基于DWT和ONMF的人脸表情特征提取

提出了一种基于离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transformation,DWT)和标准正交非负矩阵分解(orthonormal non-negative matrix factorization,ONMF)的人脸表情特征提取方法,该方法先通过离散小波变换,降低图像的噪声,并将得到的图像的低频信息作为研究对象;再采用标准正交非负矩阵分解来提取表情特征.实验结果表明相对于PCA,NMF和LNMF方法,本文方法能够有效地减小类内与类间距离的比值,体现了很好的聚类效果;较高的识别率和较快的识别速度表明了该特征提取方法的有效性.     

基于改进的非负矩阵分解的人脸表情识别

针对存在部分遮挡的人脸,提出了一种基于改进的非负矩阵分解的人脸表情识别方法,首先,用改进的非负矩阵分解算法对人脸图像进行表情特征提取,然后用最大相关分类器对面部表情进行分类。在Cohn-Kanade人脸表情数据库上的实验,结果表明,该方法提高了无遮挡的人脸表情识别,对有遮挡的人脸表情识别也有改善。     

基于Gabor小波和稀疏表示的人脸表情识别

通过分析Gabor小波和稀疏表示的生物学背景和数学特性,提出一种基于Gabor小波和稀疏表示的人脸表情识别方法。采用Gabor小波变换对表情图像进行特征提取,建立训练样本Gabor特征的超完备字典,通过稀疏表示模型优化人脸表情图像的特征向量,利用融合识别方法进行多分类器融合识别分类。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提取表情图像的特征信息,提高表情识别率。     

一种基于Gabor小波特征的人脸表情识别新方法

近来,表情识别成为人机交互研究的热点.将Gabor小波变换与2DPCA结合提出了一种表情识别的新方法.首先对静态灰度表情图片进行预处理,然后对其进行Gabar小波变换,通过2DPCA进行降维,根据Gabor不同尺度不同方向的变换结果训练不同的分类器,由校验集得到分类器权值,通过隶属度函数将各个分类结果模糊化,实现了分类器集成和表情特征数据的融合.实验证明了Gabor小渡与2DPCA结合在表情识别中的有效性,以及基于Gabor小波模糊分类器集成的方法能够进一步提高识别率.     

Gabor小波与表情组合模板相结合的表情识别

本文提出了一种新型的表情组合模板与Gabor小波相结合的面部表情识别方法。借助Gabor小波变换在图像处理领域的优势,克服不同因素给表情识别带来的不利影响,有效的提取与表情变化有关的特征,从分类的角度来构造的表情组合模板。在人脸检测的基础上,利用Gabor小波变换提取各个区域的特征矢量,与待识别表情对应的各个特征区域的特征矢量进行比较,利用欧氏距离选择最小值对应的矢量,返回表情组合模板中,确定待识别表情的类型。实验表明该方法的识别率可达83%,表情识别效果较好。     

基于自动分割的局部Gabor小波人脸表情识别算法

针对包含表情信息的静态灰度图像,提出基于自动分割的局部Gabor小波人脸表情识别算法。首先使用数学形态学与积分投影相结合定位眉毛眼睛区域,采用模板内计算均值定位嘴巴区域,自动分割出表情子区域。接着,对分割出的表情子区域进行Gabor小波变换提取表情特征,再利用Fisher线性判别分析进行选择,有效地去除了表情特征的冗余性和相关性。最后利用支持向量机实现对人脸表情的分类。用该算法在日本女性表情数据库上进行测试,实现了自动化且易于实现,结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

加权小波和流形正则化的NMF融合的人脸识别

为了获取更充分的人脸特征信息以提高识别性能,应用加权小波变换和流形正则化非负矩阵分解的方法实现人脸识别。采用小波变换,提取训练样本人脸图像的加权高频分量和低频分量的特征信息;应用流形正则化非负矩阵分解方法,在保持人脸特征数据原始几何结构和局部特征的基础上获取最终的识别特征;利用最近邻方法进行分类识别。将该算法在ORL人脸库和YALE人脸库上进行测试验证,结果表明,与传统的非负矩阵分解方法相比,其识别率高出5%左右,且计算时间很低,说明该方法耗时短,效率高。     

基于混合特征和分类树的细微表情识别方法

目前多数人脸表情识别的研究仅限于6种基本表情,未考虑到人脸表情变化是细微的.因此提出了基于混合特征和分类树的细微表情识别方法.对眼睛区域采用Gabor小波变换提取纹理变化特征,对鼻子区域采用2D-DCT提取纹理变化特征,而对嘴巴区域采用改进的AAM提取形状变化特征.分类识别时,将易混淆表情先归为一类进行表情的粗分类,然后对类内的表情选择相应表情贡献较大的特征子区域中的特征,进行表情细分类.在每级分类识别过程中,对每个区域采用离散HMM得出表情概率,最后采用在训练阶段得到的贡献权值进行加权融合得到分类结果.实验结果表明,该方法能够得到较好的识别效果,且处理速度快,适合于实时图像序列的细微表情识别.     

Extraction of the minimum number of Gabor wavelet parameters for the recognition of natural facial expressions

Facial expression recognition has recently become an important research area, and many efforts have been made in facial feature extraction and its classification to improve face recognition systems. Most researchers adopt a posed facial expression database in their experiments, but in a real-life situation the facial expressions may not be very obvious. This article describes the extraction of the minimum number of Gabor wavelet parameters for the recognition of natural facial expressions. The objective of our research was to investigate the performance of a facial expression recognition system with a minimum number of features of the Gabor wavelet. In this research, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to compress the Gabor features. We also discuss the selection of the minimum number of Gabor features that will perform the best in a recognition task employing a multiclass support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The performance of facial expression recognition using our approach is compared with those obtained previously by other researchers using other approaches. Experimental results showed that our proposed technique is successful in recognizing natural facial expressions by using a small number of Gabor features with an 81.7% recognition rate. In addition, we identify the relationship between the human vision and computer vision in recognizing natural facial expressions.     

核非负矩阵因子及其在表情识别中的应用

提出了一种基于核非负矩阵因子分解的人脸表情识别方法。该算法引入核函数并结合NMF进行表情特征提取,称之为PNMF、GNMF。与NMF等不同,PNMF、GNMF通过基于核的非线性映射可从原始表情数据中提取更多的有用信息,包括线性的和非线性的,尽可能地保留原始的表情信息。基于CED-WYU（1.0）和JAFFE两个表情数据库的识别结果表明,基于核的NMF特征提取方法能有效地提高识别率及效率。     

基于非负矩阵分解的人脸识别算法的改进

非负矩阵分解方法是基于局部特征的特征提取方法,已经成功用于人脸识别。研究基于非负矩阵分解的人脸图像识别的改进算法是一个有重要意义的研究课题。采用二维非负矩阵分解方法(2DNMF)和对角非负矩阵分解方法(Di-aNMF),并且使用正交的基矩阵进行Matlab实验。实验结果表明,以上改进措施能够有效提高人脸图像识别的正确率。     

基于混合特征和多HMM融合的图像序列表情识别

当前多数图像序列的人脸表情识别方法仅提取图像的某一类特征,导致特征参数不能全面地反映脸部情感信息.提出一种基于混合特征和多HMM融合的图像序列表情识别方法.采用Gabor小波变换、二维离散余弦变换分别提取眼睛及眉毛区域、鼻子区域的纹理变化特征,对嘴巴区域则采用主动表观模型提取形状变化特征.对待测图像序列中的每个表情特征区域采用离散隐马尔可夫模型得出6种表情概率;然后根据在训练阶段得到的每个表情特征区域对每种表情的贡献权值进行加权融合,并选择融合后的表情概率最大者作为识别结果.实验结果表明,该方法综合了表情的纹理与形状变化,能够得到很好的识别效果,且处理速度快,适合于实时图像序列的表情识别.     

Holistic and partial facial features fusion by binary particle swarm optimization

This paper proposes a novel binary particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using artificial immune system (AIS) for face recognition. Inspired by face recognition ability in human visual system (HVS), this algorithm fuses the information of the holistic and partial facial features. The holistic facial features are extracted by using principal component analysis (PCA), while the partial facial features are extracted by non-negative matrix factorization with sparseness constraints (NMFs). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is then applied to enhance adaptability to illumination and expression. The proposed algorithm is used to select the fusion rules by minimizing the Bayesian error cost. The fusion rules are finally applied for face recognition. Experimental results using UMIST and ORL face databases show that the proposed fusion algorithm outperforms individual algorithm based on PCA or NMFs.     

基于Gabor小波变换的人脸表情特征提取

提出了一种基于Gabor小波变换的人脸表情特征提取算法。针对包含表情信息的静态灰度图像,首先对其预处理,然后对表情子区域执行Gabor小波变换,提取表情特征矢量,进而构建表情弹性图。最后分析比较了在不同光照条件下不同测试者做出6种基本表情时所提取的表情特征,结果表明Gabor小波变换能够有效地提取与表情变化有关的特征,并能有效地屏蔽光照变化及个人特征差异的影响。     

基于Gabor、Fisher脸多特征提取及集成SVM的人脸表情识别*

针对于静态的灰度图像表情库,提出了基于多种脸部表情特征多级分类的表情识别算法。首先在选取的人脸特征点上做局部的Gabor小波变换,为了提高特征提取速度,利用改进的弹性图匹配算法来提取图像中的人脸有效区域,在提取的人脸区域中提取几何特征,并通过Fisher脸法提取统计特征,利用几何特征与建立的相应一级集成SVM来进行初次分类,最后利用Fisher特征与建立的相应二级集成SVM进行最终分类。通过在JAFFE与Cohn-Kanade表情库中实验,证明本文方法同单个特征相比较,具有更高的表情识别率以及更强的鲁棒性     

基于Gabor小波变换的人脸表情识别技术研究

为了使人机交互得到更好的研究,提出了一种基于Gabor小波变换的人脸表情识别的新方法;首先对图像进行预处理以提高后续处理的准确度,预处理包括确定纯的人脸表情区域,尺寸和灰度归一化,然后对表情子区域进行Gabor小波变换,提取表情特征矢量,进而构建表情弹性图,最后用模板匹配的方法来识别图像的人脸表情;经过实验,发现Gabor小波变换提取特征时受光照影响比较小,该系统不仅具有很好的鲁棒性,并且速度快,识别率高。     

A sparse neighborhood preserving non-negative tensor factorization algorithm for facial expression recognition

In this paper, a novel sparse neighborhood preserving non-negative tensor factorization (SNPNTF) algorithm is proposed for facial expression recognition. It is derived from non-negative tensor factorization (NTF), and it works in the rank-one tensor space. A sparse constraint is adopted into the objective function, which takes the optimization step in the direction of the negative gradient, and then projects onto the sparse constrained space. To consider the spatial neighborhood structure and the class-based discriminant information, a neighborhood preserving constraint is adopted based on the manifold learning and graph preserving theory. The Laplacian graph which encodes the spatial information in the face samples and the penalty graph which considers the pre-defined class information are considered in this constraint. By using it, the obtained parts-based representations of SNPNTF vary smoothly along the geodesics of the data manifold and they are more discriminant for recognition. SNPNTF is a quadratic convex function in the tensor space, and it could converge to the optimal solution. The gradient descent method is used for the optimization of SNPNTF to ensure the convergence property. Experiments are conducted on the JAFFE database, the Cohn–Kanade database and the AR database. The results demonstrate that SNPNTF provides effective facial representations and achieves better recognition performance, compared with non-negative matrix factorization, NTF and some variant algorithms. Also, the convergence property of SNPNTF is well guaranteed.     

Facial expression recognition using kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA)

In this correspondence, we address the facial expression recognition problem using kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA). Following the method proposed by Lyons et al. and Zhang et al. , we manually locate 34 landmark points from each facial image and then convert these geometric points into a labeled graph (LG) vector using the Gabor wavelet transformation method to represent the facial features. On the other hand, for each training facial image, the semantic ratings describing the basic expressions are combined into a six-dimensional semantic expression vector. Learning the correlation between the LG vector and the semantic expression vector is performed by KCCA. According to this correlation, we estimate the associated semantic expression vector of a given test image and then perform the expression classification according to this estimated semantic expression vector. Moreover, we also propose an improved KCCA algorithm to tackle the singularity problem of the Gram matrix. The experimental results on the Japanese female facial expression database and the Ekman's "Pictures of Facial Affect" database illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于Gabor小波与分形维的人脸情感特征提取

提出一种基于Gabor小波变换与分形维的人脸情感特征提取算法,对包含情感信息的静态灰度图像进行预处理,对表情子区域实行Gabor小波变换,提取情感特征矢量,对人脸兴趣区图像求盒维数和差分分形维数,将经过Gabor小波变换所得的特征矢量和分形维数作为所提取的特征。分析比较了不同测试者7种基本情感的识别效果,实验表明该方法能有效提取与情感变化有关的特征。     

使用稀疏约束非负矩阵分解算法的跨年龄人脸识别

人脸识别技术中除光线、姿态、表情因素外,由于年龄变化而导致的人脸形状和纹理上的变化会极大程度地影响人脸识别系统性能.对此,提出了一种使用稀疏非负矩阵分解算法来实现人脸老化模拟,然后将此方法应用于具有年龄跨度的人脸识别上,通过模拟虚拟样本来增强识别效果.实验结果表明,年龄跨度对人脸识别的确有较大的影响;当系数矩阵保持稀疏时,非负矩阵分解算法具有更强的特征提取能力;经过老化模拟增加虚拟样本后,其纹理老化效果明显地提高了跨年龄段的人脸识别的性能.