纤维脱胶菌RJ6的筛选及脱胶性能

针对植物纤维因其纤长且坚韧在造纸和防治工业中应用受限的问题,从腐烂菜堆中筛选到分离得到纤维脱胶菌株RJ6,将该菌接种到以苎麻汁为唯一有机营养成分的培养基中对苎麻进行脱胶实验,对其进行了形态鉴定、生理生化特性实验以及16S rDNA序列的比对,并对菌株的发酵条件进行优化.测得接种RJ6菌株实验组相对于对照组的脱胶率达到91％,说明RJ6对植物纤维原料有高效的脱胶作用.对菌株的发酵条件进行优化,显示RJ6菌株在转速160 r/min、接种量5％、温度37℃和起始pH 7.0条件下保持一个高水平的发酵.形态鉴定、生理生化特性实验以及16S rDNA序列比对结果表明,RJ6为短杆状,两端钝圆,大小约为(0.4～0.5)μm×(1.1～1.8)μm,革兰氏染色结果呈阴性,存在端生鞭毛.其16S rDNA序列与GenBank中的果胶杆菌属(Pectobacterium.sp)同源性大于99％,RJ6属于果胶杆菌属(Pectobacterium.sp).     

南极产低温几丁质酶菌株的16S rDNA序列分析及其发酵条件及酶学性质研究

从南极深海沉积物中筛选到一株产低温几丁质酶的菌株AC444,经细菌形态观察及16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株属于假交替单胞菌属（pseudoalteromonas）,其最适与最高生长温度分别为15℃和30℃,属于兼性嗜冷菌。AC444菌株能利用多种碳源产酶,在含胶体几丁质和蛋白胨的培养基中产酶最高,达13．47U,最适产酶温度为20℃。酶的最适反应pH为7．0,最适作用温度为35℃,属中性低温酶。     

两种快速细菌菌种鉴定方法的比较

采用Riboprinter全自动核糖体RNA指纹分析系统,进行了两株送测细菌的鉴定,同时与16S rDNA序列测定结合生理生化实验的方法进行比较.结果表明,两种方法均成功、快速地完成了送测菌株的鉴定,其分别为大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌.相比而言,Riboprinter系统更为简洁,可以在8h内完成未知菌株的鉴定,最大化避免了其他因素对实验的影响,且在鉴定到种的基础上可以进一步分类,进行溯源分析.     

硫系高效脱臭菌的分离及其特性研究

从三个不同地点采集的混合样品中，分离到16株能氧化无机硫化物的菌株，优化筛选出菌株Hm-6，其形态，生理生化反应特征鉴定为假单菌（Pseudomonas sp.)。研究了菌株Hm-6氧化H2S的影响因素和代谢过程。确定Hm-6菌株的生长最适温度为30℃，pH值为7；将其投加到泥炭生物过滤塔中，室温即对低浓度H2S有较高的去除效果，且没有延迟期，代谢产物是类硫物质，而不是通常的硫酸根。     

一株新硫醇脱臭菌的降解机能研究

从多菌源经富集分离出一株高效降解硫醇臭气的菌株(JLL),通过16S rRNA基因序列分析法和传统的生理生化法相结合,鉴定JLL为黄杆菌属的新种。经洗涤法降解实验分析JLL对硫醇气体的降解机理,并对JLL采用碱裂解法未提出质粒,基本可以确定菌株JLL不含质粒,其降解基因在染色体上,降解过程为染色体控制。     

产蛋白酶菌株的筛选及其在固态发酵豆粕中的应用

目的:筛选高产蛋白酶菌株,探究微生物发酵对豆粕抗原蛋白的影响,以期提高豆粕在水产饲料中的使用价值。方法:从土壤样品中筛选出1株蛋白酶酶活为1 390.6±12.5 U/mL的菌株LX-6,经生理生化特性和16S rDNA分子鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。通过B.amyloliquefaciens LX-6不同时间发酵豆粕,分析SDS-PAGE中大分子抗原蛋白降解情况、发酵样品总蛋白以及水溶性蛋白含量。结果:在37℃、物料含50%水的条件下,发酵24 h豆粕中大分子抗原蛋白全部降解,48 h时水溶性蛋白含量达到最高44.45%。结论:B.amyloliquefaciens LX-6发酵后有效提高了豆粕的蛋白含量,此发酵豆粕有望今后开发成水产饲料。     

一株牙鲆出血症病原菌的分子生物学鉴定

从患出血症养殖牙鲆分离到一株病原菌M4,革兰氏阴性,杆状,有极生和侧生鞭毛 ,能运动,菌落半透明.进行了常规生理生化和BIOLOG-GN细菌鉴定系统测试,结果表明菌株M4与V.carchariae的表型特征非常相似.为了进一步确定M4的分类学地位,测定了其 16S rRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了系统发生树,结果表明菌株M4与 V.carchariae的亲缘关系最近.综合上述结果,菌株M4可鉴定为Vibiro carchariae .     

低温脂肪酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定及其部分酶学性质

从南极乔治王岛冻土来源的76株低温细菌中筛选到13株低温脂肪酶产生菌，对其中的BTsl0022菌株进行鉴定。通过生理生化特征、16s rDNA基因序列的同源性和系统发育分析发现，菌株RTsl0022属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)，但与已定名的假单胞菌有一定的差异，与未定名的Pseudomonas sp．PsB的亲缘关系最接近，故将其暂定名为Pseudomonas sp．BTsl0022。对该菌脂肪酶的酶学性质初步研究表明，酶的最适作用温度为24℃，对热敏感，60℃处理30min仅残留25％酶活性，酶的适宜作用pH范围在7．0～9．0，最适pH为8．0。     

海洋有益菌的筛选与鉴定

从健康的斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）幼体及其养殖环境中分离到213株海洋细菌,采用十字叉划线法和琼脂扩散法进行体外拮抗试验,从中筛选到5株对水产养殖动物病原哈维氏弧菌（Vibro harueyi）和鳗弧菌（Vibrio anguillarum）等菌株生长有抑制作用的海洋细菌。根据其形态特征以及生理生化反应特征,初步鉴定为交替单胞菌属（Alteromonas）,其中菌株A18鉴定为橙色交替单胞菌（Alteromonas aurantia）。     

一株牙Ping出血症病原菌的分子生物学鉴定

从患出血症养殖牙Ping分离到一株病原菌M4,革兰氏阴性,杆状,有极生和侧生鞭毛,能运动,菌落半透明。进行了常规生理生化和BIOLOG－GN细菌鉴定系统测试。结果表明菌株M4与V.carchariae的表型特征非常相似。为了进一步确定M4的分类学地位,测定了其16SrRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了系统发生树,结果表明菌株M4和V.carchariae的亲缘关系最近。综合上述结果,菌株M4可鉴定为Vibiro carchariae。     

How the tooth got its stripes: patterning via strain-cued motility

We hypothesize that a population of migrating cells can form patterns when changes in local strains owing to relative cell motions induce changes in cell motility. That the mechanism originates in competing rates of motion distinguishes it from mechanisms involving strain energy gradients, e.g. those generated by surface energy effects or eigenstrains among cells, and diffusion–reaction mechanisms involving chemical signalling factors. The theory is tested by its ability to reproduce the morphological characteristics of enamel in the mouse incisor. Dental enamel is formed during amelogenesis by a population of ameloblasts that move about laterally within an expanding curved sheet, subject to continuously evolving spatial and temporal gradients in strain. Discrete-cell simulations of this process compute the changing strain environment of all cells and predict cell trajectories by invoking simple rules for the motion of an individual cell in response to its strain environment. The rules balance a tendency for cells to enhance relative sliding motion against a tendency to maintain uniform cell–cell separation. The simulations account for observed waviness in the enamel microstructure, the speed and shape of the ‘commencement front’ that separates domains of migrating secretory-stage ameloblasts from those that are not yet migrating, the initiation and sustainment of layered, fracture-resistant decussation patterns (cross-plied microstructure) and the transition from decussating inner enamel to non-decussating outer enamel. All these characteristics can be correctly predicted with the use of a single scalar adjustable parameter.     

Prediction of Strain Hardening and Fatigue Life of Cyclically Unstable Materials

The data on cyclic deformation of materials with different cyclic properties are analyzed. The relationship between the level of additional strain hardening and the mechanical characteristics of a material is established. The proposed models take into account the influence of the form of stressed state on strain hardening and durability under conditions of nonproportional cyclic deformation. The models are constructed on the basis of the analysis of the experimental data on cyclic deformation of 304 stainless steel. The prediction of strain hardening and durability is performed with separate analysis of the influence of shape of the cycle and the form of stressed state. To take into account the influence of shape of the cycle, we use the coefficient of disproportionality of the cycle and the parameter of sensitivity to disproportionality. To take into account the form of stressed state, we use the coefficient of the form of stressed state and the corresponding parameter of sensitivity to the form of stressed state. The results of prediction of both strain hardening and durability of materials on the basis of the proposed phenomenological models reveal their fairly high efficiency. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 118 – 130, September – October, 2005.     

High resolution digital image correlation measurements of strain accumulation in fatigue crack growth

Microstructure plays a key role in fatigue crack initiation and growth. Consequently, measurements of strain at the microstructural level are crucial to understanding fatigue crack behavior. The few studies that provide such measurements have relatively limited resolution or areas of observation. This paper provides quantitative, full-field measurements of plastic strain near a growing fatigue crack in Hastelloy X, a nickel-based superalloy. Unprecedented spatial resolution for the area covered was obtained through a novel experimental technique based on digital image correlation (DIC). These high resolution strain measurements were linked to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements of grain structure (both grain shape and orientation).Accumulated plastic strain fields associated with fatigue crack growth exhibited inhomogeneities at two length scales. At the macroscale, the plastic wake contained high strain regions in the form of asymmetric lobes associated with past crack tip plastic zones. At high magnification, high resolution DIC measurements revealed inhomogeneities at, and below, the grain scale. Effective strain not only varied from grain to grain, but also within individual grains. Furthermore, strain localizations were observed in slip bands within grains and on twin and grain boundaries. A better understanding of these multiscale heterogeneities could help explain variations in fatigue crack growth rate and crack path and could improve the understanding of fatigue crack closure and fracture in ductile metals.     

Shape recovery and irrecoverable strain control in polyurethane shape-memory polymer

Abstract

In shape-memory polymers, large strain can be fixed at a low temperature and thereafter recovered at a high temperature. If the shape-memory polymer is held at a high temperature for a long time, the irrecoverable strain can attain a new intermediate shape between the shape under the maximum stress and the primary shape. Irrecoverable strain control can be applied to the fabrication of a shape-memory polymer element with a complex shape in a simple method. In the present study, the influence of the strain-holding conditions on the shape recovery and the irrecoverable strain control in polyurethane shape-memory polymer is investigated by tension test of a film and three-point bending test of a sheet. The higher the shape-holding temperature and the longer the shape-holding time, the higher the irrecoverable strain rate. The equation that expresses the characteristics of the irrecoverable strain control is formulated.     

Shape recovery and irrecoverable strain control in polyurethane shape-memory polymer

In shape-memory polymers, large strain can be fixed at a low temperature and thereafter recovered at a high temperature. If the shape-memory polymer is held at a high temperature for a long time, the irrecoverable strain can attain a new intermediate shape between the shape under the maximum stress and the primary shape. Irrecoverable strain control can be applied to the fabrication of a shape-memory polymer element with a complex shape in a simple method. In the present study, the influence of the strain-holding conditions on the shape recovery and the irrecoverable strain control in polyurethane shape-memory polymer is investigated by tension test of a film and three-point bending test of a sheet. The higher the shape-holding temperature and the longer the shape-holding time, the higher the irrecoverable strain rate. The equation that expresses the characteristics of the irrecoverable strain control is formulated.     

Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by Bacillus pumilus strain C2A1

A bacterial strain C2A1 isolated from soil was found highly effective in degrading chlorpyrifos and its first hydrolysis metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP). On the basis of morphology, physiological characteristics, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strain C2A1 was identified as Bacillus pumilus. Role of strain C2A1 in the degradation of chlorpyrifos was examined under different culture conditions like pH, inoculum density, presence of added carbon/nutrient sources and pesticide concentration. Chlorpyrifos was utilized by strain C2A1 as the sole source of carbon and energy as well as it was co-metabolized in the presence of glucose, yeast extract and nutrient broth. Maximum pesticide degradation was observed at high pH (8.5) and high inoculum density when chlorpyrifos was used as the sole source and energy. In the presence of other nutrients, chlorpyrifos degradation was enhanced probably due to high growth on easily metabolizable compounds which in turn increased degradation. The strain C2A1 showed 90% degradation of TCP (300 mg L⁻¹) within 8 days of incubation.     

Collection and expansion of single cells and colonies released from a micropallet array

The ability to selectively grow out individual cells possessing unique characteristics from within a mixed population is of widespread importance for biomedical investigations. Generation of genetically engineered cell lines, transformation studies, cell-based assays, and stem cell studies are examples where single-cell cloning is of immense value. The vast majority of mammalian cells grow adherent to a surface; therefore, positive selection followed by cloning of cells while the cells remain adherent to their growth surface is an important goal. We recently demonstrated a microfabricated cell array combined with laser-based release of individual array elements for positive selection of single cells. In the current work, a strategy to collect single cells for clonal expansion is described. The system enabled cloning of individual cells with 80-90% efficiency. Single cells were selected and cloned from small populations of fewer than 10,000 cells. Strategies used by cells to migrate from the pallets to form colonies on the surface of the collection device were examined. Implementation of encoded array elements made it possible to follow specific cells throughout the selection, collection, and cloning procedure. Thus, a particular cell can be identified by any number of imaging techniques, isolated, and clonally expanded to generate a homogeneous cell line or a pure sample for genetic or biochemical analysis.     

A comparison of NASA,DoD, and hydrocode ballistic limit predictions for spherical and non-spherical shapes versus dual- and single-wall targets,and their effects on orbital debris penetration risk

All earth-orbiting spacecraft are susceptible to impacts by these particles, which can occur at extremely high speeds and can damage flight- and mission-critical systems. The traditional damage mitigating shield design for this threat consists of a “bumper” that is placed several cm away from the main “inner wall” of the spacecraft. Typical orbital debris risk analyses that include ballistic limit equations (BLEs) and curves (BLCs) assume that orbital debris particles are spherical in shape. However, spheres are not a common shape for orbital debris; rather, debris fragments might be better represented by other regular or irregular solids. This paper presents the results of a study comparing BLCs developed by NASA and the DoD for velocities up to 4 km/s considering spheres, cubes, and a “flake” shape that was proposed within NASA's Standard Breakup Model to represent orbital debris. It also compares performance of these shapes using hydrocodes at higher velocities (7–12 km/s), and generates a combined BLC for these shapes for the entire orbital debris velocity regime. In addition to shape, a multi-view method is used to examine the effects of a variety of cube and flake impact orientations on BLC, as well as a “characteristic length” parameter developed by NASA to compare the particle shapes on the basis of their radar cross section. The developed non-spherical BLCs are then evaluated for overall penetration risk considering the orbital debris environment. Their predictions of risk are compared to that predicted using sphere-based BLCs. This methodology is then extended to a single-wall shield design for velocities up to 15 km/sec, and the results of DoD predictions for a sphere and cube are compared with NASA predictions for a sphere having the same characteristic length. The results indicate that we may be over-predicting orbital debris risk for dual-wall shields by a factor of two—and for single walls by a factor of four—by limiting our analyses to spheres instead of using more representative debris shapes, such as cubes and flakes, and its characteristic length as the primary particle parameter.     

Ti-Ni-Hf高温形状记忆合金的研究进展

Ti-Ni-Hf记忆合金因具有高相变温度、相对低廉的价格和高输出功等诸多优点而成为最具潜力的高温形状记忆合金之一。然而,Ti-Ni-Hf记忆合金基体强度低,变形过程中易优先发生塑性变形,从而使其可实现的可恢复应变远低于理论值。目前改善应变恢复特性的措施主要包括:热机械处理(冷轧+退火)、合金化、时效处理、制备单晶合金等。研究表明,Ti-Ni-Hf合金的应变恢复特性与微观组织结构密切相关。本文主要阐述了Ti-Ni-Hf记忆合金在近年来的最新研究进展,包含微观组织结构的演化规律、马氏体相变行为以及力学性能和应变恢复特性,并基于前期研究成果建立了微观组织结构-马氏体相变-力学与应变恢复特性的关联特性。当前,Ti-Ni-Hf高温形状记忆合金冷、热加工性能差是其广泛应用的瓶颈。因此,Ti-Ni-Hf高温记忆合金的粉末冶金和增材制造可能是未来研究的热点与重点。