面形态探讨

基于潮汐河口河相关系理论与北支近期河道演变分析结果,在长江口综合整治开发规划成果基础上,针对北支下段拟定了3种平面形态改善方案;基于长江口平面二维水沙盐数学模型,分析了3种方案减缓北支河道淤积与控制咸潮倒灌南支的效果。结果表明,方案一对减缓北支淤积萎缩较为有利,方案三对控制北支咸潮倒灌效果最明显。研究成果可为长江口综合整治提供参考。     

2022年长江口北支咸水倒灌传播特征分析

基于长江口历年枯季、2022年9～11月初的实测盐度、潮汐资料以及同期大通站和徐六泾站径流量成果，分析了2022年北支咸水倒灌的特点及与其他年份的差异，结合流域来水及极端天气情况，探讨了北支咸水倒灌的影响因素、影响范围及传播路径。分析显示：2022年北支咸水倒灌开始时间较前几年显著提前，强度明显提高；咸水倒灌强度与上游来水呈负相关；北支咸水倒灌对影响长江口的台风及寒潮偏北大风较为敏感；出现了咸水倒灌与外海咸水通过南支上溯正面袭击相叠加的现象；咸水倒灌存在与潮汐类似的周期性变化趋势，其强度与潮汐动力呈正相关；咸水倒灌可影响到南支右岸白茆至陈行水库一带水域。     

混流式水轮机座环及尾水管原位修复技术

尼泊尔上马相迪A水电站遭受洪水灾害,尾水渠内泥沙倒灌至机组尾水管内,导致机组过流部件磨损严重。对磨损情况进行了分析评估,对埋件进行了局部更换修复。文中就磨损程度分析、修复方案及效果进行总结归纳。     

长江口北支倒灌对南支水域水质影响初探

为研究在长江口水环境问题日益突出的情况下,北支倒灌对南支水域水质的影响,以南支上段受北支倒灌直接影响的东风西沙水域为例,采用实测资料分析和数学模型计算结合的手段,就北支倒灌对南支水质的影响进行探讨。结果表明：一般情况下,北支水域水质条件劣于南支水域;北支倒灌明显影响东风西沙水域水质的时间为大潮期;北支倒灌污水进入东风西沙水域后,在可利用的淡水时段,部分项目的水质类别有所降低,北支倒灌对南支水域的水质有一定影响;鉴于北支倒灌的复杂性,需加强北支倒灌期南支水域与北支同步的水质监测。     

黄河卫宁段河南溃堤洪水风险及沟渠倒灌影响

黄河卫宁段河南溃堤洪水灾害风险较大,引排水沟渠倒灌危害较为严重,威胁沿岸交通、通信、水利工程等基础设施以及人民群众生命财产安全,为加强洪灾预防与应对措施建设,基于一、二维水动力学数值模拟方法及沟渠倒灌影响评估方法,采用非结构化网格与内边界处理技术合理优化了复杂边界与线状地物阻挡水效果,建立了考虑排水沟渠倒灌影响的溃堤风险分析精细化仿真模型,并将其应用于黄河卫宁段河南保护区溃堤洪水演进模拟,并评估了引排水沟渠倒灌影响。结果表明:所建模型能较精确地模拟卫宁段河南保护区遭遇100 a一遇洪水堤防溃决造成的淹没风险,当卫宁段河南保护区遭遇100 a一遇洪水在泉眼山处溃堤时,跃进渠、七星渠和张裕沟将不发生倒灌退水现象,南河子沟将发生倒灌退水现象,南河子沟倒灌长度为3 910 m。     

长江洪水对鄱阳湖倒灌影响及微模型研究进展综述

长江洪水对鄱阳湖的倒灌现象是江湖关系的研究内容之一。倒灌过程对江湖水沙交换及流域水环境保护、水生态安全维护和水资源配置等具有重要影响。分析了江湖倒灌现象及其特有的水文、泥沙性质,阐述了长江对鄱阳湖倒灌的作用机理和发生条件,并从旱涝灾害、水沙交换和水环境生态三个方面系统总结了倒灌产生的江湖效应研究成果。在归纳以往江湖倒灌研究方法和成果的基础上,从相似理论、相似条件和微模型倒灌研究关键技术等方面,探讨了未来可采用微型河工模型试验新技术,开展长江和鄱阳湖这类大范围江湖作用关系研究的可能性。     

洮河异重流倒灌对刘家峡库区河床变化的影响

刘家峡库区黄河支流洮河为多沙河流,入汇黄河后形成异重流向上游倒灌,使洮河口至黄9断面形成倒比降,对库区河床变化及淤积形态产生较大影响,常规一维数学模型不能反映洮河异重流倒灌对河床变化的影响。根据能量方程结合谢才公式,提出了异重流侧向潜入后倒灌流量的计算方法,构建了包含异重流模块的一维非恒定流水沙数学模型,采用1982—2013年实测资料对刘家峡库区进行了冲淤计算。结果表明:计算结果与实际吻合较好,库区黄河各河段淤积分配计算结果与断面法实测结果基本一致,较好地模拟了黄4断面的淤高及黄河干流淤积三角洲向坝前的推进;洮河异重流倒灌对刘家峡库区黄4—黄9库段河床冲淤变化影响极为明显,计算过程中必须考虑异重流倒灌问题。     

光照水电站5号喀斯特管道发育特征及其对厂房工程的影响

光照水电站枢纽区发育多条喀斯特管道,特别是厂房区的5号喀斯特管道规模较大,该管道除主管道外尚发育有多条支管道,管道在北盘江岸边无集中出水口,但在厂房开挖时该管道被截断,使北盘江河水沿管道倒灌;同时该管道自身亦涌水,对厂房基坑开挖造成了一定的影响。通过对5号喀斯特管道进行查明研究,提出了合理的地质处理建议及方案,经实施效果良好。     

Simulation-Optimization Modeling for Sustainable Groundwater Development: A Moroccan Coastal Aquifer Case Study

A transient simulation model characterizing groundwater flow in the coastal aquifer of Rhis-Nekor was constructed and calibrated. The flow model was then used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm based optimization model to explore the optimal pumping schemes that meet current and future water demands while minimizing the risks for several adverse environmental impacts, such as saltwater intrusion prevention, avoiding excessive drawdown, as well as controlling waterlogging and salinity problems. Modeling results demonstrate the importance of this combined simulation-optimization methodology for solving groundwater management problems associated with the Rhis-Nekor plain.     

长江口水源地咸潮入侵应对预案体系

基于对长江口咸潮入侵及其发展态势、水源地咸潮入侵影响因素及其灾害应对措施等的分析,研究了长江口区水源地咸潮灾害应对预案的框架体系及相关要素或指标,提出了预案组织与职责、监测、预报、预警、应急响应、保障等体系的设计方案。     

Synergy of climate change and local pressures on saltwater intrusion in coastal urban areas: effective adaptation for policy planning

ABSTRACT

This article examines the relative impacts of anthropogenic interventions and global climate change on the dynamics of saltwater intrusion in highly urbanized coastal aquifers. For this purpose, simulations of the impacts of sea-level rise and abstraction scenarios for the near future were undertaken for a pilot aquifer using a multi-objective 3D variable-density flow and solute transport model. We find that sea-level rise associated with climate change has less influence on the encroachment of salinity than anthropogenic abstraction, which has a more appreciable impact on saltwater intrusion through greater sensitivity to water consumption and seasonality.     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程对水质环境影响研究

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的建设,将改变湖内水动力特性,进而影响鄱阳湖的水环境质量。采用水深平均的二维水动力-水质模型对鄱阳湖现状水动力和水质进行模拟验证,水陆边界模拟采用动边界技术,摸拟"高水湖相,低水河相"的湖泊水域变化特征,水质特性为枯水期水质较差,丰水期水质较好,靠近入湖河口的湖区劣于湖心水质,北部出湖水质较好的现状。模型模拟预测在现状外部入流边界和现状污染负荷条件下,3种不同运行方式下,鄱阳湖湖流的时空形态相应发生的变化和相应水质变化。计算结果表明,枯水期大部分区域的水质浓度下降,但尾闾等部分区域有所升高,开闸泄水期前后,水质较现状水质下降,敞泄期的大部分时间,较现状水质基本相似,蓄水期水质变化不大。水动力特性综合水质浓度的改变,增加了局部水体的富营养化风险。研究结果可为枢纽的建设提供科学依据。     

长江口2013年和2014年枯季盐水入侵分析

为研究长江口枯季盐水入侵及北支盐水倒灌特性,于2013年12月及2014年2月两次对长江口南北支分汊口处进行全潮同步水文测验,分析结果表明:受地形地貌因素影响,北支进口盐度比同期南支白茆沙水域的高出一个数量级。水域盐度与径流量大小呈负相关关系,与潮差大小呈正相关关系。径流较小、潮差较大时,北支盐水会发生倒灌。由于下泄径流的顶托,迫使倒灌盐水北偏,使得白茆沙北水道盐度大于南水道。风应力对盐水入侵的影响不可忽视,持续的南风会减弱长江口北支的盐水入侵。在枯季条件下,北支倒灌盐水一般沿白茆沙北水道南侧下泄。大潮时倒灌进入南支的盐水在白茆沙水域有一定时间的滞留,使得白茆沙水域盐度往往会在大潮后的中潮期达到最大。     

Impacts of climate change on water quantity,water salinity,food security,and socioeconomy in Egypt

Climate change might have direct impacts on water quantity in Egypt and lead to indirect effects on Mediterranean saltwater intrusion to groundwater, which exposes agriculture to vulnerability. This study investigated impacts of climate change on agriculture, with particular regard to food security and socioeconomy, and quantified the effectiveness of cropping pattern adaptation measures by integrating three mathematical models. The Blue M model was used for hydrological simulations of Nasser Lake under flooding scenarios to predict the water supply from the High Aswan Dam. The water and salinity balance(WB-SAL) model was adopted to estimate the water salinity in the Nile Delta. The simulated results from the Blue M and WB-SAL models were integrated with the agricultural simulation model for Egypt(ASME) to project cropping patterns, food security, and socioeconomy throughout the country. The results showed that future climate change will directly affect the total crop area; crop areas for 13 crop types; the self-sufficiency of wheat, rice, cereal, and maize supplies; and socioeconomic indicators. The proposed cropping pattern adaptation measures focus on fixing the crop areas of rice and orchards and providing half of the population with lentils, maize, onion, vegetables, milk, and meat. The adaptation measures have the potential to promote food security without causing deterioration of the socioeconomic situation. However, water availability has much more significant effects on food security and socioeconomy than cropping pattern adaptation measures do. Accordingly, the country should rationalize water use efficiency and increase water supply.     

浅析工程建设设计阶段的投资控制

论述在工程建设设计阶段应严格设计标准,推行标准设计、限额设计及设计方案优选等工作,以便提高设计的经济合理性,有效控制工程投资。     

钱塘江河口盐水入侵影响因素及数值预报

为预报钱塘江河口取水口水体氯度,应用基于Godunov格式的有限体积法建立了考虑涌潮作用的二维氯度预报数值模型,采用实测资料并结合数值模型计算成果,分析了径流、潮汐及涌潮、江道地形等主要因素对钱塘江河口盐水入侵的影响。研究结果表明,江道地形是通过改变潮汐大小间接影响盐水入侵的,江道容积越大,潮差和进潮量越大,导致盐水入侵越严重;涌潮促使盐水入侵加剧,涌潮前后氯度存在突变。模型在钱塘江河口氯度预报中的应用结果表明,模型计算结果与实测值基本吻合,模型具有较大的预报应用价值。     

滨海地下水库功能的价值评估

黄水河地下水库建成于1995年,是典型的滨海地下水库,由补源渗井、河道拦蓄工程、地下挡水坝、工业废水排放系统、供水工程、监测管理系统六部分组成,具有调蓄水资源、防止海水入侵、提高地下水位等多种功能。对水库功能的价值评估结果表明:黄水河地下水库功能的直接价值为1 925万元,间接价值为15 533.4万元;调蓄水资源和防止海水入侵的价值尤为突出,体现了黄水河地下水库巨大的生态环境效益。     

Critical discharge at Datong for controlling operation of South-to-North Water Transfer Project in dry seasons

Previous research shows that there is a strong correlation between saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary and discharge at Datong. In the near future, the discharge of the Yangtze River during dry seasons will decrease due to the construction and operation of large water diversion projects, including the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which will further exacerbate saltwater intrusion in the estuary. In this paper, a nested 1D river network model and a 2D saltwater numerical model are used to associate saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary with different values of discharge at Datong. It is concluded that 13 000 m3/s is the critical discharge at Datong for preventing saltwater intrusion and controlling the volume of water transferred by the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Furthermore, based on the analysis of river discharge from Datong to Xuliujing and in consideration of the influence of all of the water diversion projects, operation schemes are proposed for the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project for different hydrological years.