Advantages of a mobile LSPIV method for measuring flood discharges and improving stage–discharge curves

This paper investigates the potential of fast flood discharge measurements conducted with a mobile LSPIV device. LSPIV discharge measurements were performed during two hydrological events on the Arc River, a gravel-bed river in the French Alps: a flood greater than the 10-year return period flood in May, 2008, and a reservoir flushing release in June, 2009. The mobile LSPIV device consists of a telescopic mast with a remotely controlled platform equipped with a video camera. The digital video camera acquired sequences of images of the surface flow velocities. Ground Reference Points (GRPs) were positioned using a total station, for further geometrical correction of the images. During the flood peak, surface flow velocities up to 7 m/s and large floating objects prevented any kind of intrusive flow measurements. For the computation of discharge, the velocity coefficient was derived from available vertical velocity profiles measured by current meter. The obtained value range (0.72–0.79) is consistent with previous observations at this site and smaller than the usual default value (0.85) or values observed for deeper river sections (0.90 typically). Practical recommendations are drawn. Estimating stream discharge in high flow conditions from LSPIV measurements entails a complex measurement process since many parameters (water level, surface velocities, bathymetry, velocity coefficient, etc.) are affected by uncertainties and can change during the experiment. Sensitivity tests, comparisons and theoretical considerations are reported to assess the dominant sources of error in such measurements. The multiplicative error induced by the velocity coefficient was confirmed to be a major source of error compared with estimated errors due to water level uncertainty, free-surface deformations, number of image pairs, absence or presence of artificial tracers, and cross-section bathymetry profiles. All these errors are estimated to range from 1% to 5% whereas the velocity coefficient variability may be 10%–15% according to the site and the flow characteristics. The analysis of 36 LSPIV sequences during both events allowed the assessment of the flood discharges with an overall uncertainty less than 10%. A simple hydraulic law based on the geometry of the three sills of the Pontamafrey gauging station was proposed instead of the existing curve that is fitted on available gauging data. The high flow LSPIV discharge measurements indicated that this new curve is more accurate for high discharges since they are evenly distributed in a ±10% interval around it. These results demonstrate the interest of the remote stream gauging techniques together with hydraulic analysis for improving stage–discharge relationships and reducing uncertainties associated with fast flood discharges.     

弯曲型河道挟沙水流运动规律研究进展

弯道水流 (包括挟沙水流 )运动规律的研究 ,在水利工程学的许多领域中 ,占有重要的位置。本文着重对弯道水流水面横比降、横向环流、纵向垂线平均流速分布规律及弯道输沙特性研究进展进行了阐述分析 ,以便为生产科研方面服务。     

Application of aerial LSPIV to the 2002 flood of the Yodo River using a helicopter mounted high density video camera

Conventional Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) implementation to river flow measurement is based on video recordings acquired with the camera set at a fixed location. During floods, it is of high interest to map reach of rivers that are at bankfull stage or flowing over the floodplain. In order to accommodate this interest a new approach is proposed in this paper, whereby images are taken from a helicopter that survey the region of interest. Visualization of the free surface during the high flood flows is obtained by taking advantage of the floating debris, ripples at the free surface, and water color gradients created by the high velocities. The new image acquisition procedure requires adjustments in the image processing protocols. The paper describes the adjustments made to the conventional software to accommodate the implementation of aerial LSPIV accompanied by considerations of its uncertainties. The unique capabilities of the aerial LSPIV in comparison with any other existing velocity and discharge measurement means is demonstrated by its implementation during the 2006 flood in Yodo River (Japan).     

山东省地表水生态环境现状调查与评价

以2000年为基准年,调查评价了山东省地表水生态环境现状及其动态变化状况,指出了山东省地表水主要生态环境问题,即水资源短缺且利用率不高、地表水资源污染严重、河道断流、湖库萎缩、水生生物物种减少、引黄泥沙问题比较突出。     

恒定流中泥沙运动速度实验

泥沙颗粒运动速度与水流运动速度是不一致的,进而会对水流输沙和河床演变产生影响。通过采用粒子追踪测速方法(Particle Tracking Velocimetry-PTV)和粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry-PIV)测量了水槽中2种粒径的泥沙颗粒运动速度及相应的水流运动速度。实验结果表明,泥沙颗粒运动速度沿垂线分布与水流速度不一致,在对数区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度略小于水流的速度,泥沙运动滞后于水流运动;在近壁区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度大于水流速度,且在本实验的粒径范围内,随着泥沙颗粒粒径增大,泥沙颗粒的运动速度也随之增大。     

弯道推移质泥沙运动特性及其对河道演变的影响

弯曲河道水流、泥沙的运动特性与顺直段不同 ,存在横向流速与横向输沙。在考虑了弯道河段横向水流影响的条件下 ,导出了弯道河段泥沙的起动流速公式 ,并进行了合理性分析 ,认为在相同的纵向流速条件下 ,弯道段凹岸侧泥沙的起动粒径和泥沙输移速率均较顺直段大。同时结合弯道段水流和泥沙的运动特性阐明了弯道河段的演变规律。     

长江泥沙输移及三峡工程泥沙问题

长江泥沙主要来自上游金沙江和嘉陵江,来沙,来水分别占宜昌站７０％和４９％,地表侵蚀以水力侵蚀和重力侵蚀为主,但输沙量远小于侵蚀量。水土保持和兴建中小型水库的拦沙作用明显减少了进入河道的泥沙,与人类活动剧水土流失所带来的负效应部分相互抵消,经综合对比分析,从宏观上看宜昌站输水量多年平均值相对稳定,三峡水库为河道型水库,长６００ｋｍ,水库来水量大,含水量较小,水库采用“蓄清排浑”的调度运行方式可做到长     

黄河上游宁蒙河道冲淤变化分析

黄河上游来水沙地区分布不均匀，水沙异源。大型水库修库前，来沙多，宁蒙河道淤积，５０年代淤积尤为严重。青铜峡、刘家峡水库运用后，水库大量拦沙，宁蒙河道发生冲刷。龙羊峡，刘家峡水库联合运用后，汛期蓄水削峰，出库中小水流量历时加长，大流量出现机会大大减少，宁蒙河道重新调整，主要表现在；水流挟沙能力降低；河道淤积严重，水位升高，平滩流量减小；河势摆动加剧，滩岸坍塌严重；西柳沟高含沙洪水淤堵干流呈加重趋势。     

Incipient motion of sediment in presence of submerged flexible vegetation

The presence of submerged vegetation on river beds can change the water flow structure and alter the state of sediment motion. In this study,the incipient motion of sediment in the presence of submerged flexible vegetation in open channels was investigated in a laboratory experiment.The vegetation was simulated with flexible rubber cylinders arranged in parallel arrays. The effect of the vegetation density, water depth, and sediment grain size on the incipient motion was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the incipient motion velocity of sediment increases as the vegetation density decreases and the water depth and sediment grain size increase. With flexible plants, the incipient motion velocity of sediment is lower than it is without vegetation, and is larger than it is with rigid vegetation. A general incipient motion velocity equation was derived, which can be applied to both flexible and rigid vegetation conditions.     

弯道推移质泥沙运动特性及其对河道演变的影响

弯曲河道水流、泥沙的运动特性与顺直段不同,存在横向流速与横向输沙。在考虑了弯道河段横向水流影响的条件下,导出了弯道河段泥沙的起动流速公式,并进行了合理性分析,认为在相同的纵向流速条件下,弯道段凹岸侧泥沙的起动粒径和泥沙输移速率均较顺直段大。同时结合弯道段水流和泥沙的运动特性阐明了弯道河段的演变规律。     

黄河梯级水库群多过程协同调度模型与方法

黄河水少沙多,河道内外用水矛盾突出,梯级水库群调度下供水、输沙、发电、生态等用水过程之间存在复杂的竞争与协作关系,协同调度是提升综合效益的重要途径。本文采用多尺度嵌套和多过程耦合方法,建立了融合供水、输沙、发电、生态等过程的黄河梯级水库群协同调度模型,研究以综合满意度为引导的优化求解方法,选取代表径流系列,提出多过程协同调度方案。结果表明,通过优化黄河梯级水库群蓄泄秩序和下泄过程,协调多用水过程的关系,能显著提高水库调度的综合效益：通过优化河段取水过程,实现了供水时空均衡,流域缺水率控制在11.6%～18.8%;优化水库拦沙-河道输沙过程,减少水库淤积0.65亿t,增加河道输沙1.16亿t,下游河道年均冲刷0.26亿t;优化梯级水库群发电下泄过程,增加发电量64.25亿kW·h;优化断面流量过程,增加非汛期生态水量4.88亿m³。本研究可为梯级水库多目标调度与流域综合管理提供方向性参考。     

上海市苏州河底泥疏浚分析

苏州河底泥疏浚整治工程是一项浩大而复杂的工程,具有巨大的经济社会和环境生态等方面的效益,要在确保防汛墙安全的基础上进行底泥的挖掘、运输和处置,要满足防汛、调水、亲水和通航等对河道断面的要求,要在彻底根治苏州河黑臭淤积的同时,探索研究长效管理的方法和措施,保持河道水流的顺畅和水质的改善,打造苏州河良好的水环境、水生态、水景观和水文化。     

长江中游黄州河段采砂影响分析

河道采砂等人类活动对河道演变的影响是河流动力学研究的一个重要课题。以长江黄州河段为例,在实测水沙系列的基础上,采用平面二维水沙数学模型研究了不同流量级下工程河段采砂后水位、流速和汊道分流比等变化规律,并模拟了不同典型年水沙条件下洲滩河段演变过程和采砂区冲淤特性。研究结果表明,在不同流量条件下,随着流量的增加,水位和流速变化幅度有所减小、影响程度降低;分流比对平滩流量反应更加敏感,平滩流量条件下分流比有明显增加;三峡水库蓄水运行后,在不同典型水文年条件下,随着洲滩的冲刷后退加剧,布置在洲尾的采砂区泥沙回淤明显。     

径流泥沙的成因分割估算模式

从降雨对径流的形成，坡面的侵蚀和泥沙的输移过程出发，将径流分割为地表径流及地下径流；     

西线南水北调对黄河干流的减淤作用研究

南水北调西线工程通过向黄河河道内配置部分水量,进入黄河干流的水沙调控体系,经干流水库的联合调度,进行全河调水调沙,可塑造协调的水沙过程。由水量配置方案,利用建立的输沙关系推算相应的设计沙量,结果表明:按西线调水向河道内配置水量35亿m3,宁蒙河道、小北干流河道和黄河下游河道分别减淤为0.35亿、0.30亿t和0.27亿t。     

河道整治工程适应性及其二维有限元数值初步计算分析

采用二维非恒定水流泥沙有限元数学模型，研究了某多沙大河下游宽浅游荡型河段现有控导工程对水沙条件的适应性，通过对冲淤，水位，流速大小等值线，流场分析，河势以及水流平面形态等物理量的分析表明，在水沙条件的水沙系列下本段河道以冲刷为主，多数按规则治导线布设的工程发挥了护滩和控制主流和河势的作用，有些控制效果差，要完全控制河势尚需对控导工程布设进一步深入研究。     

河流水面成像测速方法的比测试验研究

大尺度粒子图像测速（LSPIV）是一种新兴的非接触式瞬时全场流速测量技术。以LSPIV为基本原理,针对现场条件下特有的水流示踪物、复杂的光学成像环境及受限的测点布设方式,通过对流场图像采集、水面背景抑制、运动矢量估计、时均流场重建、水面流场定标及断面流量估计等技术方法的集成创新,建立一套完整的河流水面成像测速（RSIV）工作模式。为评价RSIV的性能并提出研究需求,在现场开展与流速仪法和雷达法的比测试验。结果表明,RSIV法的时均流速测量精度可以达到0.5 mm/s以内,相比流速仪法具有更高的时空分辨率。当流速系数和断面划分方式选择合适时,流量估计值和雷达法的一致性较好。试验初步验证河流水面成像测速方法用于河流流速、流量测量的可行性。     

悬沙冲淤问题的湍流两相模型

在双流体模型框架内统一二阶矩两相湍流模型的基础上，建立了改进的悬沙冲淤问题的湍流两相模型-湍流代数应力模型，这一模型不仅能反映两相湍流的各向异性特征，并且更深刻揭示了悬沙颗粒与流体的湍流相互作用的机理，以及浮力、回流及旋流等的影响。适用于河口悬沙冲淤及水库泥沙异重流等工程问题的模拟计算。     

水利枢纽下游河床冲刷与再造过程研究进展

在水利枢纽尤其是水库的拦蓄与调节作用下,下游河道的来水来沙条件显著变化,将导致下游河道不平衡输沙,引起河床冲刷与再造。水利枢纽下游河道的河床冲刷与再造过程,兼具床沙冲刷—粗化—交换—悬移质恢复等多过程耦合的微观水沙运动特性,以及泥沙冲淤—床面形态变化—纵比降改变—河型河势调整等多尺度复杂响应的宏观形态变化。国内外相关研究主要通过实测资料分析、理论研究、实体模型试验和数值模拟等手段,从微观机理和宏观规律2个主要方面开展。归纳和总结了国内外水利枢纽下游河床冲刷与再造过程研究成果,对河床冲刷与再造实体模型试验和数值模拟中的模型沙选择、泥沙恢复饱和系数等关键技术问题的研究进展进行了分析,并指出了需要进一步研究的重点和亟待解决的科技难题。     

甬江及河口附近海域枯季水沙特性分析

基于2016年1月甬江及河口附近海域水文、泥沙观测资料,从水动力条件和泥沙环境两方面分析该水域枯季水沙特性。分析表明:①甬江最高潮位沿程变化不大,最低潮位沿程下降,最大潮差沿程增大;甬江河口附近海域的最高潮位、最大潮差和平均潮位都呈西北高于东南的特点。②甬江流速从上游至下游逐渐增加,河口附近海域流速总体上呈北强南弱的平面分布特点。③甬江从上游至下游含沙量先增后减,大潮含沙量大于小潮。河口附近海域西北侧含沙量大于东南侧,大潮含沙量大于小潮。输沙量和含沙量的规律较为一致。④甬江在同一个涨落潮周期内,含沙量存在两个峰值,分别出现在涨急、落急之后1~2 h。河口附近海域与河道内不同,含沙量存在单峰和双峰两种情况。