胶片摄影空间相机动态成像质量评价

对以胶片为图像载体的可见光高分辨率空间相机来说,除光学系统本身的像质和胶片分辨力对相机的最终成像质量产生影响外,相机的像移补偿机构、像移速度控制系统、最佳成像焦面位置的确定等都对相机的最终成像质量产生影响,通过对胶片式可见光高分辨力空间相机整机系统的成像理论进行分析探讨,采用光学传递函数的方法进行相机整机系统的像质评价及像面位置的准确标定。详细给出了空间相机的实验室检测和在轨摄影的动态摄影传递函数及数据分析结果,通过理论值与此方法分析出的传递函数值作对比,证明了胶片摄影刀口阴影经付立叶变换等方法处理所得MTF的方法可以用来评价空间相机的动态成像质量,对用实验室实测的相机动态MTF结果来预估相机在轨动态MTF及在轨摄影分辨力方面做出了有益的尝试。     

在轨光学相机探测图像数字仿真系统设计与实现

根据在轨光学相机测量原理与工作环境,建立了空间目标相对运动学与反射光学特征模型、相机成像模型以及背景恒星成像模型;分析了相机测量噪声及相机探测灵敏度并在仿真中考虑了对干扰因素成像质量的影响,完成了现有星表中背景恒星的视星等根据相机的探测波段范围进行了仪器星等的等效计算,以提高仿真图像的逼真度;根据相机工作原理设计了仿真流程,应用Visual C++与Open GL技术完成了仿真软件的实现。     

火星环绕器姿轨控制误差对高分相机像质的影响

火星环绕器绕火飞行,轨道是大椭圆轨道。高分相机是火星环绕器的有效载荷之一,在其轨道上对火拍摄,其成像质量除与自身参数相关外,还与姿轨控制误差有很大关系。为了实现对火星的高分辨率拍摄,本文对姿轨控制误差与相机成像质量的关系进行了研究。首先,分析了火星环绕器姿轨控制对高分相机像移的影响模型;然后,利用平行光管、动态目标模拟器搭建试验验证平台,通过地面测试设备仿真环绕器平台参数。设置动态目标模拟器产生速度随姿轨参数变化的动态目标,为相机提供拍摄目标。相机实时进行像移计算,并拍摄成像。试验结果表明,当测轨精度不大于1 km时,测速精度不大于1 m/s时,能保证相机动态MTF值下降不超过10%。采用高精度的姿轨控制可保证高分相机在轨成像质量的要求。     

空间相机调焦机构误差分析

空间高分辨率遥感仪器的发射过程和在轨复杂的温度环境条件会使其光学焦平面发生偏离,从而影响相机的成像质量.为补偿相机焦平面位置的变化,本文根据高分辨红外相机的在轨应用环境以及光学设计要求,对相机的调焦机构进行了方案设计和误差分析.计算了结构误差对系统精度的影响,对不同类型结构的精度进行了归类,并利用齐次坐标变换矩阵建立了误差分析模型.同时,详细分析了误差源的特性、概率分布和变换矩阵参量间的关系.利用Monte Carlo法进行了仿真,结果表明该机构设计合理,满足仪器的使用要求.样机测试表明,该机构行程内轴向位置误差为(-0.01±0.003 6)mm,透镜最大倾斜角为25″,最大离轴量为0.005 mm.目前,该机构已成功在轨使用.     

飞轮扰动下大口径长焦距光学成像系统的视轴误差的分析与试验

为了分析飞轮产生的微振动对高分辨率卫星成像质量的影响,建立了某高分辨率卫星的结构动力学模型,测量飞轮在轨工作时产生的微振动,并基于整星层次计算卫星在飞轮扰动下视轴误差。计算结果表明该高分辨率卫星光学成像系统的视轴误差的关键模态为第8与9阶模态,主镜与次镜对视轴误差贡献最大,可以优化主镜与次镜相关结构参数提高光学卫星的成像质量。为验证整星结构设计与微振动分析优化的准确性与合理性,针对整星初样开展地面微振动试验,该卫星在轨姿控系统为偏置动量轮设计,通过星上Z/Y轴动量轮模拟在轨实际工作转速,分别在卫星悬吊状态以及固支状态下测量了卫星颤振情况。分析与试验结果表明:整星微振动时角位移的仿真计算结果与试验结果相比,其相对误差α为11.13%,绝对值为0.009 94″,小于0.01″,初步认为在轨遥感图像质量不会受微振动影响而退化,并为光学遥感卫星的微振动设计提供了参考。     

基于等效成像模型的立体测绘相机成像信噪比分析

为了评价立体测绘相机的成像质量和辐射性能,对相机成像信噪比特性进行了研究.通过对成像电路信号转换过程及各种噪声影响进行分析,建立了相机成像电路等效成像模型;根据立体测绘相机成像电路的工作状态对成像电路的输出信号、增益及各种噪声进行分析;利用相机的工程参数对立体测绘相机成像信噪比进行了分析计算;并对立体测绘相机进行实验室辐射定标测试.计算结果表明相机在4.33 W·m-2·sr-1、12.47 W·m-2·sr-1和40.41 W·m-2·sr-1这3种辐亮度条件下相机成像信噪比分别达到68倍、134倍和245倍.计算结果与实验结果最大相差4.4％,小于实验室绝对辐射定标精度7％.分析结果表明成像电路等效输出模型和成像信噪比计算方法是完全正确的,可以应用于立体测绘相机成像质量评价.     

基于深空探测器的在轨天体合影成像及应用

提出了基于深空探测器对太空中的目标天体合影成像的新策略。首先,基于相机的性能参数建立视场模型,然后对天体和探测器轨道动力学模型、探测器姿态数据以及光照条件进行综合分析,最终确定了拍摄用相机以及成像时刻与成像姿态等成像策略。以探月三期月地高速再入返回飞行任务的设计为例,研究计算了对地月合影的拍摄相机、成像时刻与成像姿态,并利用在轨探测效果仿真系统进行了仿真验证。结果表明:该成像策略能够根据预定的天体合影的构图要求便捷地计算出拍摄条件,结果准确、角度偏差在1°范围内。该成像策略还成功应用于探月三期月地高速再入返回飞行器的实际任务中,在距离月球1.40×104 km和距离地球3.91×105 km处,获得了我国航天史上首张地月合影图像,为后续深空探测器在轨天体合影提供了参考依据。     

空间双相机同速异向驱动机构设计

为提高空间光学相机在轨成像效能,创新采用双相机驱动机构,增加相机在轨工作模式。该机构具有同步性高、驱动简单可靠、消耗资源小的优点。首先,详细分析了机构运动的需求,确定了驱动机构方案,接着,对驱动机构的相关参数进行了计算分析,确定了电机型号;然后,根据任务规划,对凸轮曲线进行了详细设计,最后,进行了机构的详细设计和运动学分析,完成了缩比原理样机的研制,结果表明该机构可以满足相机使用要求。     

大口径空间相机像质的微振动频率响应计算

由于大口径空间相机对空间环境变化和卫星内部振源引起的微振动十分敏感,本文研究了影响成像质量的微振动频率响应的计算方法,以改善相机的在轨动态成像质量。该方法通过实际光学模型取代线性光学模型,建立微振动光机集成模型,从而计算影响成像质量的微振动频率响应。首先,建立大口径空间相机有限元模型,进行结构频率响应计算,得到采样频率点的光学表面节点位移和相位。然后,通过蒙特卡洛分析方法,建立微振动光机集成模型,以均方根光学系统动态传递函数和视轴漂移衡量大口径空间相机动态成像性能。最后,研制了大口径空间相机力学样机,对其进行了振动试验,验证了有限元模型的正确性。试验结果表明仿真结果与试验结果接近,误差均在5%以内,满足大口径空间相机动态成像质量分析的要求。     

Pick-up system for three-dimensional integral imaging with camera array

基于三维集成成像理论以及相机阵列和显示透镜阵列之间的对应关系,利用几何成像理论和光线追踪方法对不匹配全光学集成成像记录系统进行了理论分析,得到了主要记录参数(记录距离和相机间隔)和集成成像显示特性之间的关系.提出了一种非匹配系统中相机阵列记录系统参数的设计方法,并设计了相机阵列记录系统.计算得到了系统的关键参数为记录距离49.6 cm,相机间隔25 mm.对提出的方法进行了实验验证,结果表明,提出的相机阵列光学记录系统能够完整记录场景的三维信息,三维显示特性基本达到了设计指标,相机阵列的主要记录参数与集成成像三维显示特性的关系符合理论分析,验证了提出方法及系统设计的可行性.提出的系统可为不匹配全光学集成成像系统显示提供大场景、高分辨率微图像阵列.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.