Carbon sorbents from waste crumb tires

The applicability of wastes from the chemical utilization of automobile tires as a raw material for the manufacture of carbon sorbents was studied. The thermogravimetric analysis of the thermal degradation of this raw material was performed; the proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out, and a process for the manufacture of crushed and granulated sorbents was developed. The formation of the structural and adsorptive properties of carbon sorbents based on waste crumb tires was studied. It was found that the sorbents were characterized by low and high sorption capacities for substances from aqueous solutions and saturated vapors, respectively. This phenomenon can be explained by the pore structure peculiarities of sorbents from waste crumb tires, which contained supermesopores that turned into capillaries; they are responsible for an entirely different mechanism of absorption: the capillary condensation of vapors.     

Sorption of petroleum products by carbon sorbents

A comparative study of the adsorption of petroleum products by micro- and macroporous carbon sorbents was performed. For this purpose, four carbon sorbent samples prepared from various raw materials by various processing techniques were used. The pore structures and adsorption capacities of these sorbents for petroleum products were studied. It was found that the adsorption of petroleum products on porous and nonporous carbon sorbents occurred in different manners. In this case, macroporous sorbents with a weakly developed structure of sorbing micro- and mesopores exhibited a maximum capacity for petroleum products.     

Preparation of carbon sorbents from certain types of biomass

An integrated study of olive pits and walnut shells as raw materials for conversion into carbon sorbents was performed. The results of thermogravimetric studies and proximate and ultimate analyses of the raw materials allowed us to choose a processing technique and the performance characteristics of carbonization. The sorbents based on the test plant waste materials were found to exhibit high strength and well-developed pore structure with a high specific surface area of micropores and sufficiently developed mesoporosity. These sorbents were superior to high-quality active carbons in terms of adsorption capacity for substances with various molecular sizes.     

Nontraditional method for the preparation of carbon sorbents from composites based on phenol-formaldehyde resins

A technology for the preparation of high-strength carbon sorbents based on phenol-formaldehyde resins with the use of microwave energy at the stages of the carbonization of starting raw materials, the activation of carbonization products, and the regeneration of spent sorbents was developed. These sorbents were effective in a pulp countercurrent process for the recovery of noble metals. The physicomechanical, structural, and adsorption characteristics of the resulting sorbents were tested.     

Adsorption properties of modified peat toward organic compounds and heavy metals

The adsorption properties of peat modified by mechanical activation in the presence of iron oxide hydroxide were studied. Based on the results of the determination of adsorption activity and microcalorimetric studies, it was established that physical absorption processes predominate on the interaction of the modified peat sorbents with a model organic substance and the aqueous solutions of metal salts. It was demonstrated that new types of sorbents with high sorption properties can be obtained based on peat mechanically activated in the presence of water treatment wastes     

Adsorption method for the recovery of hydrocarbons from natural gas and associated petroleum gas

Carbon sorbents were prepared based on various raw materials, and their sorption capacities for gasoline fraction were studied under static and dynamic conditions. A pilot batch of the most efficient sorbent was tested in a pilot plant under conditions similar to the operating parameters of commercial natural gas-gasoline processing plants. The dynamic adsorption capacity of a carbon sorbent was higher than this characteristic of imported silica gel, which is commonly used for natural gas stripping.     

镁负载CaO基吸附剂捕集CO2性能及抗烧结机理

复合钙基吸附剂制备成本过高是限制其工业化应用的主要瓶颈问题。本文以不可溶的CaCO₃和Ca(OH)₂作为钙源,通过燃烧合成法制备钙镁复合吸附剂,在双固定床反应器上研究了其循环捕集CO₂性能。结果显示：制备得到的钙镁复合吸附剂具有更发达的孔隙结构,吸附剂表面Ca和Mg分散均匀,MgO均匀分布于CaO晶粒之间,有效提高了钙镁复合吸附剂的抗烧结特性,因此钙镁复合吸附剂循环反应过程中具有高捕集CO₂活性。以Ca(OH)₂作为钙源时,燃烧合成过程中Ca和Mg均匀同时析出,分散更加均匀,有效避免了CaCO₃作为钙源时Mg的团聚问题,因此得到的钙镁复合吸附剂循环捕集CO₂性能最优。最佳的Ca/Mg摩尔比为(8∶2)~(7.5∶2.5)。本研究以不可溶钙源制备得到高活性钙镁复合吸附剂,有效控制了吸附剂成本,具有更好的工程应用前景。     

中国水泥工业消纳社会废弃物与发达国家的差距

预分解水泥窑消纳各种含有可燃质的废物,既可充分利用其残留的热值,还能彻底干净地处置其燃烧后的残渣,消除二次污染隐患;加之水泥窑适应范围广,可以消纳各种状态的废料,处置能力很大。此法比新建垃圾填埋场或焚烧厂等办法经济得多,收效更快。水泥工业还可以将各种工业废渣用作混合材掺于水泥熟料中一并粉磨成水泥;有的工业废料还可以用作水泥原料以替代天然的石灰石、粘土或铁矿石等。在水泥工业消纳社会废弃物方面,我国与德日美等发达国家,在理念和技术上还有差距：我国看似消纳混合材不少,实为部分超掺滥掺所致;我国原料和石膏的替代率尚有较大提升空间;我国替代燃料的应用十分滞后,须急起直追。     

Oil sorption behaviors of porous polydimethylsiloxane modified collagen fiber matrix

A facial and cost‐effective synthesis method of converting the leather protein solid wastes into a value‐added collagen matrix oil sorbent is successfully established for the first time. Hide powder fiber (HPF) was firstly prepared by using the pre‐tanned fleshing wastes from the leather industry, and then cross‐linked with epoxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to produce hydrophobic collagen fiber, which was verified by the FT‐IR spectrum and contact angle analysis. Subsequently, a series of porous PDMS modified collagen‐based sorbents with roughness surface was successfully fabricated by solvent‐ and freeze‐drying methods respectively. The oil sorption capacity, sorption saturated time and retention capacity of the prepared sorbents was investigated. Combined with the SEM images, liquid displacement method and contact angle analysis, the results revealed that oil sorption capacities of the sorbent with lower pore size, higher porosity and rougher surface for silicone oil, motor oil and vegetable oil were approximate to 13.60, 12.50, and 11.92 g/g, respectively. Additionally, the sorption of oils is a quasi‐instantaneous process and also showed excellent oil retention capacity. It exhibited acceptable oil sorption performances as compared to commercial biomass sorbents. These findings indicated its potential as an eco‐friendly oil sorbent material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42727.     

Shaping technology of coal gas sorbents by using a spray dryer

The goal of this study was to develop HTHP sorbents for adaptation in fluidized bed desulfurizers or Transport Reactors. For this purpose, we shaped zinc-based sorbents (ZAC series) by using a spray dryer with a pressurized nozzle atomizer. To prepare the slurry for spraying, raw materials in submicron units and organic additives were used. We characterized the sorbents by SEM, XRD, Mean Particle Size Analysis, BET Surface Area and Attrition Ratio. The mean particle size was about 112 μm, the attrition resistance was very good and the TGA sulfur capacity of the fresh sample was calculated at about 23–24 wt%.     

New complexing sorbents based on polyacrylonitrile fibres

Modified sorbents with bis-amide groups active in the pH 4–5 range were fabricated from PAN fibres. The characteristics of extraction of copper, nickel, and cobalt ions were investigated, the sorption capacity for these metals was determined, and the possibility of using the new sorbents for fine afterpurification of electroplating wastes and purification of wastewaters from dye plants was investigated. A sorbent which is highly selective for (trivalent) iron ions was fabricated from PAN fibre modified with salicylaldehyde, and the indexes and areas of application were determined, in particular, for purification of sulfate-nickel electroplating solutions in nonferrous metallurgy enterprises.St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 22–27, November–December, 1996.     

In situ desulfurization during combustion of high-sulfur coals added with sulfur capture sorbents

Two Chinese coals, added with two types of sulfur capture sorbents, were combusted in a drop tube furnace to investigate effect of reaction temperature on sulfur removal during coal combustion. Limestone was used as sorbent and mixed with coal physically for sulfur removal. In addition, another sorbent, calcium acetate, synthesized from natural limestone, was also used for in situ removal of sulfur; it was impregnated into raw coals before combustion. The first series of experiments were carried out in the furnace having downside temperature of 1173 K (the upper side of furnace was at 1573 K). The results proved that calcium acetate captured more sulfur than limestone. In order to understand the effect of reaction temperature on in situ sulfur removal of sorbents, the second series of experiments were carried out at the uniform furnace temperature ranged from 1373 to 1673 K. Moreover, the sulfur removal capability of ashes, taken from combustion of coal with sorbents in drop tube furnace, was studied at 1173 K using thermogravity. The calcium distribution in ashes was analyzed using a novel calcium-based compounds CCSEM category. The results indicated that at certain temperature, higher sulfur removal efficiency was obtained for calcium acetate than that for natural limestone, which is mainly due to the fine dispersion of calcium in impregnated coal so that a good contact was obtained between calcium and sulfur-containing coal particles; increasing the temperature lowered the sulfur removal capabilities of sorbents since the sorbents were captured by inherent aluminosilicate; the sulfur content in raw coal affects the utilization of sorbents significantly in coal combustion. In addition, ashes, rich in calcium, can adsorb SO₂ at 1173 K; the sulfur removal efficiency of fly ash is at least the same as that of natural limestone.     

固体二氧化碳吸附剂研究进展

大量化石燃料的燃烧造成二氧化碳等温室气体的过量排放,严重影响了全球的环境与气候变化。固体吸附剂由于易处理、能重复使用、原材料损耗小而受到二氧化碳捕集领域的广泛关注。主要针对近些年来发展起来的新型固体二氧化碳吸附剂优缺点进行了分析比较。根据其吸附温度的不同,分别以低温、中温和高温3类吸附剂进行分类讨论。重点讨论了高温固体钙基吸附剂的吸附性能,以及其常见的改性方法,由于其吸附量高、原材料丰富、成本低等优点,氧化钙基吸附剂被认为是最理想的高温吸附剂。     

Vermeidbare und verwertbare Abfallprodukte in der Fettindustrie

Avoidable and Unavoidable Wastes of the Fat Industry During the storage, transport, recovery and processing of raw materials for fats waste materials are formed in all possible states of aggregation and mixtures. They range from dust and tank sediments of various processing steps to paper and plastic wastes from packaging material. Most of these wastes are today either avoidable, or, if unavoidable, they can be utilized. Practical examples of this specific problem are given and economical and technological aspects are discussed.     

利用陶瓷废渣生产绿色陶瓷产品

本文研究了利用陶瓷废渣生产绿色陶瓷产品.在对陶瓷废渣特性识别的基础上,通过对原矿原料、半熟料废渣、熟料废渣的性能检测,确定最佳配料配方;通过采用低温快烧技术,开发使用坯体增强剂,实现了废水、废渣零排放,废气污染物大幅下降,使废渣使用比例达到80%以上,生产出性能优于GB / T4100-2006标准的绿色陶瓷产品.     

4-氨基二苯胺合成工艺的比较研究

对橡胶防老剂重要中间体4-氨基二苯胺的主要生产工艺甲酰苯胺法和硝基苯法进行了重点研究,详细比较了两种工业化生产工艺的原子利用率、“三废”情况、原料成本等。结果表明：甲酰苯胺法工艺生产成本高,“三废”数量多,环境污染严重;硝基苯法工艺采用苯胺和硝基苯作为原料,原子利用率高,“三废”量少,是一条绿色环保的工艺。     

Use of granite sawing wastes in the production of ceramic bricks and tiles

Granite process industry generates a large amount of wastes, which pollute and damage the environment. This work aims to characterize and evaluate the possibilities of using the granite sawing wastes, generated by the process industries from Paraı́ba State, Brazil, as alternative ceramic raw materials in the production of ceramic bricks and tiles. Samples of granite sawing wastes were collected from companies located in Paraı́ba State. Their characterization were carried out with the determination of density, particle size distribution, surface area (BET), chemical composition, and by DTA, TGA, XRD, and SEM. In a second part of the work, tests in ceramic compositions were conducted in order to evaluate the suitability of addition of wastes in ceramic compositions used in the production of ceramic bricks and tiles. The results showed that the granite wastes have physical and mineralogical characteristics that were similar to those of conventional ceramic raw materials. The ceramic bodies produced from reformulated ceramic compositions had technological characteristics in agreement with the Brazilian standardizations for ceramic bricks and tiles.     

钙基吸收剂脱除HCl的研究进展

对钙基吸收剂脱除HCl技术的国内外研究进展进行了综述,介绍了不同类型钙基吸收剂的脱氯特性和提高钙基吸收剂脱除HCl性能的各种方法,讨论了Ca/Cl摩尔比、反应温度、粒径、反应气氛等因素对吸收剂脱氯性能的影响规律。提出重点应加强钙基吸收剂脱氯反应机理研究,解决脱氯效率较低等关键问题。并论述了生物质气化重整制氢与钙基吸收剂捕集CO2耦合技术中HCl脱除的必要性,提出HCl对钙基吸收剂循环捕集CO2性能可能存在影响。指出需研究HCl和CO2与钙基吸收剂的竞争反应规律和相互作用机理并提出协同调控方法,这对于生物质气化重整制氢技术协同捕集CO2和HCl意义重大。     

A kinetic study on medium temperature desulfurization using a natural manganese ore

Natural manganese ores were selected as raw materials for the desulfurization sorbent because of economical efficiency and high reactivity on hydrogen sulfide. Initial reaction rates between H₂S and desulfurization sorbent of natural manganese ores were determined in a temperature range of 400-800°C using a thermobalance reactor. All reactions were first order with respect to H₂S and were expressed by the Arrhenius relation. When the sulfidation reaction was controlled by diffusion, the temperature dependence of the effective diffusivity was given by the Arrhenius equation. Activation energies and frequency factors were obtained from the product layer diffusion coefficient of various sorbents by plotting as an Arrhenius equation form. Several additives were mixed to improve the sulfidation capacity, and NiO was the best additive.     

Natural Calcium‐Based Sorbents Doped with Sea Salt for Cyclic CO2 Capture

The calcium‐looping process for post‐combustion carbon dioxide capture, an economically and technically feasible method suitable for large‐scale use, has recently gained much attention. However, the capture capacity of calcium‐based sorbents rapidly decreases after only a few cycles. Herein, calcium‐based sorbents with enhanced cyclic CO₂‐capture capacity have been derived from cheap, natural raw materials by using a simple impregnation method. Limestone and shells were used as the calcium‐based raw materials, with sea salt as dopant. Modified limestone had the highest CO₂‐capture capacity after multiple carbonation‐calcination cycles. Sea‐salt‐doped sorbent showed a relatively stable porous surface during cycles, which resulted in a higher CO₂‐capture capacity.