高速率空间激光通信系统及其应用

经过二十余年的快速发展,空间激光通信的研究重心逐渐从高精度ATP分系统向高速率通信分系统转移.紧密跟踪空间激光通信的国际发展最新动态,从通信带宽和链路功率两个方面,针对通信发射单元、接收单元和信道特性,分析了提高空间激光通信传输速率的技术难度与途径,分别阐述了波长1 550 nm、基于EDFA功放和前放技术,空间相干技术,光偏振复用技术,光波分复用技术的基本原理、性能指标及关键技术,为高速率空间激光通信提供了技术参考.     

船-岸无线激光通信实验

针对船载平台的特性设计了激光光束跟踪控制策略,并根据船-岸激光通信的特点,设计了155Mbit/s岸上通信终端和船载通信终端完成船-岸激光通信跟踪实验。其中船载终端x轴跟踪残差为3.5μrad(σ),y轴为6.7μrad(σ);平均接收光功率为-29.76dbm,标准差0.35dbm。岸上终端x轴跟踪残差为1.7μrad(σ),y轴为3.9μrad(σ);平均接收光功率为-28.18dbm,标准差0.26dbm。实验验证了该跟踪控制策略适用于船载激光通信。     

湍流大气中激光通信系统接收光功率的优化研究

以部分相干高斯-谢尔模型(GSM)光束为例,对湍流引起的漂移方差和扩展角进行模拟,综合考虑由光束漂移引起的瞄准误差和光束扩展引起的接收光功率密度的整体下降,对激光通信链路中接收端光功率进行数值计算和分析,找出激光通信系统中最佳发射光束的参数。研究结果表明,湍流大气中激光通信系统最佳发射光束的参数与光束的束腰半径、空间相干长度、波长、传播距离和湍流强度有关。部分相干GSM光束接收端光功率随着波长、光束束腰、空间相干长度和传输距离的变化存在一最优值。     

水下激光通信最大比合并分集接收性能分析及仿真

受海水吸收和散射的影响,长距离水下通信时信号幅度下降,信噪比(SNR)降低,最终导致水下激光通信系统的误码率(BER)提升,最远通信距离受限。为此,提出将最大比合并(MRC)分集接收技术应用于水下激光通信系统。分析和研究了在水体吸收和散射的综合作用下,MRC空间分集接收技术相对于等增益合并(EGC)空间分集接收技术对水下激光通信系统接收器性能的改善。推导了MRC加权系数分配方式,分析了接收支路数目与系统BER性能的关系,采用蒙特卡罗法对波长为532nm的绿光在IB型水质下100m处六路分集接收器中MRC相对于EGC的性能改善进行了仿真,并仿真了在Jerlov IB和II类水质下两种分集合并技术BER随通信距离的变化。由理论分析和仿真结果可知,MRC可以根据各路接收SNR情况更合理地分配加权系数,达到合并后的最佳SNR。在同等BER要求下,MRC可以提高水下激光通信的最远传输距离,在同等传输距离下,MRC可以降低通信系统的BER,为水下长距离激光通信系统的工程化提供了一种解决方案。     

空间激光通信系统离轴天线设计研究

空间激光通信终端通常依靠光学天线提高整个通信系统的发射及接收效率。提出了一种空间激光通信系统的离轴天线系统,以克服传统卡塞格林两镜系统存在接收视场小、发射效率低等缺点。设计了一个通光孔径为150 mm,放大倍率为15,满足0.85、1.064、1.55 m多个通信波段光学天线系统。计算了初始结构参数,利用光学设计软件ZEMAX-EE对该光学天线系统进行了光线追迹和优化设计,并对设计结果进行分析。分析结果表明:在整个工作波段(0.85、1.064、1.55 m)内,点列图半径几何值小于10 rad,实现了高放大倍率、宽波段像散同时校正,在宽波段内均达到衍射极限,满足设计指标要求,能够满足高性能空间激光通信系统的要求。     

无衍射激光通信模拟实验系统的设计与实现

无衍射光束的发散角为零并且中心光斑直径相对于高斯光束较小,在激光通信中有潜在的应用价值。本文介绍了一种以无衍射光束为信息载体的大气激光通信模拟实验系统。以串口作为计算机与该通信系统的连接终端,通信速率可通过控制软件调为多种级别：采用内调制的方法使得激光光强随传输数据而变化,使用圆锥透镜法将激光器的出射光束转换为无衍射光,在接收端利用PIN探测器将经过调制的光信号转换为电信号,经过解调后进行信号放大和电平转换,最后将数据输入串口。激光调制电路具有自动功率控制功能,维持通信过程中激光器的功率恒定。激光接收电路具有无光告警功能,可在光路受到遮挡时提示通信中断。经过实验,该系统可完成计算机串口之间的无衍射激光通信,通信比特率达到普通计算机串口的最大速率19．2kbps。     

对准误差对前置光放大卫星激光通信系统性能的影响

发射机及接收机的对准误差都会引起前置光放大卫星激光通信系统信号的衰落,在同时考虑发射机、接收机对准误差的条件下优化系统性能非常重要。将接收机对准误差引起的空间光耦合损耗用一个高斯函数近似,并同时考虑发射机对准误差引起的对准损耗,推导出了接收光功率概率密度的近似解析表达式,应用该概率密度函数,建立了基于平均误码率原则的前置光放大卫星激光通信系统的优化模型。仿真结果表明,在给定平均误码率要求及对准误差一定时,存在一个最佳发射光束宽度、接收天线直径及空间光耦合参数,使所需的发射功率最小,采用更大的接收天线并不能降低对发射功率的要求。     

基于非视线红外激光大气散射通信技术研究

为了实现非视线激光大气散射通信,根据米氏散射理论,建立了非视线通信链路模型,研究了1.06m激光的大气散射通信技术,分析了激光接收功率、激光发射功率、激光发散角、接收视场、探测器灵敏度、发射机倾角、接收机倾角、大气衰减和通信距离的关系,并搭建了试验原理系统,进行了1km距离的散射通信试验,获得了激光散射信号。结果表明,在一定的天气条件下,采用波长为1.06m的红外激光进行信号传输,有望实现远距离的大气散射通信。     

空间激光通信技术

首先对空间激光通信技术和空间微波通信技术的优缺点进行了分析和比较，然后介绍了空间激光通信系统的发射技术、接收技术、光束控制技术的现状和发展趋势，最后对空间激光通信技术的应用前景进行了综述。     

跟瞄误差对星间光码分多址系统性能的影响

为了研究星间光CDMA(codedivisionmultipleaccess)通信系统的性能,分析了跟瞄误差对系统误码率性能的影响。考虑多用户干扰、跟瞄误差和接收机噪声,给出了该通信系统的系统模型,并数值分析了跟瞄误差为不同值时误码率随接收光功率的变化关系。结果表明,跟瞄误差较小时可以实现高码速率通信,当跟瞄误差较大时,该通信系统难以实现通信,需要采用信道编码和新的接收技术来提高通信系统的性能。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.