深埋大理岩三轴压缩渐近破坏裂纹扩展特征研究

为深入研究深埋大理岩渐进变形破坏过程中裂纹扩展特征,基于常规三轴室内试验完成数值模拟参数标定,利用PFC_3D^{颗粒流模型对深埋大理岩开展}25MPa、50MPa、80MPa三种不同围压下的裂纹扩展数值模拟试验,根据大理岩加载过程中微裂纹演化状态参数,定义三种特征应力,并据此展开深埋大理岩渐进破坏过中的宏、细观破坏特征及其对应裂纹扩展特征的规律研究。结果表明：(1)。室内试验与数值模拟的应力应变曲线相吻合,峰值应力相差较小,破坏形式与室内试验一致,故数值模拟参数标定合理。低围压下应力应变曲线出现的应力降最为明显,高围压下出现的应力降最小。(2)依据总裂纹、张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹扩展数量演化曲线斜率变化规律,将深埋大理岩渐进破坏过程划分为弹性压缩阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹加速扩展阶段和峰后残余阶段四个阶段,根据裂纹数量定义三个特征应力点。(3)随着围压的增加,深埋大理岩达到起裂应力σ_ci时裂纹从两端开始萌发,加载至损伤应力σ_cd点时向中间扩展,达到峰值应力σ_c点时在宏观破坏面附近扩展、增生,加载至峰值点后70%峰值应力点时最终形成以剪切破坏为主的贯通宏观破坏面。(4)随着围压的增加,裂纹出现的范围更广,贯通性减弱,峰值应力σ_c点处产生的裂纹对宏观破坏产生的影响更为剧烈,峰后残余阶段张拉裂纹发育更明显。     

红砂岩真三轴压力试验与岩石强度极限统计

为探讨岩石的强度理论和中间主应力效应,进行了红砂岩真三轴压力试验。获得了不同应力状态下的岩石强度极限值和岩石的三向全应力应变曲线。根据本文和收集到的真三轴压力试验资料,探讨了岩石的中间主应力效应问题。统计分析表明:中间主应力一般可使最大主应力的强度极限增大30%。     

脆性岩石真三轴能量强度准则研究

基于岩石材料拉压强度不等和中间主应力对强度影响特点,从可释放弹性能角度出发推导和建立了可考虑中间主应力对岩石破坏弹性能释放影响的真三轴能量强度准则,利用厚壁圆筒试验数据和已有文献真三轴试验数据以及从能量准则参数物理含义三方面分析验证了所建真三轴能量强度准则的合理性及可靠性.结果表明,所建真三轴能量准则能适应于厚壁圆筒及真三轴压力试验的多种复杂应力状态;花岗岩、石灰岩中间主应力影响大于红砂岩、中细砂岩;对同种岩石来说,岩石中间主应力影响系数随应力状态不同而不同,总体变化趋势随中间主应力增加而先增大后减小;岩石能量强度准则与岩石应力状态和材料物理性质密切相关.     

岩石试样直接拉伸力学性能及声发射活动分析

为探究直接拉伸作用下岩石力学特性和损伤演化特征,对3种岩石试样进行单轴直接拉伸声发射测试,分析岩石的直接拉伸力学性能及声发射活动规律。结果表明,岩石试样的拉伸应力-应变曲线在试验加载初期表现为线性关系,随着载荷增加,应力-应变曲线缓慢弯曲;拉伸破坏前试样没有明显的屈服阶段,拉伸宏观破坏瞬间产生,没有峰后曲线;随着拉伸应力的增加,岩石内部低强度晶体或微裂隙发生破坏或扩展,使试样抵抗拉伸变形能力减弱,表现为试样拉伸弹模随拉应力增加而下降。拉伸过程中的AE活动对应着岩石内部微损伤的产生和发展,拉伸过程的初期和中期AE事件极少,在试样拉断破坏之前,声发射事件急剧增多,强度和能量急剧增大,远远大于前期AE信号的幅度。AE事件的位置分布与试样的宏观破坏面有较好的对应关系,表明实时分析AE或微震活动,可以分析岩石内部的损伤状态和破坏位置。     

不同围压下茅口灰岩渐进性破坏的试验研究

利用MTS815电液伺服控制刚性试验机进行不同围压下茅口灰岩三轴压缩试验,通过计算绘得相应裂隙体积应变图,分析得出裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力。结果表明:随着围压的增大,应力门槛值均呈非线性增长态势,当围压超过17 MPa时,裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力分别增加48.5%和20.1%,茅口灰岩延性开始增强;裂纹破坏应力为峰值强度的64%~75%,三轴压缩下茅口灰岩裂隙不稳定发展阶段较长;环向应变值随围压增大而增大,当轴力超过裂纹破坏应力进入裂隙不稳定发展阶段,环向应变增大2.7~3.2倍,用环向-轴向应力应变曲线图能较好的反映岩石应力门槛值。     

单轴压缩下充填正交裂隙花岗岩强度及裂纹扩展演化

为研究充填材料类型对裂隙岩石力学特性及裂纹扩展演化的影响特征,对含充填正交裂隙花岗岩板状试样进行单轴压缩试验.结果表明:与单裂隙试样相比,含充填正交裂隙试样峰值强度和弹性模量明显劣化,劣化幅度分别为17.45%~39.19%和9.64%~27.42%.随充填材料强度的增加,充填试样峰值强度和弹性模量均逐渐增大.充填类型对试样次生裂纹的起裂形式影响显著,充填材料强度较低时,试样首先在充填物与次裂隙的交界面发生"脱黏"现象,然后由次裂隙外侧尖端开始起裂,而充填材料强度较高时可抑制次裂隙尖端裂纹萌生,试样初始破坏表现为主裂隙尖端的拉裂纹扩展.充填材料强度越大,充填试样的起裂应力越接近峰值强度,起裂应力水平越高.获得了充填试样轴向应力-应变曲线与次生裂纹扩展的实时关系,表明每一次较大的应力跌落均对应一条次生裂纹的萌生和扩展.     

卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性及三维裂隙演化规律

为研究卸围压条件下花岗岩强度特性和三维裂隙演化规律,对花岗岩开展了常规三轴压缩、卸围压-加轴压和分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载3种不同应力路径力学试验,获得对应的轴、径向应力-应变曲线;采用CT扫描三维重构技术获得岩石卸围压过程中和破坏后内部裂隙分布三维图像.结果表明:相对于常规三轴压缩试验,试件在卸荷条件下脆性破坏特征更加显著,分级卸围压-加轴压循环加卸载会增大花岗岩的峰后延性,降低破坏轴压和破坏剧烈程度;两种卸围压方案都会使花岗岩的承载能力降低30%左右;卸荷作用下花岗岩宏观破裂为拉剪组合状,拉剪过渡不明显,表观裂隙是内部裂隙向外扩展的结果;花岗岩在卸荷作用下峰前产生的裂隙量较少,大量裂隙在峰后产生,破裂具有突发性和瞬时性,围压较低时宏观裂隙首先在试件边缘产生,围压较高时宏观裂隙首先在试件中部产生.     

真三轴应力作用下立方体节理煤岩力学响应试验研究

为了研究在真三轴应力作用下,中间主应力及层理面对煤岩破坏的影响,在中间主应力平行和垂直于层理面的两种条件下对煤岩开展不同围压组合的真三轴压缩试验.根据节理煤岩在上述条件下的室内试验结果,研究了节理煤岩在复杂应力条件下受层理面影响的强度和变形行为,利用三维极限摩尔圆讨论了节理煤岩的复杂破坏模式.结果表明:保持最小主应力不变,煤岩的极限强度随中间主应力的增加而逐渐增大;中间主应力与层理面方向对煤岩的变形和破坏影响较大,当中间主应力垂直于层理面时,煤岩较难破坏,对应极限强度较高,且沿最小主应力方向变形较难;Mogi强度准则更符合节理煤岩在真三轴应力作用下的强度特征,特别是中间主应力平行于层理面的情况.     

深埋大理岩卸荷力学特性的试验研究

为探讨深埋大理岩在不同应力路径下力学性质的差异,揭示卸荷应力路径对岩石力学性质的影响,对取自锦屏二级深埋引水隧洞的浅灰色大理岩进行了常规三轴和两种应力路径的卸荷三轴试验研究,得到了卸荷应力状态下,大理岩破坏时的纵横应变小于常规三轴压缩应力状态得到的结果,且其变形具有由延性变形有向脆性变形转化的特征。不同应力路径下大理岩的变形模量和泊松比与围压均有良好的线性关系,但卸荷应力状态下的变形模量较常规三轴压缩应力状态下的小,泊松比则相反。卸荷状态下大理岩的破坏面更为粗糙,其内聚力较三轴压缩状态下的内聚力下降了36.4%,而内摩擦角增加了35.4%;在45MPa正应力范围内,卸荷应力状态下的抗剪强度低于常规三轴压缩状态下的抗剪强度,卸荷应力状态下更易导致岩石发生破坏。     

岩石材料局部化渐进剪切破坏特性及模型分析

为研究岩石材料局部化渐进剪切破坏过程和机制,利用RMT-150C岩石力学多功能试验机,对典型岩样进行三轴压缩试验,分析了岩石全应力应变过程,重点探讨应力软化、残余应力稳定2个峰后阶段,研究了岩石的破坏形式及机理.结果表明,应力在峰后阶段呈现渐进式跌落,并逐渐趋于稳定而达到残余强度.同时,基于局部化剪切带的形成过程,依据岩石应变软化机制,构建能模拟岩石渐进剪切破坏的力学模型.最后,对所建立的模型进行试验验证,模型计算与试验结果吻合较好,证明了该模型的合理性.     

Strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests

To study the strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests,strength and damage evolution properties of intact sandstone samples were first analyzed through the triaxial compression tests carried on TAW-2000 microcomputer control electro-hydraulic servo rock triaxial test system. Damage evolution models were established based on dilatancy properties realizing the real-time and quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process. On this basis, samples with different damage were obtained by pre-peak, peak point, post-peak and residual strength stage unloading tests in the loading process of intact samples. The characteristics of the stress-strain curves and strength evolution laws were studied through the re-loading tests of samples with different damage under different stress states. The experimental results showed that the slope of stress-strain curves, peak strength and residual strength of cracked samples increased linearly with confining pressure and decreased linearly with damage. The equivalent cohesion decreased with damage in the exponential decay curves. The mechanics properties of samples transformed from strain softening to strain hardening with damage.     

压力水-岩耦合作用下砂岩断口微观破坏机理

为了研究流固耦合作用下岩石的损伤劣化机理,以砂岩岩样为研究对象,采用流固耦合力学实验系统开展轴压水压耦合作用下单轴压缩、三轴压缩及三轴蠕变实验,借助扫描电子显微镜对岩样破裂断口的微观结构特征进行分析。结果表明:单轴饱水岩样破裂断口表面比干燥岩样出现更多的裂纹核,且断口形貌以沿晶断裂为主,穿晶断裂为辅;随着水压增大,三轴压缩岩样破裂断口表面裂纹核逐渐变少,剪切平行裂纹逐渐增多,岩样的宏观破坏形式从以张拉破坏为主逐渐向以剪切破坏为主转变;与三轴压缩岩样断口相比,三轴蠕变岩样破裂断口表面平整度和光滑度较差,晶体间联结更加紧密,剪切裂纹密度和深度增加。     

基于破坏类型的本溪灰岩本构关系研究

根据单轴和三轴条件下本溪灰岩的压缩试验和峰后循环加载试验,总结本溪灰岩的强度、变形随围压的变化规律,研究不同围压下本溪灰岩的破坏过程和重复加载过程,分析不同应力条件下本溪灰岩破坏的方式.结果表明:本溪灰岩在应力刚过峰值且未完全进入残余强度阶段,其弹性模量与峰前相同,此阶段进行循环加载时,新的峰值应力低于卸载点应力;在残余强度阶段,残余强度不再随重复加载发生明显变化;采用比较峰值时的环向弹性应变值与环向应变值的方法来判别本溪灰岩的破坏类型是可行的;不同围压下,本溪灰岩的破坏方式有张性破坏和剪切破坏2种类型,这2种破坏方式下本构模型的控制参数是不同的.分别选取了环向应变和剪切应变作为控制参数建立了本构模型,该模型很好地描述了本溪灰岩峰后阶段的应力脆性跌落现象及应力与应变的关系.     

大理岩预制裂纹试样细观损伤试验研究与分析

基于SEM的大理岩试样细观损伤全程跟踪试验方案,选取四川锦屏二级引水隧洞围岩大理岩试样进行试验观察．利用扫描电镜拍摄大量不同荷载作用下的细观损伤演化图像,从中选择有代表意义的图像进行损伤破坏特性分析．研究结果表明,由于应力集中的影;向,预制裂纹大理岩试样在加载初期产生与预制裂纹垂直的微裂纹;随着荷载的增加产生大量的拉裂纹及分叉裂纹,裂纹的扩展方向逐渐向加载轴方向转动;由于初始损伤和损伤的不断积累,压剪作用对岩石的破坏起控制作用,并形成剪切破坏面．     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on mechanisms performance of the rock-coal-bolt (RCB) composite system

For coal mines, rock, coal, and rock bolt are the critical constituent materials for surrounding rock in the underground engineering. The stability of the “rock-coal-bolt” (RCB) composite system is affected by the structure and fracture of the coal-rock mass. More rock bolts installed on the rock, more complex condition of the engineering stress environment will be (tensile-shear composite stress is principal). In this paper, experimental analysis and theoretical verification were performed on the RCB composite system with different angles. The results revealed that the failure of the rock-coal (RC) composite specimen was caused by tensile and shear cracks. After anchoring, the reinforcement body formed inside the composite system limits the area where the crack could occur in the specimen. Specifically, shearing damage occurred only around the bolt, and the stress-strain curve presented a better post-peak mechanical property. The mechanical mechanism of the bolt under the combined action of tension and shear stress was analyzed. Additionally, a rock-coal-bolt tensile-shear mechanical (RCBTSM) model was established. The relationship (similar to the exponential function) between the bolt tensile-shear stress and the angle was obtained. Moreover, the influences of the dilatancy angle and bolt diameter of the RCB composite system were also considered and analyzed. Most of the bolts are subjected to the tensile-shearing action in the post-peak stage. The implications of these results for engineering practice indicated that the bolts of the RCB composite system should be prevented from entering the limit shearing state early.     

Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

岩石强度和变形真三轴试验研究

为了得到岩石在3向应力条件下的强度及变形特征,通过真三轴试验对岩石强度进行试验研究.结果表明:峰值强度(σ1)随着中间主应力(σ2)的增加有所提高,峰值强度的最大增加量达到65.8%;在中间主应力较低时,岩石呈现出塑性的特征,随着中间主应力的增加,岩石逐渐由塑性向脆性转变.所以岩石破坏不仅取决于最大主应力差(σ1-σ3),而且与中间主应力密切相关.     

结构性吹填软土侧向变形真三轴试验研究

为了研究吹填软土在侧向变形条件下的力学与结构特性,利用真三轴试验机以及WF应力路径试验仪进行了不排水条件下的侧向卸荷试验,并与常规三轴试验结果进行了对比分析.试验结果表明：与常规三轴剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线表现的硬化特性不同,真三轴卸荷试验表现出应变软化现象.随着初始围压的增大,土体由剪缩向剪胀变化.由于中主应力的影响,真三轴卸荷状态下土体的结构屈服应力值明显大于WF卸荷状态以及常规三轴试验下的数值,其随着中主应力系数bd的增大而成非线性增长.真三轴侧向卸荷条件下土体抗剪强度指标大于WF卸荷条件,与常规三轴试验结果也明显不同,其内摩擦角增大,粘聚力减小.