Failure pressure calculation of fracturing well based on fluid-structure interaction

Failure pressure is a key parameter in reservoir hydrofracturing operation. Existing analytical methods for calculating the failure pressure are based on the assumption that borehole fluid is under two extreme conditions: non-infiltration or complete infiltration. The assumption is not suitable for the actual infiltration process, and this will cause a great error in practical calculation. It shows that during the injection process, the dynamic variation in effective stress-dependent permeability has an influence on the infiltration, and the influence also brings about calculation errors. Based on the fluid-structure interaction and finite element method (FEM), considering partial infiltration during injection process, a numerical model for calculating rock failure pressure is established. According to the analysis of permeability test results and response-surface method, a new variation rule of rock permeability with the change of effective stress is presented, and the relationships among the permeability, confining pressure and pore pressure are proposed. There are some differences between the dynamic value of permeability-effective-stress coefficient observed herein and the one obtained by the classical theory. Combining with the numerical model and the dynamic permeability, a coupling method for calculating failure pressure is developed. Comparison of field data and calculated values obtained by various methods shows that accurate values can be obtained by the coupling method. The coupling method can be widely applied to the calculation of failure pressure of reservoirs and complex wells to achieve effective fracturing operation.     

水力压裂时岩石破裂压力数值计算

 以多孔介质流体渗流与岩石应力–应变耦合理论为基础,推导水力压裂时岩石破裂压力数值计算方程,提出一种全新的岩石破裂压力计算方法。该方法考虑岩石变形与流体渗流的全耦合作用,采用有限元法数值计算技术,能模拟计算流体向地层渗滤情况下井眼周围地层有效应力的时空分布,因此,该方法不但能求得岩石的破裂压力,还能同时求得岩石的破裂时间。建立的破裂压力数值计算理论克服传统破裂压力解析计算方法的许多不足,如无法精确计算井眼周围孔隙压力的升高导致应力集中加剧对破裂压力的影响,无法计算地层破裂的确切时间等问题。该计算理论的建立,实现岩石破裂压力数值计算的突破和计算精度的提高,为水力压裂时岩石破裂压力的计算找到了新的理论和方法。     

温压耦合作用下岩石动态破坏过程和机制研究

温压耦合是深部岩石(体)的典型赋存环境。为揭示温压耦合下岩石的力学特性和破坏规律,采用实验和数值仿真相结合,研究岩石在不同温度和轴向静压力作用下的动态破坏过程,数值模拟再现温压耦合作用下岩石动态破坏性质的变化规律,给出温压耦合作用下岩石的动态破坏模式以及不同温度和不同轴向静压作用下破坏形态的差异。结果表明,在温度作用下,岩石发生膨胀导致热应力的产生;在相同轴向静压、不同温度作用下岩石的破坏形式相似,但是随着温度的升高,试样表面自由膨胀引起应力释放,而在试样内部会产生应力聚集,破碎更为粉碎。     

Coupled hydro-mechanical effect of a fractured rock mass under high water pressure

To explore the variation of permeability and deformation behaviors of a fractured rock mass in high water pressure,a high pressure permeability test(HPPT),including measuring sensors of pore water pressure and displacement of the rock mass,was designed according to the hydrogeological condition of Heimifeng pumped storage power station.With the assumption of radial water flow pattern in the rock mass during the HPPT,a theoretical formula was presented to estimate the coefficient of permeability of the rock mass using water pressures in injection and measuring boreholes.The variation in permeability of the rock mass with the injected water pressure was studied according to the suggested formula.By fitting the relationship between the coefficient of permeability and the injected water pressure,a mathematical expression was obtained and used in the numerical simulations.For a better understanding of the relationship between the pore water pressure and the displacement of the rock mass,a 3D numerical method based on a coupled hydro-mechanical theory was employed to simulate the response of the rock mass during the test.By comparison of the calculated and measured data of pore water pressure and displacement,the deformation behaviors of the rock mass were analyzed.It is shown that the variation of displacement in the fractured rock mass is caused by water flow passing through it under high water pressure,and the rock deformation during the test could be calculated by using the coupled hydro-mechanical model.     

不同应力路径下花岗片麻岩渗透特性的试验研究

 采用全自动三轴伺服仪,对花岗片麻岩开展渗流应力耦合试验,研究常规三轴压缩和轴压循环加卸载2种应力路径下,渗透率与渗压、围压、有效围压、体积应变及应力路径等因素的关系。结果表明：(1) 在2种不同应力路径下,岩石渗透率演化规律有差异性和一致性,同种路径下变形各阶段渗透率随有效围压增大而减小,但渗透率曲线的形态保持不变;(2) 渗压和围压对渗透率的影响,通过对岩石变形过程中内部微裂纹和孔隙变化产生作用,有效应力系数发生改变,有效围压效应随之改变;(3) 循环加卸载试验中,卸载渗透率均明显大于相应加载渗透率,体积应变转折前,加载渗透率减小,卸载后渗透率增加,形成比较完整的渗透率回滞环,体积应变转折后,加载渗透率增大,卸载渗透率降低不能够完全恢复;(4) 体积应变较轴向应变更清楚和灵敏反映渗透率变化规律,可把体积转折应变或其对应应力作为岩石渗透率变化的一项指标。试验研究旨在为岩石工程渗流–应力耦合稳定性分析提供参考。     

高压引水隧洞陡倾角断层岩体高压压水试验研究

结合一抽水蓄能电站高压岔管区高压压水试验,详细介绍了具有陡倾角断层岩体的高压压水试验方法及试验成果。探讨了岩体高压下水力劈裂区扩展的波动理论和渗透破坏特性,明确了岩体与土体渗透破坏形式差异。试验首次对岩体内的渗透压力和变形进行了同步测量,以了解高压条件下岩体的渗透变形特性。在高孔隙压力作用下,岩体的变形发展试验成果表明,岩体应力和稳定性分析过程中孔隙压力的作用不可忽视,因此采用耦合理论对高孔隙压力环境下的工程岩体进行分析有助于降低围岩失效风险。     

流形元与有限元变形和渗流的非同步耦合分析方法及其应用

提出了一个用流形元与有限元的变形和渗流非同步耦合的分析方法，用于模拟不连续块体在水压作用下的变形过程。对一个岩石边坡上的裂隙岩块随地下水上升而产生滑动破坏的过程进行了计算模拟，将此数值计算结果与岩块的滑动极限平衡计算结果作了比较分析。计算结果显示了所提方法的可用性。     

通透肋式拱梁隧道结构荷载设计计算方法探讨

The permeable tunnel with ribbed arch beam,which is a new type of tunnel structure,is analyzed. The geological environmental conditions and structural characteristics of this tunnel are expounded;and the concept of the design load standard for which the relaxation of the pressure caused by the surrounding rock failure in the limit state for this kind of non-symmetric half-dark tunnel structure is presented. By the numerical simulation study of the pattern and scope of tunnel surrounding rock failure,the basic failure modes of this tunnel can be concluded as which the vault slope rock slip along a ramp through the arch of the foot to form a wedge,and the size of the angle between the sliding failure surface and the horizontal plane determine the range of surrounding rock failure. On this basis,the structural load design and calculation model of the permeability tunnel with ribbed arch beam is established with theoretical analysis of the derivation,and compared and analyzed with the actual monitoring data and the numerical simulation results of construction conditions. The results show that the calculated internal forces distribution of this model can better reflects the variation of the internal force of tunnel structure,have a reliable safety margin,so as to provide a practical and effective design calculation method for the same type of half-dark tunnel structure section design and evaluation of long-term stability.     

海塘渗透破坏数值模拟及渗透特性

为研究海塘的洪水渗透规律和渗透破坏机制,提出了可考虑土体渗透性随渗透破坏而变化的饱和非饱和/非稳定渗流分析模型,编制了相应的程序.选取实际海塘进行了洪水渗透过程的数值模拟,并将计算结果与现场监测试验结果进行了对比,表明所建立的分析模型和计算程序是正确的.工程实例分析结果表明,海塘洪水渗透过程是一个涉及土体渗透性变化的饱和非饱和/非稳定渗流过程,塘身浸润线变化经历4个阶段,海塘渗透破坏是大渗流比降下洪水长时间渗透所导致的.因此海塘的洪水渗透破坏涉及破坏区土体渗透性的变化以及饱和-非饱和/非稳定渗流,按中国现行规范应用稳定渗流分析方法进行计算是存在问题的.     

三轴压缩下岩石类材料的细观损伤–渗流耦合本构模型

 岩石类材料的微缺陷主要有微裂纹和微孔洞,当压力水渗透到微裂纹中时,可在微裂纹上产生附加张开应力。利用叠加原理,对计及微裂纹内水压力的岩石类材料在三轴压缩应力下的响应特性进行分解。考虑无限大体深埋椭圆形裂纹在远场三维压缩应力下的变形、扩展和偏折,得到代表性单元中任意空间取向的单个闭合椭圆形微裂纹及其偏折微裂纹引起的附加柔度张量。假设三轴压缩下,代表性单元渗透特性变化主要取决于偏折微裂纹扩展所引起的法向开度变化,结合达西定律和立方定理,推导出单个偏折微裂纹的附加渗透张量表达式。采用Taylor方法考虑微裂纹系统对代表性单元变形和渗透性影响,利用概率密度函数得到三轴压缩下岩石类材料的三维细观损伤–渗流耦合本构模型。数值计算表明采用本模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Effects of anisotropic permeability of fractured rock masses on underground oil storage caverns

An isotropic assumption is often applied to analyze permeability tests of in situ fractured rock mass, and the homogeneous hydraulic conductivities are then used directly in the seepage analysis. However, the hydraulic conductivities are normally anisotropic in fractured rock masses and the effects of the anisotropic permeability should be taken into account in rock engineering analysis, especially for seepage analysis of underground oil storage caverns. In this study, an underground oil storage cavern project is analyzed and the Oda’s method is used to determine the anisotropy in permeability, where the anisotropy in permeability is determined using the fracture orientation and the in situ stress information from the field survey. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities are obtained based on the geometric average hydraulic conductivities from the injection tests of six boreholes. A typical cavern unit is numerical modeled using code FLAC. The effects of anisotropic permeability on water pressure, water quantities and critical gas pressure are studied carefully. The results indicate that most calculated results based on in situ hydraulic tests with isotropic permeability assumption can be used safely in the underground oil storage cavern project.     

隧道围岩破坏过程数值模拟方法研究

从理论上分析了隧道围岩渐进性破坏机理,以江西某隧道Ⅴ类围岩为背景,基于离散元理论,模拟了隧道围岩的破坏过程,并与现场结果进行了比较分析,PFC模拟结果与现场基本一致,结合数值计算的结果,提出了围岩动态压力拱的概念,研究成果对隧道塌方事故的预防及治理的研究提供了参考。     

岩质边坡降雨入渗过程的数值模拟

对岩质边坡降雨入渗的数学模型及模拟方法进行了探讨。在此基础上，研究了非饱和－饱和渗流模型中的非线性方程组及其解法，给出了Picard迭代法求解该方程组的方法、步骤，并对边坡降雨入渗的规律进行了研究，阐述了岩质边坡降雨入渗过程中基质吸力的变化、暂态饱和区的形成、发展以及暂态水压力的分布、变化。用上述方法分析、模拟了某露天矿边坡降雨入渗的全过程。     

孔隙率的应力-剪胀依存性对CO_2地层注入热-气-应力耦合影响的数值分析

在所建立的热–气–应力耦合弹塑性模型中,引入已有的经验关系式,将岩体的孔隙率和渗透性作为平均有效应力和剪胀体积应变的函数,并编制相应的二维有限元计算程序。以一个假定的由注入层和冠石层组成的地质结构为考察对象,就岩体不同孔隙率和渗透系数的3种工况,在CO2注入过程中,对岩体中的热–气–应力耦合现象进行数值模拟。计算结果表明:在相同的注入速率和时间内,3种工况所对应地层的孔隙率、孔隙气体压力、岩体位移、应力状态和受拉、剪切破坏范围均有明显不同。因此,将岩体的孔隙率和渗透性作为应力的函数、特别是计入剪胀体积应变的影响,应该更为接近实际情况。     

含裂隙岩石渗流力学特性研究

岩体中裂隙的存在严重影响着岩体的渗流特性。为了解不同载荷作用对含裂隙岩体渗流性能的影响规律,利用高精度渗流应力耦合三轴试验系统,对含裂隙砂岩和粉砂岩加载及卸载作用下的渗流特性进行试验研究。试验结果表明:(1)加载试验过程中,随着载荷的增大,试样裂隙隙宽逐渐减小,渗透率随之逐渐减小,渗透率与有效围压呈负指数关系;(2)卸载过程中,随着载荷的减小,岩石渗透率逐渐回升,但回升路径明显低于原始路径,路径不重合表明试样中裂隙的变形具有塑性变形的特征。根据试验结果,建立渗透率与有效围压的关系式,并确定关系式中的待定参数。在试验及理论研究的基础上,通过数值模拟分析试样裂隙面渗透率及渗流速度的变化规律。     

地震荷载作用下坝及其岩基的脆性动力损伤分析

将损伤、渗流及孔隙率演化等相互耦合的有效应力概念引入Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则，对岩石类的脆性材料建立了一种动力损伤破坏的模型，并应用该模型对地震荷载作用下的坝和岩基的破坏过程进行了脆性动力损伤分析。这种方法从连续损伤力学的观点研究了岩体结构在动力荷载作用下脆性损伤．破坏的突变机理。结果表明，损伤会在坝与岩基的上游坡的结合处由于应力集中而明显地增长。在硬岩基上的坝内，损伤发展比软岩基上灵敏。     

核废料地质贮存介质黏土岩的三维各向异性热-水-力耦合数值模拟

为了解黏土岩在放射性废料长期贮存中的热-水-力耦合过程,结合MontTerri核废料贮存地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩各种物理量的各向异性特点,应用多孔介质力学耦合理论研究了该黏土岩在加热和冷却全过程中由于热荷载引起的耦合效应场。研究过程考虑温度升高引起的孔隙水黏滞性改变对渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明,岩体力学参数、水力学参数和热传导参数的各向异性特性是影响岩体的温度场、孔隙压力场和应力场分布的最主要因素。各向异性耦合模型与各向同性耦合模型的数值模拟对比研究结果表明：各向异性模型数值结果能更加客观地反映该地下岩石试验工程中黏土岩在受热状态下的热-水-力耦合效应;同时,也表明岩体在加热过程中一直处于受压状态,而在冷却过程中局部会出现拉应力,从而有可能导致拉裂缝的产生。     

特低渗透油藏非达西渗流模型及其应用

根据矿场试验和室内试验的研究成果，开发低渗透和特低渗透油藏时会产生非达西渗流现象，尤其是原油渗流会存在较为明显的启动压力梯度。结合低渗透油藏注水开发的特点，考虑油、水两相渗流均存在启动压力梯度，以及岩石存在应力敏感，建立三维油、水两相非达西渗流数学模型。利用差分方法得到该模型的数值差分格式，在此基础上编制模拟软件。以大庆肇源油田源121—3区块为研究对象，首先将建立的非达西渗流的数值模拟结果与现场实测的生产动态数据进行对比验证。然后，在五点注采井网的基础上，设计一个“正方形注采单元”，在保持采油井和注水井井底流压的前提条件下，改变注采井距，通过模拟计算得到油井见水时地层流体压力、流体压力梯度、地层绝对渗透率和启动压力梯度的空间分布，最后得到有效驱动注采井距，从而为该特低渗透油藏的注采井网部署提供依据。     

基于双重孔隙介质模型的渗流-应力耦合并行数值分析

为模拟天然岩石中孔隙和裂隙的不同渗透性能及应力耦合特性,基于双重孔隙介质模型,建立渗流–应力耦合分析的迭代计算模型。岩石基质渗透系数和孔隙率通过体积应变进行更新。裂隙系统的耦合模型通过立方体单元模型来建立,渗透系数和孔隙率随有效应力的变化进行更新。考虑到耦合分析时步多、计算量大的问题,采用基于element-by-element策略的有限元并行计算方法进行数值模拟。编制相应的耦合分析并行程序CoupledGF,并在分布存储的并行机上实现。对包含一个生产井和一个注入井的封闭区域进行渗流–应力耦合分析,模拟约22 000个时步。计算结果表明,并行耦合分析模型对于渗流应力的耦合分析是很有效的。     

异常高压气藏应力敏感性研究

 克拉2异常高压气藏是目前我国探明的最大整装干气气藏,属于异常高压气藏。对于这种具有极高异常压力的气藏,在衰竭式开采过程中,地层压力逐渐下降,作用在岩石颗粒上的有效应力增加。这种效应有可能产生岩石形变,产生应力敏感,使得岩石物性参数孔隙度、渗透率减小,从而影响到气藏流体的流动动态及气井产能,给高效、合理地开发带来许多困难和问题。为此,设计模拟地层条件下储层应力敏感的试验流程与试验方法,以克拉2异常高压气藏的砂岩岩芯为试验对象,进行不同有效应力下储层物性应力敏感性试验以及应力敏感岩芯往复试验研究。试验结果表明,初始渗透率越低,则应力敏感性越强,孔隙度对有效应力的敏感性低于渗透率的应力敏感性。同时,通过三轴高温、高压岩石变形与渗透试验仪得到岩石典型的全应力–应变曲线,定量描述地层压力降低后,岩石出现永久塑性变形的特征,这是储层物性产生应力敏感性的原因。这些研究对该气藏合理开发是非常必要的,对气藏动态储量的计算、产能评价及合理生产工作制度的确定具有重要意义。