厌氧膜生物反应器在食品废水处理中的应用研究

分别采用小试规模(50 L/d)外置错流管式厌氧膜生物反应器和中试规模(20 t/d)浸没式厌氧旋转膜生物反应器进行了食品厂废水的处理实验研究.结果表明,加入超滤膜单元提高了厌氧系统的总有机物去除率及甲烷产量,使系统出水水质更加稳定;外置错流式超滤膜随运行时间的延长通量明显下降,而旋转式超滤膜可通过膜片旋转速度提高和保持膜通量;浸没式旋转膜组件的运行能耗较外置管式膜组件至少降低30%;但不同形式的厌氧膜生物反应器对氨氮和总磷去除能力有限,需进一步处理.     

浸没式中空纤维膜生物反应器的膜污染及防治对策

膜污染是浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)工艺中普遍存在的问题,是影响SMBR稳定运行的关键因素.从微观和宏观两方面分析了SMBR的膜污染的机理,综述了国内外控制膜污染问题的最新研究进展,包括膜自身性质的改进、膜组件及反应器结构的优化、污泥混合液特性的改善、工艺运行条件的优化及膜清洗技术的发展,在此基础上指出了目前关于膜污染问题研究的不足及未来的主要发展方向.     

平板膜生物反应器操作运行条件对膜污染特性的影响

采用正交试验法分析评价浸没式平板膜一生物反应器操作运行条件对膜污染的影响．试验选择了影响膜污染的3个主要因素,结果表明各因素对膜污染的主次关系为：污泥浓度〉抽停时间比〉曝气强度;其优化的操作条件为：污泥浓度5500mg／L,抽停时间比10：4,曝气强度0．3m^3／h．试验同时测定了各部分膜阻力的分布情况,结果表明,外部阻力是膜阻力的主要组成部分,因而设法减轻泥饼层或凝胶层的沉积是减轻膜污染的重要手段．     

生物铁法-膜生物反应器中膜过滤特性的研究

在浸没式膜生物反应器(简称MBR)处理模拟印染废水的过程中,通过向反应器中投加氢氧化铁絮体,进而形成生物铁污泥,来实现膜污染的防治.从操作压力变化、污泥阻力分布、膜污染电镜照片、污泥显微镜照片、污泥粒径分布等测定和观察结果表明,生物铁法MBR污泥总阻力仅为普通MBR污泥总阻力的1/3,这说明投加氢氧化铁絮体后增加了膜水通量,明显减小了膜过滤阻力.     

浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器的膜污染机理研究

试验研究了新型浸没式双轴旋转厌氧膜生物反应器处理啤酒废水的膜污染机理.分析了膜阻力分布情况和膜污染速率及稳定运行时膜过滤阻力随运行时间变化的阻力模型.结果表明,最初很短时间内膜污染受膜孔堵塞模型控制,之后受泥饼层阻力模型控制,后一阶段是膜污染的主要控制阶段.经过146天的运行,膜污染较轻,过滤阻力随时间增大的速率非常缓慢,并在一定膜转速下,过滤阻力保持不变.证实了系统由双轴旋转膜组件形成的湍流可削弱膜表面的浓差极化及泥饼层的形成,从而有效地控制膜污染.     

颗粒悬浮填料复合式膜生物反应器的过滤性能研究

介绍了颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)在工业废水处理中的应用.在运行条件一致的情况下,对普通膜生物反应器(MBR)和颗粒填料复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)进行了对比实验,着重研究了颗粒填料在膜污染控制方面的作用.结果表明:由于投加填料颗粒,HMBR的沉积层阻力减少了86%,临界通量增长了约20%;在长期运行过程中MBR的膜污染速率是HMBR的3.3倍.在膜生物反应器中投加颗粒填料可以有效地改善其过滤性能,减缓膜通量的下降.     

AnMBR中填料对低温运行性能与膜污染行为影响研究

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)将膜与厌氧生物处理技术相结合,能够有效降解有机物并兼顾能量回收,成为一种新兴污水处理技术.然而由于AnMBR低温下生物降解效率不高,造成膜污染加剧,从而限制了其推广应用.本文对比研究了低温下(10℃)添加纤维束填料与否的两个平行的分置式厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下的COD去除效果、产气能力以及膜污染行为.结果表明：投加填料的B-AnMBR在不同的HRT下均能保持高效而稳定的COD去除率,产气量提升43%,而且甲烷含量增长26%～42%.由于COD去除效果好,B-AnMBR中膜污染显著缓解,在HRT=12 h或8 h下运行时间延长近1倍.     

微藻-膜生物反应器处理劣五类水实验研究

将微藻添加到膜生物反应器中,构建微藻-膜生物反应器(A-MBR)污水处理系统。考查了系统对废水中有机污染物、N和P的去除效果以及微藻对膜污染的影响。结果表明:A-MBR系统对化学需氧量(COD)的去除效率大于90%,出水中COD含量低于50mg/L,达到一级A排放标准。A-MBR系统相比于传统膜生物反应器系统(SMBR)对总磷去除率平均高10.1%,对NH4+-N去除率也更高。同时,A-MBR系统过膜压力差(TMP)平均增长速率比S-MBR系统下降19.4%,表明微藻可有效缓解MBR系统膜污染。     

钙离子胁迫下SRT对MBR中污泥性质及膜污染的影响

以处理模拟生活污水的浸没式膜-生物反应器(SMBR)为依托,在钙离子投加量为200 mg/L的条件下,考察了不同污泥龄(10d、20 d和30 d)对污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,随着SRT的延长,TMP的增长速率逐渐降低,膜污染得到了有效缓解,其中SRT为30 d时,膜污染最轻.当SRT从10 d延长到30 d时,SMP的含量明显降低,与膜污染变化趋势是一致的.较长的SRT下钙离子更易于累积,钙离子的累积造成了MLVSS/MLSS值的降低,同时也强化了生物絮凝作用,促进了较大絮体的形成.累积的钙离子主要附着于BEPS中,且通过吸附SMP中带负电荷官能团的多糖,导致了较长SRT下SMP含量的降低和BEPS含量的增加.     

MBR专题

加压固定床生物膜反应器污水处理工艺;分点进水多级生物膜反应器污水处理设备;三隔室浸没式厌氧膜生物反应器;一体化超滤膜混凝／生物反应器水净化处理方法及其装置;膜生物反应器-臭氧联合工艺生产再生水的方法.     

计算流体力学对膜生物反应器水力学特征的模拟研究

通过计算流体力学(CFD)中的FLUENT软件,对膜生物反应器内流场和流态进行模拟,定量给出了其流速与剪切力的分布.研究了膜组件距离反应器底部不同距离时的水力学情况和水力学条件.对比了膜生物反应器中,玻璃纤维编织管式膜组件与平板膜组件,由于构型不同所导致的水力学条件差异.结果表明,从雷诺数和质量流速率参数分析,玻璃纤维编织管式膜组件的水力学条件更好,更有利于膜污染的防治.探讨了单个与多个曝气器情况下的流速分布,结果表明,后者流速分布更为均匀.由本文研究结果可知,计算流体力学可以作为一个有力的工具应用于MBR及其膜污染控制研究中.     

Evaluation of potential integration of entrapped mixed microbial cell and membrane bioreactor processes for biological wastewater treatment/reuse

The challenge of biological wastewater treatment process is the design and operation of effective retention of mixed microbial cells within the reactor. Entrapped mixed microbial cell (EMMC) technology is designed to entrap the mixed microbial cells in polymeric carriers; membrane bioreactor (MBR) process utilizes membrane sheets/fibers to effectively retain the biomass in the reactor. These two biotechnologies are considered potential alternatives for conventional biological treatment/reuse because of their capability of retaining high concentration of biomass in the reactor, or in other words increasing the solid retention time (SRT). The simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen were investigated using a modified EMMC system design. The modified EMMC system demonstrated higher organic and nitrogen removal performance due to high SRT. Compared to single-stage MBR process operated at similar conditions, the modified EMMC system was able to achieve slightly lower organic removal, comparable nitrification, and higher total nitrogen removal. One limitation in applying an EMMC only treatment process regime for potential reuse of treated wastewater is that such an operation requires the removal of pathogens and large particles if disinfection and solid/liquid separation were not followed. The major challenge of MBR process to overcome is membrane fouling, and the high energy consumption associated with fouling control. The intrinsic features of EMMC process including high SRT, low, and stabilized effluent suspended biomass concentration may significantly reduce the chance and extent of membrane fouling; while the membrane filtration can further polish the effluent quality from EMMC process. Therefore, integrating MBR and EMMC is strongly recommended because it may be a ??break-through?? for solving the membrane fouling problem and in improving effluent quality for potential reuse.     

TiO_2动态改性膜应用于MBR的研究

采用二氧化钛(TiO_2)纳米粒子对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜微滤膜(PVDF MF,0.1μm)和实验室自制聚砜中空纤维膜超滤膜(PSF UF,0.05μm)进行表面亲水改性,以期提高膜的抗污染能力.采用膜接触角、纯水通量、出水TOC、膜压差和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征了TiO_2动态膜的性能.将TiO_2纳米颗粒改性后的PVDF MF和PSF UF膜应用于膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟焦化废水(TOC=500 mg/L),考察了其对MBR过滤性能的影响.实验结果表明,改性后膜的水接触角明显减小,亲水性增强,TMP升高速率明显降低,模拟焦化废水,TOC的去除率平均可达95%,经返洗及次氯酸钠清洗后膜表面TiO_2层外观没有明显变化.改性后的膜组件较显著地增加了MBR的膜抗污染的优势,且具有一定的稳定性.因此,将TiO_2动态改性耐污染膜应用于MBR是可行的.     

MBR NF工艺在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

报告了采用膜生物反应器（MBR）－纳滤（NF）组合工艺处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液,该工艺充分发挥了MBR和NF单元的功能互补性,运行实践表明,对COD和氨氮的平均去除率均达99.5 %,出水满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的一级标准,运行费用（含折旧）为19.55元/m3,具有较明显的技术经济优势。     

减压膜蒸馏技术处理丙烯腈废水研究

用减压膜蒸馏（ＶＭＤ）技术进行的处理废水中丙烯腈的实验研究和中间试验,均取得了良好结果,丙烯腈的去除率在９８％以上,出水浓度低于５ｍｇ／Ｌ,达到了排放控制的要求,理论分析和实验数据都说明,液相温度和流量对ＶＭＤ的传质和丙烯腈的脱除效果有 大的影响,而中撞试验结果又表明,真空度、气液比、流程走向和纤维装填密度等工艺和设备参数在一定条件下对丙烯腈的脱除效果也有较大的影响,所有试验结果显示,作为一种新颖     

Simultaneous methane production and wastewater reuse by a membrane-based process: evaluation with raw domestic wastewater

In this study, a membrane-based process was applied to simultaneously reclaim methane and generate reused water from raw domestic wastewater. The system was comprised of up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed bed (UAFB), anoxic sink (AS) and aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR). The hydraulic retention time of UAFB (HRT(U)) was gradually shortened from 8h to 6h, 3h and to 1h, while the HRT of AS and MBR kept at 8 h. It is found that HRT(U) of 3h was more suitable for the balancing production of biogas and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the VFAs served as carbon source for denitrification. The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of the MBR kept lower than 0.04 MPa without wash or change of membrane sheet, however, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that microbes attached to the inner-surface of membrane, causing irreversible fouling after 133-day operation. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of amplified 16S rDNA gene fragments proved that more functional bacteria and higher microbial diversity emerged at HRT(U) of 3h and 1h. Most bacteria belonged to Betaproteobacteria and were responsible for carbon and nitrogen removal.     

Treatment of bactericide wastewater by combined process chemical coagulation, electrochemical oxidation and membrane bioreactor

Bactericide wastewater (BIW) contains isothiazolin-ones, high salinity, toxicity and non-biodegradable organic concentrations. In order to enhance biodegradable capacity, chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation were applied to pretreatment processes. FeSO(4).7H2O, pH 12 and 20 mmol/l were determined as optimal chemical coagulation condition; and 15 mA/cm2 of current density, 10 ml/min of flow rate and pH 7 were chosen for the most efficient electrochemical oxidation condition at combined treatment. The wastewater which consisted mainly of isothiazolin-ones and sulfide was efficiently treated by chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation. The optimal pretreatment processes showed 60.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 99.5% of S(2-) and 96.0% of isothiazolin-ones removal efficiency. A biological treatment system using membrane bioreactor (MBR) adding powder-activated carbon (PAC) was also investigated. COD of the wastewater which was disposed using a MBR was lower than 100 mg/l.     

MBR中同步硝化反硝化及异养硝化现象试验研究

在以限制混合液溶解氧浓度方式运行的MBR反应器中,通过改变进水COD/TKN、混合液DO浓度等工艺参数,研究了对系统中同步硝化反硝化(SND)过程的影响因素.根据试验结果探讨了MBR系统中所实现的SND机理,同时对系统中存在的异养硝化菌进行了分离培养,并对其硝化特性进行了初步研究分析.试验结果表明:影响系统SND的主要因素是进水COD/TKN和反应器中控制的混合液DO浓度,系统中存在一定量的异养硝化菌.     

A/O MBR处理城市污水回用的中试研究

采用中试规模(36 m3/d)的缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器(A/O MBR)对城市污水处理回用进行了试验研究.试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果优良,系统对COD、氨氮、浊度、细菌的平均去除率分别为94%,98.3%,99.6%,lg6,出水浓度分别为18 mg/L,0.65 mg/L,0.06 NTU,4个/mL.出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T 18920-2002).该系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力.     

Simultaneous removal of C, N, P from cheese whey by jet loop membrane bioreactor (JLMBR)

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) used in this study consisted of a jet loop bioreactor (aerobic high rate system) and a membrane separation unit (microfiltration). Jet loop membrane bioreactor (JLMBR) system is a high performance treatment system. High organic loading rates can be achieved with a very small footprint. The JLMBR is a compact biological treatment system which requires much smaller tank volumes than conventional activated sludge system. Solid-liquid separation is performed with a membrane. The JLMBR system, of 35 L capacity, was operated continuously for 3 months with a sludge age of 1.1-2.8 days and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads of 3.5-33.5 kg COD m(-3) day(-1). The mean concentration values of COD, total nitrogen (TN) and PO(4)3- in cheese whey (CW) were found as 78,680 mg L(-1), 1125 mg L(-1) and 378 mg L(-1), respectively. Ninety-seven percent COD removal rate was obtained at the sludge age (Thetac) of 1.6 days and volumetric loads of 22.2 kg COD m(-3) day(-1). TN removal was obtained as 99% at the loading rates of 17-436 g TN m(-3) day(-1). PO4(3-) removals were between 65 and 88% for the loading of 30-134 gPO4(3-) m(-3) day(-1). The system could simultaneously remove the COD, TN and PO(4)3- at high efficiencies. The sludge flocks were highly motile, dispersed and had poor settling properties.