GSP粉煤密相输送中流量波动的影响因素及控制措施

GSP粉煤高压气力密相输送系统在运行时经常出现粉煤流量波动,较大的流量波动将会引起3根粉煤管线的流量发生偏差,进而引起气化炉跳车。通过相关数据分析,粉煤水分含量、给料容器与气化炉压差、给料容器搅拌器故障、粉煤管线变形及位置发生偏移、给料容器和锁斗的容积较小等因素是引起粉煤流量波动的主要因素,并针对不同影响因素给出了相应的控制措施。     

煤粉加压密相输送特性研究

煤粉加压密相输送系统作为粉煤气化工艺的上游系统,直接影响气化炉的稳定、可靠及安全运行。当气化原料煤种发生改变或进行掺混配煤,其煤粉输送特性可能随之改变,对煤粉输送过程的平稳运行有一定影响。为研究干煤粉气化炉供煤系统的工作特性,针对某气化装置混配后的原料煤粉,利用HR指数和FF函数对粉体流动性进行分级表征,然后在内径25和15 mm管径下进行背压2、4和5 MPa的加压密相输送试验,考察了表观气速、输送压力对煤粉流量的影响规律,最后采用煤粉流量的平均波动幅度和最大波动幅度作为煤粉输送过程稳定性的评价指标,对各工艺参数间的波动相关性进行比较分析。结果表明:该原料煤粉的HR指数为1.42,FF函数为2～4。结合流动性分级表,该原料煤粉的流动性位于黏结区,但靠近易流动区;随着表观气速的增大,煤粉流量先增大后减小,在临界气速处煤粉流量最大。当表观气速超过临界气速后,由于气相压降占主体,颗粒相压降减小导致煤粉流量开始降低;输送压力对煤粉流量和流态转换有一定影响。在相同表观气速下,输送压力提高,煤粉流量有下降趋势,在小管径15 mm管道中该规律更为明显。输送压力越高,密相到稀相的流态转换越急剧,根据背压2和4 MPa的输送相图,在临界气速处,25 mm管径下相图曲线的曲率约为15 mm管径下的2倍;煤粉流量的平均波动和最大波动幅度可作为输送稳定性的评价标准。试验范围内,煤粉流量的平均波动幅度小于3%,最大波动幅度小于10%,煤粉流量最大波动幅度约为平均波动幅度的3.4倍,两者间的相关系数为0.948。     

煤粉密相输送载气对GSP气化炉的影响

介绍了神宁煤化工GSP气化煤粉密相输送系统中分别采用高压N_2和高压CO_2作为载气的应用,主要分析了N_2和CO_2分别作为载气时对气化炉反应以及粗煤气组分的影响。实践表明,煤粉密相输送系统采用CO_2替代N_2作为载气,有效降低粗煤气中N_2含量,提高粗煤气中有效气(H_2+CO)的含量,同时CO_2可以循环回收利用,在一定程度上节约了成本,降低了能耗,减小CO_2排放保护了环境,优势明显。     

煤粉加压密相输送系统研究现状及发展方向

为优化干法煤气化的煤粉密相输送系统,介绍了加压密相气力输送技术和基于散体力学理论的固体输送泵技术2种典型的煤粉加压密相输送技术,分析了2种典型技术的技术特征及气体加压密相输送技术中的关键问题,提出了干粉加压固体输送泵的发展方向。固体输送泵技术是未来煤粉密相输送的发展趋势。未来应加强国内散体力学的相关理论、数值及试验研究,包括散体静力学,散体动力学的相关基础研究;研究煤种、水分、粒径等参数与摩擦系数之间的函数关系,确定Stamet Pump及PWR针对国内煤种所能提供的最大输出压力;确定典型的Stamep Pump、PWR的XTL技术工业放大的瓶颈所在,提出切实可行的放大解决方案。     

水平管加压密相煤粉气力输送数值模拟

针对加压密相气力输送,对现有的颗粒静摩擦力模型进行适当修正,并将其与颗粒动理学理论相结合,建立了可以描述加压密相气力输送的气固湍流流动状况的多相流模型。该模型充分考虑了颗粒间碰撞和摩擦力作用,以及气相和颗粒团湍流脉动之间的相互作用。采用该模型对水平管内加压密相气力输送进行了三维数值模拟研究,模拟得到了气相和固相的速度、浓度和湍流强度分布,以及压降梯度的变化规律,再现了颗粒沉积层的形成和运动的动态过程。并进行了加压密相煤粉气力输送试验研究,预测的压降梯度与试验测量结果相符合。     

密相气力输送系统设计

密相气力输送越来越多地用于粉料的输送。以白炭黑的密相气力输送系统为例,详细描述了密相气力输送原理,以及工艺流程、发送罐容积、输送空气体积流量、输送管径、输送系统管道压力损失和除尘器过滤面积等主要参数的确定。     

如何用密相方式气力输送各种各样的原料？

你对转向使用密相气力输送感兴趣吗?或你发现了你的原料不能顺利地进行密相输送吗?以下这篇文章将为您提供一些建议。     

二氧化碳管道密相输送工艺适用性分析

根据介质的状态不同,管道输送可以分为气态输送、一般液体输送、密相输送和超临界流体输送四种。对国内筹建中的CO2管道多为短距离的注入管道进行模拟计算,从工艺、总投资和安全性三个方面对比分析,得出密相输送工艺适用性更好。     

粉煤密相气力输送流型

基于电容层析成像技术对粉煤密相气力输送系统的流型进行了研究,获得了水平管和竖直上升管粉煤密相气力输送系统的典型流动形态。研究结果表明,水平管输送时的流型随时间复杂多变,典型流型有满管流、沉积层流、悬浮流等;统计分析发现,随表观气速不同,存在明显的主导流型;结合固相速度及管道压力信号分析,展示出其与流型之间存在一定的对应关系,进一步证实了密相气力输送系统的不稳定性特征。对竖直上升管的ECT测试结果表明,输送流型为环核结构。     

竖直上升管中密相气力输送压降特性

研究了内径20 mm的竖直上升不锈钢管道中粉煤密相气力输送单位管长压降随输送参数的变化规律,并得到了Zenz相图。结果表明,在实验操作范围内管道压降主要由固相自身静压降和固相摩擦压降组成,气相产生的压降不超过总压降的1%;固相体积分数是影响压降变化的主要因素,并讨论了粉煤流速以及固相体积分数对固相静压降和摩擦压降的影响规律;考察了粉煤流速和固相体积分数对固相摩擦系数的影响,对实验数据拟合得到了固相摩擦系数的关系式,计算结果与实验值吻合较好。     

操控条件对煤粉密相气体输送特性影响

为了获得操控条件对煤粉密相气体输送的影响规律,在上出料输送装置中,各种操作参数,如锥部气流率、底部气流率、调节气流率、输送压力和输送压差对煤粉质量流率、固气比、煤粉速度和表观气速的影响进行研究。结果表明:当锥部气流率改变时,煤粉质量流量改变不超过8%,且其他输送参数改变也较小;当底部气流率为0,煤粉仍可实现输送。随着底部气流率的增加,输送量和固气比呈现下降趋势,但表观气速和煤粉流速却呈现相反的趋势;当调节气流率从0增加到0.9 m3/h时,输送量从1 548 kg/h增加到1 582 kg/h,仅增加2.2%,但表观气速、煤粉流速和固气比变化却较大;当压力大于1 000 kPa,压力对输送特性的影响变小;输送参数都随着输送压差的增加显著增加。研究结果将为大规模干煤粉气化技术的密相输送操作提供重要参考。     

煤粉高压密相气力输送稳定性分析

在自主研发的密相气力输送实验装置上,以N₂作输送载气,以3种不同粒径的褐煤作输送物料进行输送实验,运用域重标分析方法对水平管差压信号和料罐质量脉动序列进行了Hurst指数分析,并采用统计学方法对料罐质量脉动序列进行了标准差分析,从管内流动和料罐出料出发,对整体输送稳定性进行了探讨。结果表明：水平管差压信号Hurst指数H_dp能较好地表征管内流动稳定性,而料罐质量脉动Hurst指数H_ma则需结合标准差分析才能更好地表征料罐出料稳定性。以表观气速与跃移速度比值K为特征参数进行探讨,在K=1.5左侧,随着K值减小,H_dp减小,管内流型发生转变,甚至可能发生堵管,管内流动稳定性变差,料罐质量脉动标准差增大,出料稳定性变差,整体输送稳定性变差;在K=1.5右侧,随着K值增大,H_dp减小趋势不明显,管内流动稳定性虽有变差的趋势,但不会发生堵管,而结合对料罐质量脉动序列的标准差分析,发现出料稳定性变差,甚至可能出现出料中断的情况,整体输送稳定性变差。     

Numerical simulation on dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal in horizontal pipe at high pressure

A kinetic–frictional model, which treats the kinetic and frictional stresses in an additive manner, was incorporated into the two fluid model based on the kinetic theory of granular flow to simulate three dimensional flow behaviors of dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal in horizontal pipe. The kinetic stress was modeled by the kinetic theory of granular flow, while the friction stress is from the combination of the normal frictional stress model proposed by Johnson and Jackson [1987. Frictional–collisional constitutive relations for granular materials, with application to plane shearing. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 176, 67–93] and the modeled frictional shear viscosity model proposed by Syamlal et al. [1993. MFIX documentation and theory guide, DOE/METC94/1004, NTIS/DE94000087. Electronically available from http://www.mfix.org], which was modified to fit experimental data. For the solid concentration and gas phase Reynolds number was high, the gas phase and particle phase were all treated as turbulent flow. The experiment was carried out to validate the prediction results by three kinds of measurement methods. The predicted pressure gradients were in good agreement with experimental data. The predicted solid concentration distribution at cross section agreed well with electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) image, and the effects of superficial velocity on solid concentration distribution were discussed. The formation and motion process of slug flow was demonstrated, which is similar to the visualization photographs by high speed video camera.     

Experimental research of flow patterns and pressure signals in horizontal dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal

Understanding flow patterns and their variability is important for optimal design and trouble free dense phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal in a horizontal tube. Employing the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), six flow patterns were identified and utilized for quantitative analysis based on the value and distribution of cross-sectional solid concentration. The dense-phase flow patterns in the horizontal tube of the pneumatic conveying system were somehow variable even when the operating conditions were unchanged. The probability calculation results suggest changing multiple flow patterns with one or two dominant flow for each of the seven sets of experimental conveying conditions and that a finite change in the dominant flow pattern would occur with an increasing superficial gas velocity. The power spectral density (PSD) function and the Hurst exponent of the pressure signals of the pulverized coal were well correlated with its flow patterns in a horizontal tube. The PSD functions and probability density functions (PDFs) of the void fraction signals from ECT are found to be related with flow patterns and can be used to quantitatively identify flow regimes. The ECT data may therefore be utilized for monitoring the flow patterns in a horizontal tube employed for pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal.     

Flow characteristics and pressure drop across the Laval nozzle in dense phase pneumatic conveying of the pulverized coal

Experimental studies were performed to describe the physical phenomena occurring in dense phase pneumatic conveying of the pulverize coal with a Laval nozzle installed in the pipeline. The maximal coal mass flow rate decreased from 0.87 kg/s to 0.35 kg/s and an obvious decrease in the solids loading ratio was revealed after the Laval nozzle was installed. In addition, the Laval nozzle showed a better capacity of resisting disturbance, which made it easier to control the coal mass flow rate precisely and promoted the stable conveying process. These specific physical phenomena were proved to result from the high pressure drop of the Laval nozzle. Thereby, a mathematic model was developed to predict the two-phase pressure drop across the Laval nozzle. The pressure drop model described the experimental data within the 15% deviation. The main influence factors contributing to the pressure drop of the Laval nozzle were discussed using the model. Then the effects of gas mass flow rate, solids loading ratio, convergence angle, throat diameter and throat length were revealed.     

工业级管道中粉煤浓相流动特性

分别以干燥空气和粉煤为输送载气和介质，在39 mm工业级水平不锈钢管内进行了浓相气固两相流动特性实验研究。高速摄像仪拍摄到的粉煤流型表明，浓相输送条件下存在分层流。在流化气和调节气协同作用下，工业级管道中的粉煤浓相输送规律与此两路气流流量密切相关，并获得了39 mm管径下的粉煤气力输送相图。与管径较小的20 mm水平不锈钢管输送结果的比较表明：较大管径条件下，输送压力对粉煤流率的影响更为显著，输送的经济气速相对较高；相同输送通量情况下，较大管径的输送单位管长压降低，且输送通量变化引起的单位管长压降变化也较为平缓。     

煤泥水处理中高分子絮凝剂的影响因素分析

介绍了煤泥水处理中高分子絮凝剂的作用机理,分析了高分子絮凝剂的性质、分散体系中的微粒性质、煤泥水性质及使用方法对絮凝效果的影响。     

300MW机组发电煤耗影响因素分析

结合国电太原第一热电厂有限责任公司300 MW抽气凝汽式机组相关运行参数进行耗差分析,明确发电煤耗的主要影响因子,并提出合理化降耗建议。其方法是:第一步,假定管道效率在定值条件下,用图表直观描述汽机效率、锅炉效率对该机组发电煤耗的影响程度;第二步,与设计值相比,将汽机效率、锅炉效率的影响因子进行定量化分析,测算出该机组可控损失造成发电煤耗的增量,明确其发电煤耗主要影响因子为:主蒸汽压力、凝汽器真空度、最终给水温度、排烟含氧量、排烟温度,并有针对性地提出合理化降耗措施。