基于目标区域的语义图像检索

提出了一种基于高层语义的图像检索方法,该方法首先将图像分割成区域,提取每个区域的颜色、形状、位置特征,然后使用这些特征对图像对象进行聚类,得到每幅图像的语义特征向量;采用模糊C均值算法对图像进行聚类,在图像检索时,查询图像和聚类中心比较,然后在距离最小的类中进行检索。实验表明,提出的方法可以明显提高检索效率,缩小低层特征和高层语义之间的“语义鸿沟”。     

State of the art content based image retrieval techniques using deep learning: a survey

In the recent years the rapid growth of multimedia content makes the image retrieval a challenging research task. Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is a technique which uses features of image to search user required image from large image dataset according to the user’s request in the form of query image. Effective feature representation and similarity measures are very crucial to the retrieval performance of CBIR. The key challenge has been attributed to the well known semantic gap issue. The machine learning has been actively investigated as possible solution to bridge the semantic gap. The recent success of deep learning inspires as a hope for bridging the semantic gap in CBIR. In this paper, we investigate deep learning approach used for CBIR tasks under varied settings from our empirical studies; we find some encouraging conclusions and insights for future research.

     

基于多语义特征的彩色图像检索技术研究

基于语义内容的图像检索已成为解决图像低层特征与人类高级语义之间"语义鸿沟"的关键.以性能优越的回归型支持向量机(SVR)理论为基础,结合重要的图像边缘信息及人眼视觉特性,提出了一种基于多语义特征的彩色图像检索新算法.该算法首先利用Canny检测算子提取原始图像的边缘信息,并得到低层纹理特征,同时利用SVR将低层特征映射到高级语义,以获得图像的高级纹理语义.然后结合人眼视觉系统感知特性,给出基于重要区域主要颜色的高级颜色语义.最后根据上述高级语义特征(纹理语义和颜色语义)进行图像检索.实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地对图像高级语义进行刻画,不仅图像匹配检索效果良好,而且具有稳定的检索性能,其对于缩小低层视觉特征与高级语义概念之间的"语义鸿沟"具有重要意义.     

Automatic Annotation and Retrieval of Images

Although a variety of techniques have been developed for content-based image retrieval (CBIR), automatic image retrieval by semantics still remains a challenging problem. We propose a novel approach for semantics-based image annotation and retrieval. Our approach is based on the monotonic tree model. The branches of the monotonic tree of an image, termed as structural elements, are classified and clustered based on their low level features such as color, spatial location, coarseness, and shape. Each cluster corresponds to some semantic feature. The category keywords indicating the semantic features are automatically annotated to the images. Based on the semantic features extracted from images, high-level (semantics-based) querying and browsing of images can be achieved. We apply our scheme to analyze scenery features. Experiments show that semantic features, such as sky, building, trees, water wave, placid water, and ground, can be effectively retrieved and located in images.     

综合颜色纹理形状特征的图像检索

图像特征的提取和使用在基于内容的图像检索中至关重要.研究了在基于内容的图像检索系统中整合颜色,纹理,形状的提取方法.将图像按照一定的规则进行分块,对各个分块分别进行各种特征向量的提取.颜色特征的提取是基于YUV颜色空间的颜色直方图,纹理特征的提取采用Gabor滤波器,形状特征的提取是基于Zernike矩的计算.实验结果表明,综合图像的颜色、形状和纹理特征提高了图像检索的准确性.     

采用形态学边界特征的医学图像检索

特征提取是基于内容的图像检索(CBIR)中的关键步骤,如何有效提取反映高层语义的图像特征对于医学图像的检索至关重要.提出一种基于边界形状特征的医学图像检索方法.该方法首先通过多尺度形态学方法检测图像边界点,然后对边界图像进行形状特征提取,构建边界的形状密度直方图,最后通过相似性匹配实现医学图像检索.实验结果证明了所提取的边界形状特征在医学图像检索中的有效性,通过对比实验给出了结果分析和进一步的研究思路.     

一种基于视觉单词的图像检索方法

基于内容的图像检索技术最主要的问题是图像的低层特征和高层语义之间存在着"语义鸿沟"。受文本内容分析的启发,有研究学者借鉴传统词典中用文本单词组合解释术语的思路,将图像视为视觉单词的组合,利用一系列视觉单词的组合来描述图像的语义内容。为此,利用SIFT进行图像的视觉单词特征提取,然后构建视觉单词库,最后实现了一个基于视觉单词的图像检索系统。实验结果表明,该方法在一定程度上提高了图像检索的查准率。     

Image retrieval using edge based shape similarity with multiresolution enhanced orthogonal polynomials model

Since shape is one of the important low level features of any Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system, this paper proposes a new edge based shape feature representation method with multiresolution enhanced orthogonal polynomials model and morphological operations for effective image retrieval. In the proposed method, initially the orthogonal polynomials model coefficients are computed and reordered into multiresolution subband like structure. Edge image is then obtained by utilizing the two level adaptive thresholds and local maxima of the gradient in horizontal, vertical, diagonal and anti-diagonal directions. The approximate shape boundary of the image is recovered with morphological operations. Then the Pseudo Zernike moment based global shape features, which are invariant to basic geometric transformations, are extracted. The obtained features are termed as global shape feature vector and are used for retrieving similar images with Canberra distance metric. The efficiency of the proposed method is experimented on a subset of standard Corel, Yale and MPEG-7 databases and the results are compared with existing techniques.     

Statistical framework for image retrieval based on multiresolution features and similarity method

The advent of large scale digital image database leads to great challenges in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) method. The CBIR is considered an active area of research; however, it comprises a strong backdrop for new methodologies and system implementations. Hence, many research contributions focus on these techniques to enable higher image retrieval accuracy while preserving the low level computational complexity. This paper proposes a CBIR method, which is based on an efficient combination of multiresolution based color and texture features. This paper considers color autocorrelogram of the hue(H) and saturation(s) components of HSV color space for color features, and value(V) component of HSV color space for texture features. These two image features are extracted by computing co-occurrence matrix at optimum level image, which is the basis for the formation of feature vector. Though the optimum level is constructed based on wavelet transform, which contains a few dominant wavelet coefficients. The efficiency of the proposed system is tested with standard image databases, and the experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better retrieval accuracy at optimum level; moreover, the proposed method is very fast with low computational load. The obtained results are compared with existing techniques such as orthogonal polynomial model, multiresolution with BDIP-BVLC method and GLCM based system, and results reveal that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.     

Collaborative image retrieval via regularized metric learning

In content-based image retrieval (CBIR), relevant images are identified based on their similarities to query images. Most CBIR algorithms are hindered by the semantic gap between the low-level image features used for computing image similarity and the high-level semantic concepts conveyed in images. One way to reduce the semantic gap is to utilize the log data of users' feedback that has been collected by CBIR systems in history, which is also called “collaborative image retrieval.” In this paper, we present a novel metric learning approach, named “regularized metric learning,” for collaborative image retrieval, which learns a distance metric by exploring the correlation between low-level image features and the log data of users' relevance judgments. Compared to the previous research, a regularization mechanism is used in our algorithm to effectively prevent overfitting. Meanwhile, we formulate the proposed learning algorithm into a semidefinite programming problem, which can be solved very efficiently by existing software packages and is scalable to the size of log data. An extensive set of experiments has been conducted to show that the new algorithm can substantially improve the retrieval accuracy of a baseline CBIR system using Euclidean distance metric, even with a modest amount of log data. The experiment also indicates that the new algorithm is more effective and more efficient than two alternative algorithms, which exploit log data for image retrieval.     

基于深度语义模型的乳腺X线图像检索

图像特征是基于内容的图像检索（Content-based image retrieval,CBIR）的关键,大部分使用的手工特征难以有效地表示乳腺肿块的特征,底层特征与高层语义之间存在语义鸿沟。为了提高CBIR的检索性能,本文采用深度学习来提取图像的高层语义特征。由于乳腺X线图像的深度卷积特征在空间和特征维度上存在一定的冗余和噪声,本文在词汇树和倒排文件的基础上,对深度特征的空间和语义进行优化,构建了两种不同的深度语义树。为了充分发挥深度卷积特征的识别能力,根据乳腺图像深度特征的局部特性对树节点的权重进行细化,提出了两种节点加权方法,得到了更好的检索结果。本文从乳腺X线图像数据库（Digital database for screening mammography, DDSM）中提取了2 200个感兴趣区域（Region of interest,ROIs）作为数据集,实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高感兴趣肿块区域的检索精度和分类准确率,并且具有良好的可扩展性。     

基于模糊支持向量机的面向语义图像检索算法*

为了缩减图像低层特征和高层语义之间的“语义鸿沟”,本文提出一种基于模糊支持向量机的面向语义图像检索(SBIR-FSVM)算法。在提取图像的低层特征的基础上,本文将最小隶属度模糊支持向量机引入到图像检索技术中,获取图像语义信息及消除传统支持向量机(SVM)在多类分类中产生的不可分区域,从而实现面向语义的图像检索。实验结果表明,本文提出的SBIR-FSVM算法与基于SVM的图像检索算法及综合多特征的基于内容的图像检索算法相比均有了显著的改进。     

基于卷积神经网络和流形排序的图像检索算法

针对基于内容的图像检索(CBIR)中低层视觉特征与用户对图像理解的高层语义不一致以及传统的距离度量方式难以真实反映图像之间相似程度等问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和流形排序的图像检索算法。首先,将图像输入CNN,通过多层神经网络对图像的监督学习,提取网络中全连接层的图像特征;其次,对图像特征进行归一化处理,然后用高效流形排序(EMR)算法对查询图像所返回的结果进行排序;最后,根据排序的结果返回最相似的图像。在corel数据集上,深度图像特征比基于场景描述的图像特征的平均查准率(mAP)提高了53.74%,流形排序比余弦距离度量方式的mAP提高了18.34%。实验结果表明,所提算法能够有效地提高图像检索的准确率。     

Relevance Feedback and Learning in Content-Based Image Search

A major bottleneck in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems or search engines is the large gap between low-level image features used to index images and high-level semantic contents of images. One solution to this bottleneck is to apply relevance feedback to refine the query or similarity measures in image search process. In this paper, we first address the key issues involved in relevance feedback of CBIR systems and present a brief overview of a set of commonly used relevance feedback algorithms. Almost all of the previously proposed methods fall well into such framework. We present a framework of relevance feedback and semantic learning in CBIR. In this framework, low-level features and keyword annotations are integrated in image retrieval and in feedback processes to improve the retrieval performance. We have also extended framework to a content-based web image search engine in which hosting web pages are used to collect relevant annotations for images and users' feedback logs are used to refine annotations. A prototype system has developed to evaluate our proposed schemes, and our experimental results indicated that our approach outperforms traditional CBIR system and relevance feedback approaches.     

Content-based image retrieval and semantic automatic image annotation based on the weighted average of triangular histograms using support vector machine

In recent years, the rapid growth of multimedia content makes content-based image retrieval (CBIR) a challenging research problem. The content-based attributes of the image are associated with the position of objects and regions within the image. The addition of image content-based attributes to image retrieval enhances its performance. In the last few years, the bag-of-visual-words (BoVW) based image representation model gained attention and significantly improved the efficiency and effectiveness of CBIR. In BoVW-based image representation model, an image is represented as an order-less histogram of visual words by ignoring the spatial attributes. In this paper, we present a novel image representation based on the weighted average of triangular histograms (WATH) of visual words. The proposed approach adds the image spatial contents to the inverted index of the BoVW model, reduces overfitting problem on larger sizes of the dictionary and semantic gap issues between high-level image semantic and low-level image features. The qualitative and quantitative analysis conducted on three image benchmarks demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach based on WATH.     

基于多尺度密集网络的肺结节图像检索算法

现有基于内容的医学图像检索（CBMIR）算法存在特征提取的不足，导致图像的语义信息表达不完善、图像检索性能较差，为此提出一种多尺度密集网络算法以提高检索精度。首先，将512×512的肺结节图像降维到64×64，同时加入密集模块以解决提取的低层特征和高层语义特征之间的差距；其次，由于网络的不同层提取的肺结节图像信息不同，为了提高检索精度和效率，采用多尺度方法结合图像的全局特征和结节局部特征生成检索哈希码。实验结果分析表明，与自适应比特位的检索（ABR）算法相比，提出的算法在64位哈希码编码长度下的肺结节图像检索查准率可以达到91.17%，提高了3.5个百分点；检索一张肺切片需要平均时间为48 μs。所提算法的检索结果在表达图像丰富的语义特征和检索效率方面，优于其他对比的网络结构，适用于为医生临床辅助诊断提供依据、帮助患者有效治疗。     

Integrated color,texture and shape information for content-based image retrieval

Feature extraction and the use of the features as query terms are crucial problems in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems. The main focus in this paper is on integrated color, texture and shape extraction methods for CBIR. We have developed original CBIR methodology that uses Gabor filtration for determining the number of regions of interest (ROIs), in which fast and effective feature extraction is performed. In the ROIs extracted, texture features based on thresholded Gabor features, color features based on histograms, color moments in YUV space, and shape features based on Zernike moments are then calculated. The features presented proved to be efficient in determining similarity between images. Our system was tested on postage stamp images and Corel photo libraries and can be used in CBIR applications such as postal services.