Color discrimination enhancement for dichromats using self-organizing color transformation

Color deficient persons, especially dichromats, have difficulty in discriminating certain kinds of colors. To help dichromats discriminate colors better, a color transformation method is proposed. The method utilizes the redundancy of color information, changing the colors of a scene into discernable ones for dichromats. The self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm is used to build a nonlinear color map, maintaining the neighboring relations between colors. Results of both subjective observation and quantitative evaluation show that the method can effectively enhance the color discrimination for dichromats. This study provides a new approach to rectify color vision deficiency.     

Modelling of color perception of different eye colors using artificial neural networks

Color is a subjective term that changes according to each person’s view. We should define color physically to work with it in terms of printing or any other professional study. However, enabling the observation of color in terms of sales, marketing, product design, and development is as important as product and its packaging. The perception of color and tendencies to colors will be different for people of different eye colors. In this study, different color samples will be shown to five different eye colors of hazel, green, blue, brown, and black eyes both of men and women. The aim of the study is to determine which eye color is more perceived and adopted by which eye color using artificial neural network (ANN) for between 6 and 17 ages. By considering these determinations, it has been studied with graphical and statistical illustrations how different eye color groups prefer colors, how much they are able to recognize primary and secondary colors, and to what extent various eye colors are able to perceive RGB and CMY colors correctly.     

Color recovery of black-and-white halftoned images via categorized color-embedding look-up tables

A new method of recovering the original colors of black-and-white (B&W) halftoned images with homogeneous dot patterns is proposed. The conventional inverse halftoning method, which uses a look-up table (LUT), can establish the relation between the halftoned patterns and the corresponding gray levels, while the conventional reversible color to gray conversion method can recover the original colors from a given color-embedded gray image. To accomplish our goal of original color recovery from B&W halftoned patterns, an approach of combining the conventional inverse halftoning and reversible color to gray conversion is presented in this paper. Differently from the conventional method of inverse halftoning via LUT, four LUTs categorized according to the red, green, blue, and gray reference colors are designed to more accurately map a specific B&W halftone pattern into the corresponding color-embedded gray level based on the observation that the shapes of the halftone patterns depend on input colors, thereby increasing the color recovery accuracy. Also, a color mapping method based on a linear regression which models the relation between the recovered colors and the original colors is introduced to adjust the initially recovered colors more closely to the original colors. Experimental results show that unknown original colors can be recovered from B&W halftoned images via the proposed method.     

三基色光源连续色温调控方法的研究

为提高室内照明光源舒适度,提出一种能够根据人们的生理或心理需求发出对应色温的光照明系统的实现方法。通过红、绿、蓝三基色和黑体轨迹上色温的色坐标,根据混合光原理计算出匹配目标色温所需的三基色亮度,采用PWM或PAM灰度调制方式获取所需的灰度数据,然后通过典型色温值进行可行性验证并对产生误差的原因进行分析。实验结果表明,该方法不仅实现了不同亮度下目标色温的匹配,而且色温和亮度大范围连续可调。     

Dynamic adaptation model and equal‐whiteness CCT curves for the choice of display reference white

Abstract— A dynamic adaptation model (DAM), based on the variations in the luminance levels under the same chromaticity viewing conditions and equal‐whiteness correlated‐color‐temperature (CCT) curves (EWCCs) derived by using the proposed DAM, is proposed. The proposed model was obtained by the transformation of the test colors for high luminance into the corresponding colors for low luminance. In the proposed model, the optimal coefficients are obtained from the corresponding color data from Breneman's experiments. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the chromaticity errors between the predicted colors by the proposed model and the corresponding colors of Breneman's experiments are 0.004 in u′v′ chromaticity coordinates. The prediction performance of the proposed model is excellent because this error is the threshold value that distinguishes two adjacent color patches. Equal‐whiteness CCT curves (EWCs) are also proposed using the proposed DAM. By using the proposed EWCCs, an analysis of the difference between the selected video‐display‐unit reference‐white CCT values can be made. Additionally, the proposed EWCCs can be used as the theoretical standard which determines the reference white of the color video display units.     

Elucidating the effect of yellow illumination on color confusion in the semiconductor‐related manufacturing industry

This study investigates how yellow lighting and white lighting affect color confusion in contrast with how sunlight does by using the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Test System (FM100). Forty college students with normal color vision are enrolled in this study. The experimental setup involves ceiling lighting at a 90° angle on the FM100 with an illuminance of 550 lx, in which the subjects view the FM100 at a 45° angle. All color chips of the FM100 that are fully discriminable under sunlight are arranged in a color circle (FM100 color circle) with equal hue steps resembling those of a 100 Munsell hue circle. Under colored lighting, however, colors may be undistinguishable, resulting in the misplacement of some of the color chips. Color confusion is then determined by counting the number of times a color chip is misplaced, which is called an error score. All error scores are plotted on the FM100 color circle, which is called the color error sheet, to reveal the range and severity of color confusion due to the colored lighting. Experimental results indicate that, although yellow lighting significantly introduces color confusion, white lighting does not. Additionally, yellow lighting does not cause serious impairment in distinguishing between the yellow (its own color) and blue colors (complementary of yellow), but causes significant impairment in distinguishing between the green and red colors. On the error scoring sheet, both the two nonconfusion series and the two confusion series are complementary and orthogonal. This observation allows us to postulate that, although colored lighting does not cause significant impairment in distinguishing between its own complementary colors, it does between its orthogonal colors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Image Appearance Exploration by Model-Based Navigation

Changing the appearance of an image can be a complex and non-intuitive task. Many times the target image colors and look are only known vaguely and many trials are needed to reach the desired results. Moreover, the effect of a specific change on an image is difficult to envision, since one must take into account spatial image considerations along with the color constraints. Tools provided today by image processing applications can become highly technical and non-intuitive including various gauges and knobs.
In this paper we introduce a method for changing image appearance by navigation, focusing on recoloring images. The user visually navigates a high dimensional space of possible color manipulations of an image. He can either explore in it for inspiration or refine his choices by navigating into sub regions of this space to a specific goal. This navigation is enabled by modeling the chroma channels of an image's colors using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The Gaussians model both color and spatial image coordinates, and provide a high dimensional parameterization space of a rich variety of color manipulations. The user's actions are translated into transformations of the parameters of the model, which recolor the image. This approach provides both inspiration and intuitive navigation in the complex space of image color manipulations.     

Palette designer: A color-code design tool

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed a standard set of colors for coding information on air traffic control (ATC) displays. A significant complication was that the air traffic controller population includes people who have color-vision deficiencies (CVDs). We wrote a software tool to assist the FAA in selecting a preliminary color set. It accepts a set of luminances and chromaticity coordinates as input and: (1) Draws graphics and calculates color-related figures of merit to predict whether the set will be acceptable for color-normal and CVD users; (2) Flags colors and pairings that violate human factors criteria; and (3) Allows designers to adjust the colors and see the resulting changes immediately. The tool has been used to perform a pilot study for the FAA’s color-set development project and should be useful for designing other color-coding sets, also.     

带属性的三角网格模型简化算法研究

在计算机视觉，计算机仿真，网络传输中，经常遇到带有颜色，纹理等属性的三角网格模型的简化问题，文中提出一种带属性的三角网格模型简化的算法，该算法将表征网格顶点信息的向量由简单的三维几何信息扩展到包含颜色，纹理等附加信息的多维向量，在R^n空间中用对称Hausdorff距离控制网络简化顺序和精度，既保证了简化网格模型在几何上与补始网格模型尽可能地相似，又较好地保存了初始网格模型的颜色，纹理等信息。     

基于空间直方图的粒子滤波目标跟踪算法

空间直方图融合了目标的颜色信息和颜色的空间分布信息,比传统的颜色直方图更具有目标鉴别能力。在基于粒子滤波算法的目标跟踪系统框架中,采用简单的随机漂移模型表示系统状态模型,通过空间直方图的相似度定义来建立系统观测概率模型,提出一种基于空间直方图的粒子滤波目标跟踪算法。实验结果表明,相比传统的基于颜色直方图的粒子滤波算法,提出的算法具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Image retrieval by color semantics

The development of a system supporting querying of image databases by color content tackles a major design choice about properties of colors which are referenced within user queries. On the one hand, low-level properties directly reflect numerical features and concepts tied to the machine representation of color information. On the other hand, high-level properties address concepts such as the perceptual quality of colors and the sensations that they convey. Color-induced sensations include warmth, accordance or contrast, harmony, excitement, depression, anguish, etc. In other words, they refer to the semantics of color usage. In particular, paintings are an example where the message is contained more in the high-level color qualities and spatial arrangements than in the physical properties of colors. Starting from this observation, Johannes Itten introduced a formalism to analyze the use of color in art and the effects that this induces on the user's psyche. In this paper, we present a system which translates the Itten theory into a formal language that expresses the semantics associated with the combination of chromatic properties of color images. The system exploits a competitive learning technique to segment images into regions with homogeneous colors. Fuzzy sets are used to represent low-level region properties such as hue, saturation, luminance, warmth, size and position. A formal language and a set of model-checking rules are implemented to define semantic clauses and verify the degree of truth by which they hold over an image.     

彩色文档图像的倾斜自动校正算法

对彩色扫描文档进行倾斜校正是对其进行OCR等处理所必须首先经历的步骤,为了对彩色倾斜文档图像进行准确、高效校正,提出了一种新的彩色文档图像的倾斜自动校正算法,该算法包括倾斜检测算法和倾斜校正算法。其中,倾斜检测算法解决了准确获得图像的倾斜角的问题;而倾斜校正算法则除了完成图像的旋转变换外,还通过色彩补偿解决了由于整数运算所造成的“锯齿”现象。倾斜检测是通过纹理复杂性分析实现的,而色彩补偿则是基于颜色线性相关的双线性插值算法。实验表明,该算法较好地解决了彩色文档图像的倾斜自动校正问题,它对于具有单一背景的彩色文档图像是准确、高效、实用的。     

基于线性分类器的混合空间查找表颜色分类方法

提出了一种基于线性分类器的混合颜色空间查找表颜色分类方法,该方法主要解决颜色查找表分类方法的区分能力受颜色空间选择、阈值确定等因素影响而难以区分近似颜色的问题。将模式识别中的线性分类器思想应用于颜色查找表映射关系的建立,并通过同时使用HSI空间与YUV空间的方法提高查找表对近似颜色的区分能力。实验结果表明,基于线性分类器的混合空间查找表颜色分类方法具有查找表建立原则简单、效果直观的特点,并且对近似颜色有较强的区分能力,适用于彩色图像的快速颜色分割。     

一种可调节的多级颜色量化算法

针对当量化图像的颜色数量较少时如何调节颜色层次和微弱颜色,本文提出了一种新颖的多级颜色量化算法.根据Kohonen自组织神经网络和线性像素置换计算第一级调色板;然后多次迭代找出最相似的颜色对,删除其中的一个,得到第二级调色板;最后根据调色板中颜色的像素数量和与基色距离的加权和,选出最终的代表颜色.实验结果表明,该算法能够通过设置适当的像素取样率、像素数量权重和与基色的距离权重而有效地选择满足不同需要的量化结果,并且保持较好的量化图像质量.     

一种基于空间直方图的Mean-Shift跟踪算法*

经典的Mean-Shift跟踪算法以颜色直方图为特征对目标进行跟踪。颜色直方图反映的是图像中颜色的组成情况,即出现了哪些颜色以及各种颜色出现的次数。颜色直方图具有旋转不变性、缩放不变性等优点,经常用于图像检索,即通过比较颜色直方图的差异来衡量两幅图像在颜色全局分布上的差异。但是颜色直方图不能反映颜色的空间分布特征,当跟踪目标与背景色颜色相近时可能造成错误跟踪,导致跟踪失败。考虑目标颜色空间分布特征,将空间分布信息融入颜色直方图中,提出了基于空间颜色直方图的Mean-Shift跟踪方法,全面地反映了颜色的整体分布信息和空间分布信息。在VC 6.0上利用新方法和经典Mean-Shift跟踪方法分别对发生遮挡的视频和快速运动的视频进行跟踪,实验结果表明,提出的新方法能够更好地对目标进行跟踪,避免跟踪过程中的目标丢失。     

An Improved Geometric Approach for Palette‐based Image Decomposition and Recoloring

Palette‐based image decomposition has attracted increasing attention in recent years. A specific class of approaches have been proposed basing on the RGB‐space geometry, which manage to construct convex hulls whose vertices act as palette colors. However, such palettes do not guarantee to have the representative colors which actually appear in the image, thus making it less intuitive and less predictable when editing palette colors to perform recoloring. Hence, we proposed an improved geometric approach to address this issue. We use a polyhedron, but not necessarily a convex hull, in the RGB space to represent the color palette. We then formulate the task of palette extraction as an optimization problem which could be solved in a few seconds. Our palette has a higher degree of representativeness and maintains a relatively similar level of accuracy compared with previous methods. For layer decomposition, we compute layer opacities via simple mean value coordinates, which could achieve instant feedbacks without precomputations. We have demonstrated our method for image recoloring on a variety of examples. In comparison with state‐of‐the‐art works, our approach is generally more intuitive and efficient with fewer artifacts.     

Using hybrid knowledge engineering and image processing in color virtual restoration of ancient murals

This paper proposes a novel scheme to virtually restore the colors of ancient murals. Our approach integrates artificial intelligence techniques with digital image processing methods. The knowledge related to the mural colors is first categorized into four types. A hybrid frame and rule-based approach is then developed to represent knowledge and to inter colors. An algorithm that takes into account color similarity and spatial proximity is developed to segment mural images. A novel color transformation method based on color histograms is finally proposed to restore the colors of murals. A number of experiments based on real images have demonstrated the validity of the proposed scheme for color restoration.     

Aesthetic Rating and Color Suggestion for Color Palettes

A model to rate color combinations that considers human aesthetic preferences is proposed. The proposed method does not assume that a color palette has a specific number of colors, i.e., input is not restricted to a two‐, three‐, or five‐color palettes. We extract features from a color palette whose size does not depend on the number of colors in the palette. The proposed rating prediction model is trained using a human color preference dataset. The model allows a user to extend a color palette, e.g., from three colors to five or seven colors, while retaining color harmony. In addition, we present a color search scheme for a given palette and a customized version of the proposed model for a specific color tone. We demonstrate that the proposed model can also be applied to various palette‐based applications.     

Color spaces and color contrast

With the introduction of low-cost color graphics systems comes a host of problems specifically concerned with the color aspect of the system. This paper discusses two of these problems: the selection and manipulation of colors by (possibly) inexperienced users, and the automatic selection of colors by the system to achieve high contrast effects on the screen. A new color space based on color opponency theory is described. This space is useful both in the user interface and in the automatic selection of high contrast colors.     

一种基于视沉的增强现实三维注册算法

为了提高增强现实系统三维注册的精度和效率，提出了一种基于计算机视觉的增强现实三维注射算法，并已将其用于采用透射式头盔显示器的增强现实系统中，该算法有如下特点：（1）构架简单，实用性强，一般情况下只需4个平面标志物就可实现三维注册；（2）工作范围大，甚至可以应用到室外的增强现实系统中；（30数值求解过程最线性过程，误差小，可以满足增强现实系统高精度三维注册的要求，另外，应用这种算法所需要作的图象处理计算量很小，其典型系统包括一个彩色CCD和几个不同颜色的标志点，由于很容易获得标志点的对应像面位置，而且不需要计算图象对，因此实时性好，是一般图形工作站和PC机上的增强现实系统进行实时注册的算法基础。