铝合金板材温热成形性能

在20℃～300℃的温度范围内,分别对7B04-T6和6061-T6铝合金薄板进行了单拉试验,结果表明,7B04-T6高强度铝合金的断后延伸率和拉伸极限应变在温热状态下都有显著的提高,比较适合于温热成形,而6061-T6则不太适合。另外,基于Fields&Backofen本构方程,对7B04-T6在不同温度状态下的强化规律进行了分析和探讨,结果表明,随着温度的逐渐升高,应变强化指数n值不断减小,应变率敏感系数m值则显著增大,应变率强化明显增强,这也是在温热状态下其成形性能提高的主要原因。     

7075-T6高强铝合金温热变形本构方程及热加工图北大核心CSCD

为了获得7075高强铝合金的温热成形合理变形的工艺参数,采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机测试7075-T6铝合金的应力-应变曲线。研究了该合金在变形温度为150~300℃和应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1)条件下的流变行为,并基于Arrhenius本构方程建立了0.3~0.6应变下7075-T6铝合金的热加工图,最后结合金相显微组织验证了热加工图的可靠性和实用性。结果表明:7075-T6铝合金对变形温度、应变速率、应变量具有高度敏感性,热形变激活能Q=291.151 kJ·mol^(-1);修正后的Arrhenius本构方程的拟合结果良好,相关系数r值与平均绝对误差AARE分别为99.65%和5.54%,能较好地预测7075-T6铝合金的流变行为;在应变为0.6时,最佳的温热加工安全区域范围为温度为250~300℃、应变速率为0.01~0.05 s^(-1)。     

面向PHF工艺的7075-T6铝合金高温变形行为

开展了7075-T6铝合金在预强化热冲压工艺条件下的高温变形行为实验研究,设计搭建了7075-T6铝合金快速加热/降温-高温力学性能实验平台,满足了快速加热、温度路径控制和全场应变测量的实验需求。研究了短流程热冲压工艺路线下7075-T6铝合金的高温变形行为,建立了考虑析出相回溶度的高温变形本构模型。分析了7075-T6铝合金的高温回溶/拉伸性能和高温预变形强化规律。总结了回溶温度、成形温度、高温预变形量对材料流动应力和最终服役性能的影响。结果表明,7075-T6铝合金在250～300℃温度范围内塑性提升明显,增加3%高温预变形量可以最终得到接近T6态94%的抗拉强度,为PHF工艺的应用与仿真模型建立提供了指导。     

2198铝锂合金板材温热成形极限实验研究

采用化学腐蚀网格法,通过刚模胀形实验和网格应变测量分析系统,研究了2198铝锂合金板在温热状态下的成形性能,获得了不同温度下的成形极限图。结果表明,温度显著影响2198铝锂合金板的成形极限曲线,随着温度的升高,合金成形极限曲线逐渐上升,合金塑性成形性能增强。同时,建立了不同温度下2198铝锂合金板成形极限的计算模型。     

6061-T6铝合金板材热冲压成形极限图研究

自行设计并研制了一套获取板材热冲压成形极限图的试验系统,开展了6061-T6铝合金板材在不同应变路径及温度下的成形极限研究,获得了其在25~300℃的成形极限图。使用MSC.MARC软件对6061-T6铝合金板材的热冲压成形进行数值模拟,研究了失稳判断方法对不同温度下成形极限预测的影响。结果表明:6061-T6铝合金在室温下的极限应变值很低,塑性较差;变形温度升高到200℃时,极限应变值平均提高了99.5%;变形温度从200℃升高到300℃时,极限应变值进一步提高了23.5%,其塑性也显著提高。采用最大载荷判断法和应变路径判断法相结合的失稳状态判断准则能准确预测6061-T6铝合金的热成形极限,模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好。     

高强度铝合金7075的温成形性能(英文)

对铝合金板料7075在加热状态下的成形性能进行研究。首先,通过单向拉伸试验得到不同温度以及不同应变速率下的应力—应变关系。然后,通过极限拉伸比(LDR)试验和极限拱顶高(LDH)试验对其在不同温度下的拉伸性能和胀形性能进行研究。最后,对不同温度下成形后材料的力学性能进行研究。结果表明:7075铝合金的拉伸和胀形性能在140~220°C均得到较大提升;当温度高于260°C时,由于成形温度对板料热处理状态的影响,成形性能和成形后材料的力学性能均出现下降趋势。     

5083铝合金板在不同温度下的伸长率及拉胀成形极限

通过在不同变形温度和变形速率下进行单向拉伸实验,得到5083铝合金板材的伸长率变化规律,变形速率为1 mm·min~(-1)、变形温度为350℃时,伸长率达到最大值131%。运用Dynaform模拟5083铝合金板材在不同温度下的温成形实验,并利用自行设计的温成形实验装置进行实验验证,得到了不同温度下数值模拟和物理实验的成形极限图,对比发现:随着温度的增加,铝合金板的胀形极限增加,在300℃时材料的成形极限最高。最后,模拟了5083铝合金板材在不同温度下的温拉深破裂实验,并利用铝合金板温成形实验装置进行实验验证,得到了不同温度下的板料拉深极限直径,计算出不同温度下的极限拉深系数。研究表明,极限拉深系数随着温度的增加呈高-低-高的变化规律,5083铝合金板的温成形最佳温度为250℃。     

采用M-K模型和Lou-Huh准则对AA7075-T6板材成形极限预测的对比研究（英文）

为了能够有效预测AA7075-T6高强铝板的破裂,依据Morciniak-Kuczyski模型(M-K模型)与Lou-Huh准则分别绘制AA7075-T6高强铝板成形极限曲线,通过缺口试样误差评估比较两种理论预测模型预测值与试验值之间的相对误差,并通过半球形刚模胀形试验对两种理论预测模型绘制的成形极限曲线进行验证,以此评价M-K模型与Lou-Huh准则的预测精度。由误差分析可知,采用最优断裂参数的Lou-Huh准则对各拉伸试样的误差均值为25.04%,而M-K模型对各拉伸试样的误差均值达到74.24%,Lou-Huh准则对AA7075-T6板材的破裂预测精度较高。半球形刚模胀形试验验证结果表明,用Lou-Huh准则绘制的成形极限曲线能够有效预测AA7075-T6板材的破裂,而M-K模型构建的成形极限曲线预测结果较差。     

车用铝合金AA5182温热成形研究

基于M-K模型分别结合Hill48、Barlat89和YLD2000屈服准则,预测了AA5182铝合金在温热条件下的成形极限。在不同温度下进行AA5182铝合金的温热成形极限实验,获得了材料在不同温度下的成形极限实验数据。比较分析实验结果与预测结果,表明Barlat89屈服准则比其他两个屈服准则更适用于预测AA5182铝合金在温热条件下的成形极限。同时,分析了温度和应变速率敏感指数的变化对成形极限预测结果的影响。结果表明,材料成形极限会随着温度的升高或者应变速率敏感指数的增大而增加。应变速率敏感指数的变化对预测得到材料成形极限的形状也会产生影响。     

T6态7075铝合金温热下各向异性研究

对高强度铝合金7075-T6在0.03s-1应变率下,50～250℃温度范围进行系列单向拉伸试验,并测得不同温度下的厚向异性系数R。结果表明：7075-T6铝合金的流动应力随试验温度的升高而减小;在50～200℃温度区间,延伸率随温度的升高而增加;当温度为250℃时,由于T6特性的消失,延伸率反有所降低,得到最佳的成形温度在200℃左右;并且通过对3种不同屈服函数Mises,Hill48和Barlat89比较,得到能准确方便描述7075-T6各向异性的屈服函数,确定了不同温度下屈服函数的参数。     

The development of a forming limit surface for 5083 aluminum alloy sheet

A custom mechanical stretching setup based on the Nakazima method was designed and built for testing sheet metals at elevated temperatures. Specimens from a fine-grained 5083 aluminum alloy sheet were deformed at various temperatures, spanning between those associated with warm forming (250°C) and hot forming (550°C). Circle grid analysis of the deformed specimens produced the forming limit curves at each of the covered temperatures, hence revealing the great influences of forming temperature on the material’s formability limits. Finally, all the curves were combined to construct a unique three-dimensional forming limit surface, which we present here as a more comprehensive map for describing material formability limits at wide-ranging temperatures.     

Viscous warm pressure bulging process of AZ31B magnesium alloy with different ellipticity dies

Based on the bulging principle of different ellipticity dies, the methyl vinyl silicone rubber with excellent thermal stability and heat transfer performance was chosen as the viscous medium. The finite element analysis and experiments of viscous warm pressure bulging (VWPB) of AZ31B magnesium alloy were conducted to analyze the influence of different ellipticity dies on the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy. At the same time, based on the grid strain rule, the forming limit diagram (FLD) of VWPB of AZ31B magnesium alloy was obtained through measuring the strain of bulging specimens. The results showed that at the temperature range of viscous medium thermal stability, the viscous medium can fit the geometry variation of sheet and generate non-uniform pressure field, and as the die ellipticity increases, the difference value of non-uniform pressure reduces. Meanwhile, according to the FLD, the relationship between part complexity and ultimate deformation was investigated.     

高强度铝合金板材的温热介质充液成形研究

在温度20℃～300℃的范围内,对厚度1.2mm的7B04-T6高强度铝合金薄板在应变速率分别为0.0006s-1、0.006s-1和0.06s-1的条件下进行了单拉试验,并在此基础上利用MSC.Marc有限元软件进行了筒形件温热介质充液成形的差温热力耦合数值模拟,研究了成形温度、冲压速度和液室压力对于成形性能的影响。结果表明,在冲压速度15mm/min以及液室压力1MPa的情况下,零件的最大成形高度由常温下的20.5mm提高到了300℃时的31.6mm。     

一种改进的Lemaitre断裂准则及其在弯曲成形裂纹预测中的应用

针对弯曲成形中的裂纹缺陷,应用Lemaitre韧性断裂准则,同时考虑应力三轴度,最大主应力比,以及塑性应变对损伤的影响,对Lemaitre准则进行改进,有效预测了弯曲成形中金属板料的成形极限。以7075-T6铝合金为研究对象,模拟得到该合金板材的裂纹产生条件,获取改进的Lemaitre准则材料参数,确定破裂阈值。对6 mm厚7075-T6铝合金板材进行三点弯曲实验,并观察其金相组织。对其产生裂纹时的压下量与断裂准则所得的理论压下量进行比较,验证了改进后断裂准则对裂纹预测的准确性。通过对比产生裂纹时的压下量,结果表明,改进后的Lemaitre断裂准则所得理论压下量为9.7 mm,与模拟和实验结果一致,证明改进后的Lemaitre准则对弯曲成形裂纹预测具有一定的准确性。     

AW-7075-T6 sheet for shock heat treatment forming process

The forming behaviour of AW-7075-T6 sheet was studied across a range of shock heat treatment (SHT) temperatures of 200-480 °C. After SHT, formability of the samples was investigated by tension and deep drawing tests at room temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the precipitation states of the AW-7075 sheet in the as-received and shock heat treated conditions. Formability was started to improve with increasing shock heat treatment temperature from 300 °C onwards. Strain hardening resulted from the dissolution of η′ precipitates and the coarsening of remaining precipitates were found to contribute to the increase in formability at room temperature. Re-precipitation and coarsening of the precipitates were responsible for the post-paint baking strength of SHT samples.     

Formability of a more randomly textured magnesium alloy sheet: Application of an improved warm sheet formability test

The warm formability of three sheet magnesium alloys was measured using the OSU formability test adapted for testing at elevated temperatures under isothermal conditions. The adapted test is shown to reliably enforce plane strain tension over a significant fraction of the sample, thus providing an assessment of FLD(0), typically the minimum major strain value on a forming limit diagram. By mathematically modeling the strain as a function of punch displacement, a case is made that the punch displacement itself provides an expedient approach to ranking the relative formability of sheet metals. Combined with knowledge of the constitutive behavior of the material, the punch displacement–strain relationship provides an explanation for the observed shape of the punch load versus displacement curves. OSU formability test results show that a new magnesium sheet alloy, yttrium-containing ZW41, is significantly more formable than traditional magnesium alloys AZ31 and ZK10. The improvement is linked to a more random texture in the new alloy, which diminishes the tendency for gross, catastrophic shear instability typical of the strongly textured traditional alloys.     

A Constitutive Model of 6111-T4 Aluminum Alloy Sheet Based on the Warm Tensile Test

As main light-weight material, aluminum alloy sheets have been widely applied to produce auto body panels. In order to predict the formability and springback of aluminum alloy sheets, a precise constitutive model is a necessity. In this article, a series of warm tensile tests were conducted on Gleeble-1500D thermal mechanical simulator for 6111-T4 aluminum alloy sheets. The corresponding strain rate ranged from 0.015 to 1.5 s^?1, and the temperature ranged from 25 to 350 °C. The relationship between the temperature, the strain rate, and the flow stress were discussed. A constitutive model based on the updated Fields-Backofen equation was established to describe the flow behavior of 6111-T4 aluminum alloy during the warm tensile tests. Subsequently, the average absolute relative error (AARE) was introduced to verify the predictability of the constitutive model. The value of AARE at the uniform plastic deformation stage was calculated to be 1.677%, which demonstrates that the predicted flow stress values were in accordance with the experimental ones. The constitutive model was validated by the fact that the simulated results of the warm tensile tests coincided with the experimental ones.     

Improvement of the drawability based on the surface friction stir process of AA5052-H32 automotive sheets

Based on the imperative social demand for lighter vehicles, lightweight materials such as aluminum alloys are expected to replace conventional steels in many automotive applications. In automotive parts manufacturing, most of the components produced in conventional stamping operations are geometrically complex as the blanks are subjected to both stretching and drawing deformations. However, aluminum alloys have intrinsic drawbacks, such as the inferior formability of these materials, although the effects of the weight reduction in terms of performance are highly promising. In an effort to improve the formability of aluminum alloy sheets, the surface friction stir process is proposed in this study. This process locally modifies the surface of automotive aluminum alloy sheets via stirring and advancing on the surface of the sheet, similar to the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process that utilizes a probe without a pin. When the surface of the sheet is modified locally by stirring, dynamic recrystallization due to the severe shear deformation along with heat resulting from the friction occur due to changes in the micro-structure and mechanical properties in the stirred zone, while the dislocation density and grain size refinement are curtailed. In this work, the drawability performance of AA5052-H32 sheets (thickness 1.5 mm) that were welded using the surface friction stir process was experimentally and numerically investigated in cylindrical cup drawing tests. When applied to AA5052-H32 automotive sheets, the surface friction stir process improved the drawability of the entire aluminum alloy sheet. For numerical simulations, the non-quadratic anisotropic yield function Yld2000-2d was employed along with isotropic hardening, while the formability was evaluated by utilizing theoretical forming limit diagrams (FLD) based on Hill's bifurcation and M-K theories.