多段式接触氧化工艺除磷效果及污泥磷回收研究

利用多段式接触氧化法工艺的中试装置(有12级反应槽)处理北京某污水处理厂的污水,以污泥减量为目的研究不同水力停留时间和曝气量下装置的除磷效果及12格沿程的磷变化情况,探究污泥灰分磷回收。结果表明,水力停留时间24 h相对于12 h,装置抗冲击负荷能力较好,且磷去除率高达91. 92%,优于传统生物除磷工艺,腐殖污泥磷含量74. 5 mg P/g DS,其灰分磷含量高达167 mg P/g SA,相当于高品位磷矿,采用盐酸作为浸出剂时,可快速从腐殖污泥灰分中提取90%的磷。     

水力停留时间对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自主设计的悬浮载体生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合装置,利用硝化菌载体生物膜和反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥,研究水力停留时间对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响,得出最佳工艺参数。试验考查水力停留时间分别为6 h、7 h、8.5 h和10.5 h,结果表明,当水力停留时间为8.5 h时,系统的COD去除率为91.26%,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为80.68%和70.58%,厌氧释磷速率也较稳定,为0.47 mg P·(g SS)-1·h-1,厌氧释磷速率最高,其碳源利用率最大,反硝化除磷效率最稳定,PO43--P去除率为76.50%,反硝化除磷效率为1.04 mg P·(mg NO-3-N)-1,所以当水力停留时间为8.5 h时,系统具有较高的脱氮除磷效率。当水力停留时间过短时,氮磷的去除不完全,过长时,系统不稳定,系统的最优水力停留时间为8.5 h。     

水力停留时间对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自主设计的悬浮载体生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合装置,利用硝化菌载体生物膜和反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥,研究水力停留时间对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响,得出最佳工艺参数。试验考查水力停留时间分别为6 h、7 h、8.5 h和10.5 h,结果表明,当水力停留时间为8.5 h时,系统的COD去除率为91.26%,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为80.68%和70.58%,厌氧释磷速率也较稳定,为0.47 mg P·（g SS）^-1·h^-1,厌氧释磷速率最高,其碳源利用率最大,反硝化除磷效率最稳定,PO₄^3--P去除率为76.50%,反硝化除磷效率为1.04 mg P·（mg NO₃^--N）^-1,所以当水力停留时间为8.5 h时,系统具有较高的脱氮除磷效率。当水力停留时间过短时,氮磷的去除不完全,过长时,系统不稳定,系统的最优水力停留时间为8.5 h。     

碳磷比对生物除磷效率及污泥特征的影响探究

针对进水碳磷比（C/P）冲击负荷对活性污泥生物除磷及污泥特征影响不明确的现状,在中温条件下开展了进水C/P(300/8～300/12)对活性污泥强化生物除磷及污泥特征的影响探究。结果表明：C/P降低利于生物除磷效率的提高,且当进水C/P由300/5降低至300/12时,生物除磷效率由84.5%～86.2%提高至94.6%～96.8%,化学需氧量（COD）去除率由86.5%～89.2%提高至94.2%～96.8%,生物除磷系统内氨氮去除均维持在90%以上,C/P变化对氨氮去除影响不明显。C/P降低提高了厌氧期TP释放和好氧期TP的超量吸收,且在阶段IV,厌氧净释磷量和好氧净吸磷量分别高达14.8 mg/L和26.37 mg/L,均高于其他阶段。COD的消耗主要集中于厌氧期。在C/P为300/12时,存在一定程度反硝化除磷。C/P降低提高了胞外聚合物（EPS）的含量,在阶段IV,EPS含量升高至78.8～81.2 mg/g。C/P降低对EPS内蛋白质含量具有一定促进作用。C/P降低促进了污泥沉降,在阶段III和阶段IV内,污泥体积指数下降至94～102 mL/g,沉降性能良好。研究结果对理...     

改良氧化沟工艺处理城市污水除磷试验研究

采用水解酸化-厌氧-改良氧化沟多点强化氧化沟除磷工艺,通过对前置水解酸化反应器、氧化沟水力停留时间及二沉池污泥回流比的调控,对混合型城市污水进行除磷研究。结果表明,当进水COD、TP平均分别约为557、5.9 mg/L,总水力停留时间为17.5 h,污泥回流比为1,平均DO为2~4 mg/L,无外加碳源时,经上述工艺处理后,出水COD、TP平均分别为54.9、0.9 mg/L,COD、TP平均去除率可分别达到90.1%、86.4%。水解酸化-厌氧-改良氧化沟工艺对混合型城市污水的除磷效果良好、稳定可靠。     

高效脱氮除磷系统除磷效果优化分析

针对南方城市污水C\N较低的特点以及现有脱氮除磷工艺脱氮除磷效率不高的缺点,设计了一套高效脱氮除磷工艺来强化脱氮除磷的中试装置。本工艺以广州市石井污水处理厂细格栅出水作为处理对象,针对不同工艺参数的除磷效果进行研究,并对各种因素进行组合实验。实验研究结果表明,当好氧池末端的溶解氧质量浓度为1.5mg/L,水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,硝化液回流比为200%,缺氧混合液回流比为150%,体积比为1:2.6:6.4时,高效脱氮除磷工艺对有机物和总磷的处理效果最佳,出水平均COD为32.04 mg/L,TP的平均质量浓度为0.35mg/L,去除率分别为81.32%和85.60%,达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准1级A标准,取得了较好的除磷效果,并且系统抗冲击负荷能力强,装置运行稳定。     

双污泥耦合振动缺氧MBR工艺强化污水反硝化脱氮除磷

针对双污泥(A₂N)反硝化除磷工艺存在工艺冗长、氨氮出水浓度过高的固有缺陷，提出了一种双污泥耦合振动缺氧MBR反硝化脱氮除磷(A₂N-VMBR)工艺。通过菌群培养，工艺启动与工艺参数优化，考察了A₂N-VMBR工艺启动过程中的污染物去除特性、微生物菌群变化以及缺氧MBR(AxMBR)的运行特性。结果表明，连续运行58 d后，完成了菌群的培养和工艺启动。经工艺参数优化调控，设置超越污泥比35%～40%，回流污泥比60～70%，污泥停留时间15 d，水力停留时间16 h,AxMBR污泥浓度6 000～6 500 mg/L时，COD、NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^3--P的出水浓度分别为20.02 mg/L,3.2 mg/L,0.46 mg/L，相应的去除率为90.11%、90.96%、93.38%。AxMBR平均污染周期为79 d，具有较好的耐污染特性。16S rRNA高通量测序表明，脱氯单胞菌(Dechloromonas)、陶厄氏菌属(Thaue...     

SBR处理村镇生活污水试验研究

研究了用SBR处理系统在不同水力停留时间,不同污泥龄(SRT),不同温度条件下对村镇生活污水的去除有机物、脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,考虑到脱氮除磷效果并兼顾经济的原则,水力停留时间采用6h比较合理,SBR反应器的最适SRT为20d;温度SBR反应器的除磷效果影响较小,SBR反应器更适合处理低温污水。     

改良多级A/O对低C/N生活污水强化除磷效果研究

针对传统多级A/O工艺处理低碳氮比生活污水除磷效果差的问题,通过增设前置厌氧段改良多级A/O工艺,重点研究了除磷效果的可行性。结果表明：在温度为17℃±3℃、流量分配比为100%∶0∶0、水力停留时间为10h、污泥回流比为50%、污泥龄为14天的条件下,系统总体除磷效果较好。其中COD、TP平均去除率分别为89.81%、90.35%,出水平均浓度分别为32.65mg/L、0.49mg/L,均优于GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准。由于受到硝化反硝化的综合影响,对污水中含有的氮素去除效果一般,其中NH₃-N、TN去除率均为50%左右,出水平均浓度为30.32mg/L、30.41mg/L,可通过外加碳源的方式增强反硝化能力,进一步提高系统脱氮效果,出水有望达到一级B标准。改良工艺在保证有机物去除效果的基础上基本实现了脱氮除磷,可为实际生活中处理低C/N生活污水提供参考。     

不同化学药剂的除磷效果及经济性分析

采用聚合硫酸铁、聚合氯化铝铁、铝铁复合药剂、聚合氯化铝+聚丙烯酰胺共4种化学药剂,对改良UCT工艺的小型污水装置生活污水的出水进行深度除磷处理,结果除磷效果和经济性最好是铝铁复合药剂,在进水总磷含量为2.70 mg/L时,铝铁复合药剂投加量19.2 mg/L,上清液含磷量0.30 mg/L,满足北京地标B级排放标准,污泥产量96.6 g/m³;投加量25.6 mg/L,上清液含磷量为0.19 mg/L,满足北京地标A级排放标准,污泥产量74.9 g/m3;投加量25.6 mg/L,上清液含磷量为0.19 mg/L,满足北京地标A级排放标准,污泥产量74.9 g/m³。与常规A3。与常规A²/O工艺、常规A2/O工艺、常规A²/O+厌/好氧交替工艺、改良型A2/O+厌/好氧交替工艺、改良型A²/O工艺、SBR工艺和加入超声作用的SBR工艺相比,改良UCT工艺在出水TP达到北京地标B/A级排放标准的条件下,污泥产量仍最低。     

用磷表快速测定磷石膏中水溶磷和非水溶磷

用磷表分析法代替磷钼酸喹啉容量法测定磷石膏中的水溶磷和非水溶磷,分析方法简单,经与传统容量法对照,结果准确、可靠,降低了分析成本,能满足生产控制分析需求。     

工业含磷废水除磷研究

在常温条件下，以低廉的氯化镁、碳酸氢铵作沉淀剂加入到含磷废水中除磷时，得到的一次处理液因含磷高无法达标排放。本文利用聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）作复合混凝剂，对其进行进一步除磷研究，实验研究证明，加入复合混凝剂的效果优于单独使用，并可使处理后的废水达到国家二类水排放标准。     

Association of soil-test phosphorus with phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics

There is incomplete understanding, based on a single comprehensive study, of the relationship between empirical extractants of soil-test P (STP) and fundamental measurements of soil-P status such as inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) fractions, P adsorption and relevant ancillary soil attributes. Consequently, we assessed these relationships for the extractants Morgan, Mehlich-3, Olsen, Bray-1, lactate–acetate, CaCl₂ (1:2 and 1:10 soil:solution) and resin. Multiple regression analysis indicated that STP extracted with Morgan and CaCl₂ related dominantly with the most labile resin Pi fraction, Mehlich-3 and Olsen with labile NaHCO₃ Pi, Bray-1 with moderately labile NaOH Pi and lactate-acetate with relatively stable Ca-bound HCl Pi, for example. Especially for Morgan and CaCl₂ (1:2), and except for Bray-1, the best relationship of STP with adsorption characteristics was with equilibrium P concentration in solution (EPC). Buffering capacity (EBC) and binding energy (k) did not have significant effects, as indicated by regression, whereas the effects of clay and oxalate-extractable Fe (Fe_ox) were generally negative and Al_ox and organic carbon (OC) positive. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted many similarities in the extractants. However, regression of STP against soil-P pools, integrated as principal component scores, inadequately revealed relationships, which were better facilitated by PCA ordinations. For ordinations of STP with P fractions, eigenvalues for the first two axes explained 88.6% of the variance. Closest associations were residual Pi with HCl Pi, CaCl₂ (1:10) and to a lesser extent Morgan with OC and clay, and Mehlich-3 and Olsen with NaHCO₃ Pi and resin Pi. For ordinations of STP with P adsorption, eigenvalues for the first two axes explained 97.8% of the variance. The STP extractants grouped in specific, but distinctly different, combinations. For example, strongest inverse relationships were EBC to EPC and Morgan, and k to resin and Olsen, and to OC and clay, indicative of weak P bonding on these surfaces. These distinctions are consistent with, and provide a rationale for, the relevance of Morgan as an environmental P test vis-a-vis other extractants of STP.     

污水除磷脱氮与磷回收技术

磷作为一种不可再生资源,在现代工农业生产中起着重要的作用。但污水中大量P元素的排放,对环境造成了一定的影响。采用除磷脱氮工艺处理污水,不但可以有效回收磷,而且可以解决水体富营养化问题。     

Influence of soil phosphorus and manure on phosphorus leaching in Swedish topsoils

In Sweden, subsurface transport of phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils represents the primary pathway of concern for surface water quality. However, there are mixed findings linking P in leachate with soil P and limited understanding of the interactive effects of applied P sources and soil test P on P leaching potential. Identifying soils that are susceptible to P leaching when manure is applied is critical to management strategies that reduce P loadings to water bodies. Intact soil columns (20 cm deep) from five long-term fertilization trials across Sweden were used in leaching experiments with simulated rainfall to explore the interactive effects of dairy cow (Bos taurus L.) manure application, soil test P and cropping system. Strong relationships were observed between ammonium lactate-extractable P in soil and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations in leachate, although regression slopes varied across soils. For three soils, application of manure (equal to 21–30 kg P ha^?1) to the soil columns significantly increased DRP leaching losses. The increase in DRP concentration was correlated to soil test P, but with wide variations between the three soils. For two soils leachate P concentrations after manure addition were independent of soil P status. Despite variable trends in P leaching across the different soils, P concentrations in leachate were always moderate from soils at fertilization rates equivalent to P removal with harvest. Results clearly stress the importance of long-term P balance to limit P leaching losses from Swedish agricultural soils.     

Available soil phosphorus, phosphorus buffering and soil cover determine most variation in phosphorus concentration in runoff from pastoral sites

Phosphorus (P) runoff from agricultural land contributes to elevated P concentrations in surface water. Although P concentrations in runoff are often higher when soil P is increased, attempts to quantify this relationship in field studies have been inconclusive, either because of confounding within experiments or methodological differences between experiments. The present study attempted to address these issues using simulated rainfall at 15 pastoral locations with varied lithology, land-use intensity, plant cover and soil-P properties in SE Australia, at a total of 38 on-farm sites, each with paired plots. At 27 sites, one of each pair was covered with 70?% shade-cloth to reduce rainfall energy. Although these were uncultivated pastoral sites and surface soil erosion rates were all relatively low, eroded surface soil had sufficiently high concentrations of P to make a major contribution to total P in runoff from some sites, even when plant-available soil P was low. We conclude that greater vegetative cover is required to manage P in runoff than to manage soil erosion. When soil was adequately protected against erosion by either high vegetative cover or shade-cloth, greater than 90?% of the variation in both dissolved reactive P and total P was explained by two commonly measured soil variables: soil-test P (bicarbonate extract) and P-buffering index (where P was in the range where plants may respond to fertiliser). It appears that available soil P can be raised with fertiliser to improve agronomic production without fear of significantly increasing P losses in runoff provided soil test P remains below the agronomic critical concentration defined by the soil P-buffering index. These findings have broad relevance for environmental risk assessment and management where the data required for more complex procedures are unavailable.     

磷矿伴生氟将是我国氟化工的重要原料

我国磷矿伴生氟资源储量相当于国内已探明萤石储量的13.67～16.71倍,每年开采的磷矿石量达5000多万吨,伴生氟有150多万吨,其中大部分未能回收利用,氟的流失量远大于国内当年萤石需求量中氟的总量,磷矿、萤石是不可再生资源,有效利用氟资源是持续发展氟化工的必然选择.