松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性的研究

用分光光度法研究水中金属离子浓度、pH值和添加不同种类表面活性剂等对松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性的影响，并寻找提高松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性的方法。实验结果表明：在实验研究的离子浓度范围内(Ca^2 浓度0～0．78mmol／L、Mg^2 浓度0～0．74mmol／L)，水的硬度对松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性没有影响；在偏碱性的水溶液中加入适量非离子表面活性剂可有效提高松香皂乙醇水溶液的稳定性。     

非离子表面活性剂在香皂配方中的应用研究

研究了香皂配方中添加非离子表面活性剂和三乙醇胺对香皂的稳定性及使用性能的影响。实验结果表明,添加0.4%的非离子表面活性剂和0.3%的三乙醇胺可以提高香皂的性能,同时为功能性香皂的生产提供了一种解决方案。     

表面活性剂复配体系修复芘污染土壤实验

以芘污染土壤为对象,利用阴离子表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和非离子表面活性剂皂素进行复配实验,得出最佳复配比并对污染土壤进行修复处理;其次,研究表面活性剂浓度、pH及CaCl₂、MgCl₂、KCl三种离子浓度、洗脱液的回收次数等单因素对洗脱效果的影响;然后利用响应曲面分析,确定影响洗脱效果的主效应因素及其交互作用强度;最后用Box-Behnken模型优化复配体系处理芘污染土壤的实验条件。结果表明：①当复配比为0.2时,鼠李糖脂-皂素混合溶液的表面张力最低,对芘的协同增溶效果最好;②复配体系处理芘污染土壤的单因素实验中,复配药剂浓度、pH、Mg²⁺浓度分别达到1800mg/L、8、0.1mmol/L时,洗脱效率最高;③环境因素对芘去除效果的影响从大到小依次为pH>表面活性剂浓度>Mg²⁺浓度,表面活性剂浓度与pH对芘的洗脱产生较大的交互影响作用,而pH与盐浓度的交互作用最微弱;④Box-Behnken模型优化后得出最佳组合是混合表面活性剂浓度为1900mg/L、pH为5、Mg²⁺浓度为0.2mmol/L,得到的洗脱效率为89.25%。     

含铜和含锌稀溶液的吸附泡沫分离技术的研究

运用自制的泡沫分离塔,以十二烷基硫酸钠为表面活性剂对泡沫吸附分离含铜及含锌溶液的操作参数进行了研究。考察了料液浓度、pH值、气体流量、表面活性剂浓度等因素对含铜和含锌溶液泡沫分离效果的影响。结果表明：最佳操作参数为pH值5．0,料液浓度0．125mmol／L,进料流速50mL/min,气体流量100mL/min,表面活性剂浓度0．25mmol／L。同时从理论上推算出泡沫吸附分离铜离子的最佳pH值范围为5．0左右。实验还通过改变孔板的孔径大小以改变气泡的尺寸,特别研究了泡沫尺寸对泡沫吸附分离的影响。     

DEDS-10双子表面活性剂的性能研究

合成了一种新型的DEDS-10双子表面活性剂,用红外光谱对所合成化合物的结构进行了初步表征。DEDS-10的临界胶束浓度cm c为0.47 mmol/L,γcm c为34.5 mN/m,A lC l3、CaC l2和NaC l可以使γcm c降低3.6~1.1 mN/m,其cm c值大约为纯水溶液cm c值的1/5~1/3;加入乙醇,可增加其表面活性,在乙醇的浓度为0.22 mol/L时,其表面张力为30 mN/m左右。与阳离子表面活性剂DTAB和非离子表面活性剂曲拉通X-100复配,可以大幅度地降低cm c和γcm c值,与阴离子表面活性剂TLS复配时,cm c降低,cγm c略有增加。     

以壬基酚为基非离子双子表面活性剂的合成及其表面性能

以壬基酚和甲醛的二聚体为原料,合成了一种新型结构的非离子双子表面活性剂,总收率为20%。利用IR、1HNMR表征产物结构,证明了所得产物为目标产物。并利用Wilhelmy-Plate法测定了水溶液中这种非离子双子表面活性剂的CMC和表面张力:CMC=0.0034 mmol/L,与相应结构的单子表面活性剂相比(CMC=0.1995 mmol/L),CMC提高了2个数量级;表面张力为35.18 mN/m。     

次氯酸钠水溶液稳定性及增稠体系研究

研究了温度、pH值、金属离子和表面活性剂对次氯酸钠水溶液稳定性的影响。在 2 5℃以下 ,pH >12 4时次氯酸钠溶液较稳定 ;金属离子的存在促进其分解。并找到了能够在次氯酸钠中稳定存在的表面活性剂WC 2A1(十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠 )。同时对有效氯含量、非离子表面活性剂 (GMY)及阴离子表面活性剂 (L - 30 )、pH值对次氯酸钠水溶液黏度的影响作了研究 ,得出了所需黏度的配方 :w(GMY) =7%～ 8% ,w(L - 30 ) =2 %～ 3%。     

泡沫分离法提取乙醇水体系中甲基橙

采用泡沫分离法对含甲基橙的乙醇水溶液进行了提取研究. 考察了乙醇体积分数、气体流量、pH、甲基橙浓度和表面活性剂浓度对提取效果的影响,并对泡沫分离乙醇-水体系中提取中药有效成分的可行性进行了探讨. 结果表明,以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为表面活性剂,在乙醇体积分数25%的乙醇-水体系中,在pH 6.0、气速80 mL/min、甲基橙浓度35 mg/L及CTAB浓度80 mg/L的操作条件下,甲基橙的富集比为14.38,回收率在98.5%以上. 在一定范围内提高表面活性剂浓度或加入稳泡剂以削弱乙醇的消泡作用,从而将泡沫分离技术应用于乙醇-水体系中中药有效成分的提取是可能的.     

表面活性剂的复配及对甲维盐微乳剂物理稳定性的影响

通过测定不同类型的单一及复配型表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度和表面张力,研究了它对w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性的影响。膦酸酯类阴离子表面活性剂A的临界胶束浓度为1．79×10-4 mol／L,表面张力为28．90 mN/m;苄基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂B(EPE型)的临界胶束浓度为 1.91×10-4 mol/L,表面张力为20．70 mN/m;按m(A):m(B)=2:3形成的复配型表面活性剂2#的水溶液的临界胶束浓度为9．30×10-5 moL/L,表面张力为25．66 mN/m。当w(2#)=10％时,配制w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性最佳,各项指标均合格。     

不同类型的离子表面活性剂对甲苯的增溶作用

通过电导法测定SDBS、CTAB、FMES 3种离子表面活性剂水溶液在25,30,35℃时的临界胶束浓度(CMC),并依据CMC和范特霍夫方程计算了3种体系下的ΔH■、ΔS■和ΔG■,测定无机盐(NaCl、Na_2SO_4)和有机物(乙醇、十二醇)对表面活性剂增溶甲苯的影响。结果表明,3种体系下ΔG■均为负,这说明3种表面活性剂在水溶液中均易于形成胶团;3种离子表面活性剂的CMC大小顺序与对甲苯溶解量的大小顺序不同,说明CMC大小并不是影响甲苯增溶的唯一因素;添加一定量有机物[n(乙醇)∶n(FMES)=1∶4]或者无机盐(0.2 mol/L浓度的NaCl)对甲苯增溶效果更好。     

Detergent action of rosin soaps and fatty acid — Rosin soaps

Summary A method for evaluating the detergent action of soaps has been described and applied to a series of soap solutions. The detergent action of rosin soaps, the effect of compounds present in soap or used with soap on the detergent action of a rosin soap, and the effect of rosin soap on the detergent action of tallow soap have been tested. The effect of temperature on the detergent action of some of the detergent solutions has also been determined. The results of these detergent tests on rosin, fatty acid and fatty acid-rosin soaps indicated the following: (1) Rosin soaps made from different gum rosins, produced from longleaf and slash pine gums, have equal detergent action; (2) The presence of soaps of oxidized rosin acids has no effect on detergent action of the rosin soap; (3) The detergent action of soaps made from pyroabietic acid, abietic acid and hydrogenated rosin parallels their ability to lower the surface tension of water and the amount of hydrogen present in the rosin acids; (4) The addition of builders that increase the alkalinity of the rosin soap solution improves the detergent action of the solution; (5) The blending of rosin soap with tallow soap improves the detergent action of the tallow soap in solutions having a soap concentration of 0.25 percent or more; (6) Temperature affects the detergent action of rosin and coconut oil soaps more than tallow soap.     

Ein Beitrag zur Dünnschichtchromatographie von Aniontensiden

A Contribution to the Thin-Layer Chromatography of Anionic Surfactants Anionic surfactants and some nonionic surfactants are chromatographed on silica gel plates with tetrahydrofuran + acetone (1 + 9 v/v) as solvent, sprayed with a solution of pinacryptol yellow and examinated under ultraviolet light at 366 nm. The surfactants appear as coloured fluorescent spots on a pale blue background. The relative air humidity has a major influence, i. e. the water content of the silica gel layer, which can be fixed by preconditioning of the plate by the vapour of the solvent. A complete separation of alkane-/olefinesulfonate, cumene/xylene-/toluenesulfonate, alkylbenzenesulfonate, α-sulfofatty acid methylester, fatty alcohol sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfate, fatty acid diethanolamide, fatty acid monoethanolamide and soap can be attained. Thin-layer chromatograms of a range of mixtures fatty alcohol sulfate/fatty alcohol ether sulfate and several fatty alcohol ether sulfates with increasing content of ethylen oxide are discussed.     

天然产物基Gemini表面活性剂研究进展

介绍了Gemini（双子）表面活性剂的新型结构及传统表面活性剂所不具备的优异性能：更高的表面活性,更低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）,有效的润湿性,低温水溶性,良好的增溶性,独特的流变性,优良的钙皂分散性能。重点分析了天然产物基Gemini表面活性剂因结合了Gemini表面活性剂的高效性和天然产物的绿色性,有着可观的研究发展价值。分别介绍了糖基、天然油脂基、松香基Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法与应用领域,指出探求合成步骤少、简易便行的合成方法以及探索Gemini表面活性剂与传统表面活性剂的复配体系性能是今后的研究重点。     

The germicidal activity of rosin soap and fatty acid-rosin soap as indicated by hand-washing experiments

Summary and Conclusions Price’s procedure as slightly modified (4) was used for studying the germicidal action of cleaning agents on the hands and showed that rosin soap and a commercial soap containing rosin were more active germicidally on the bacteria normally found on human skin than the usual commercial fatty acid soaps free from rosin soap. The experiments indicate that the lather of a 10-percent coconut oil soap solution and of a 10-percent coconut oil-rosin soap solution are germicidally active against the organisms removed. However, three 2-minute washes with these soap solutions had little effect on the bacteria not removed from the hands. The use of a 10-percent rosin soap solution in the same manner had a marked germicidal effect against both the organisms removed and those remaining. The lather of a commercial soap containing rosin soap was shown to be germicidally active, but three 2-minute washes had only a slight effect on the resident flora. However, the regular use of this soap daily for one week led to substantial reduction of both the transient and resident flora of the hands. The evidence of germicidal activity of rosin soaps and soaps containing rosin, both with regard to these hand-washing experiments and the “in vitro” (7) experiments, indicates that wider consideration might well be given this type of soap where germicidal activity is of importance. L. S. Stuart was employed in the Industrial-Farm Products Research Division when this work was done.     

歧化松香皂脱色精制工艺研究及脱色机理探讨

针对目前国内市场上歧化松香皂产品颜色过深的问题,深入研究了歧化松香皂脱色的实验方法,确定了SQZ-9脱色方法是一种工艺简单、成本低廉且能显著降低现有歧化松香皂产品颜色的脱色方法,可将特级歧化松香皂的加纳色号从8降至3。根据实验研究结果,在广西梧州松脂股份有限公司进行了歧化松香皂脱色工业中试。针对中试中发现的局部过热和脱色产物透明度下降问题,改进了歧化松香皂脱色工艺,并采用红外、紫外分析手段对其脱色机理进行了分析。     

表面活性剂复配体系的分析

介绍了一种使用经典的分析技术定量测定液体皂、皂胶、洗衣皂及香皂中存在的皂类、脂肪酸、非离子表面活性剂及除肥皂以外的阴离子表面活性剂和两性表面活性剂混合物的分析方法。这种方法克服了分析混合表面活性剂系统时常常会碰到的问题。     

Use of modified rosins in soap

Summary We have endeavored to show the advantages that rosins modified by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or polymerization have over ordinary rosins when used in soap. Ordinary rosin darkens in color upon oxidation. The modified rosins are not as susceptible to oxidation, and, therefore, soaps made using them do not darken in color to any greater extent than is normal for a soap made from the same fat stock but without rosin. The modified rosins when used as a replacement for part of the fat in soap making increase the rate of solubility of soap to a greater extent than do the ordinary rosins. They also show a slight advantage on the amount and stability of the lather. Hydrogenated rosin should be considered wherever germicidal value is desired since it contains a large proportion of tetra- and di-hydroabietic acids which have been shown by other investigators to have greater germicidal activity than the ordinary rosin acids or the fatty acids. The addition of modified rosins increase the wetting action of fatty acid soaps. It is indicated that up to 50% of modified rosin can be added to soap without decreasing detergent action, which, taken together with its other beneficial properties, makes it an ideal extender for fatty soap stocks. Chairman, Committee D-12 on Soap and Other Detergents of the American Society for Testing Materials.     

气质联用法鉴别ESBR和SSBR

本文介绍了一种通过气质联用法（GC/MS）测定提取液中的松香酸类物质以区分溶液聚合丁苯橡胶（SSBR）和以松香酸皂或混合酸皂为乳化剂的乳液聚合丁苯橡胶（ESBR）的方法,适用于生橡胶、混炼橡胶、硫化橡胶和橡胶制成品。对多个SBR进行GC/MS实验,谱图分析显示ESBR均含有松香酸类物质和脂肪酸类物质,而SSBR则未发现这两类物质。在此基础上开展已知配方硫化橡胶的实验。结果表明：对于生橡胶而言,无论ESBR使用何种乳化剂,均可以通过松香酸类物质和/或脂肪酸类物质完全区分ESBR和SSBR;混炼橡胶、硫化橡胶和橡胶制成品样品在确定含有丁苯橡胶的基础上,通过松香酸类物质的存在即可确认ESBR。     

高效低泡净洗剂的研制与应用

对不同配方的发泡力、泡沫稳定性以及净洗效果的测试结果表明皂剂、烷基苯磺酸盐和平平加O按适当比例进行复配可以得到泡沫少、泡沫破灭快，净洗效果好的高效低泡净洗剂。     

New amphoteric surfactants containing a 2-hydroxyalkyl group: IV. Performance of amphoteric surfactant/soap blends

The performance of new amphoteric surfactants,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-β-alanines (HAA) and their oxyethylated derivatives (HAA-nEO) was studied in blends with a fatty acid soap. The solubility, foaming power and fabric detergency were measured for blends of (Na-HAA or Na-HAA-nEO)/soap. Furthermore, lime soap dispersing power, toxicity to fish and biodegradability for HAA or HAA-nEO homologs were examined and evaluated. The blend of tallow soap and not less than 10% of C_12–14-Na-HAA exhibited better solubility behavior than tallow soap or tallow/coconut oil soap alone. Fabric detergency was improved by blending Na-HAA with soap. Soil deposition in Na-HAA/soap or Na-HAA/soap/Na₂CO₃ solution was measured. On the basis of the results for: (a) the measurements of redeposition; (b) interfacial tension between oil and water and (c) contact angle between oil and fabric in water, it was presumed that since Na-HAA adsorbed more or less in preference to soap on the surface of fabric in water, soil redeposition would be prevented in the Na-HAA/soap detergent solution.