指纹图谱技术在乳制品质量控制中的应用

指纹图谱技术是一种分析复杂组分或成品的有效、全面的分析方法。简要地介绍了指纹图谱技术的特点、研究方法以及指纹图谱的构建。重点概述了指纹图谱技术在乳制品领域中的应用,包括特征鉴定、掺假识别、质量过程控制以及微生物监测四个方面。指纹图谱技术将成为乳制品质量控制新的发展方向。     

花椒指纹图谱的研究进展

我国的花椒资源丰富,在各行各业中应用广泛。随着花椒需求的增大,花椒的质量问题越来越明显,因此制定全面系统的花椒质量控制方法尤其重要。目前,花椒的质量控制研究主要集中在指纹图谱方面,其研究成果大多以花椒指纹图谱研究性论文的形式出现,缺乏综述性的论文。因此,本文对不同类型的花椒指纹图谱的相关研究进行总结,包括高效液相色谱指纹图谱、气相色谱指纹图谱、光谱指纹图谱、高效薄层色谱指纹图谱、核磁指纹图谱和分子生物学指纹图谱等。同时,本文对这几种指纹图谱类型进行了简单的对比,并对该技术在花椒应用中的研究方向和发展前景进行展望,期望为从事花椒研究和应用的工作者提供参考价值。     

气味指纹图谱技术在食品挥发性气味分析中的应用

气味指纹图谱技术是采用现代分析仪器,得到能够反映样品挥发性气味物质的特征性色谱、光谱以及其他图谱的数据资料的技术。本文主要对建立食品气味指纹图谱的几种最新技术以及研究现状做了详细的介绍。     

指纹分析技术及其在食品中的应用

指纹分析技术是一类基于样品的某种品质特征,以指纹分析方法(如DNA指纹图谱、代谢指纹图谱、同位素指纹图谱、气味指纹图谱、光谱指纹图谱等)为手段,获得系列特征性数据资料,建立模型,最终进行统计和分类的一种技术,以快速、准确、灵敏等优点成为食品检测技术研究的热点和未来发展趋势。文章综述各类指纹分析技术的原理、应用及发展趋势,重点概述在食品溯源、食品品质检测、食品加工中化学和微生物变化中的应用,以期为今后的相关研究提供借鉴。     

指纹图谱在白酒中的应用研究进展

指纹图谱技术是分析天然产物和产品的有效手段。本文介绍了指纹图谱的概念、分类方法、白酒指纹图谱构建原理及现代光谱、色谱分析技术在白酒指纹图谱中的应用。提出了白酒指纹图谱建立的要求、目前存在的问题,以及在白酒生产、质量控制中的应用,并对未来白酒指纹图谱的发展方向进行了展望。     

指纹图谱在酱香型白酒生产过程中的应用研究进展

指纹图谱技术作为一种分析天然产物和产品的有效手段，近年来在传统白酒行业中的应用日益增多。本文详细介绍了指纹图谱技术在酱香型白酒生产过程中的应用，包括酿酒原料真实性的鉴别、勾兑工艺以及成品酒的真伪鉴定、工艺区别和质量控制等领域的应用，并对未来指纹图谱技术在酱香型白酒中应用方向进行了展望。     

固相微萃取气相色谱检测纺织品中异常气味

采用固相微萃取顶空进样技术和气相色谱对纺织品中的异常气味进行了分析，探讨了异常气味样品的采样方法和分析条件，利用70μm乙烯二醇一二乙烯基苯共聚物（CW／DVB）萃取膜对异常气味样品进行了多次取样分析，获得了霉味、高沸点的石油味等气相色谱的指纹图谱；研究发现组成气味的气体的种类不同，其气相色谱的指纹图谱也有所不同，多次分析同一种气味样品的色谱图有较好的相似性。从总的取样及分析结果看，利用该技术对纺织品异常气味进行分析研究的应用前景较好。     

基于电子鼻的气味指纹技术在有害微生物检测中的应用

气味指纹技术是借助气体传感器等气体吸附手段,对挥发性气味物质进行分析处理的技术.随着嗅觉传感器技术的不断发展,气味指纹技术得到了广泛的研究与应用.本文介绍了基于电子鼻的气味指纹技术在临床诊断、环境监测、食品分析领域有害微生物检测的实例,展望了其应用前景,为以后更好的利用气味指纹技术研究有害微生物提供了理论依据.     

指纹图谱技术在果汁质量控制中的应用

目前指纹图谱技术在我国传统中药质量控制中起着重要的作用。对鉴该技术，建立果汁特征理化指标指纹图谱及指纹图谱信息解析技术等相关问题进行论述，旨在对建立科学合理的控制和评价果汁质量、果汁防伪方法等方面的研究工作进行初探。     

蜂蜜高效液相色谱指纹图谱的研究进展

指纹图谱技术在食品的质量控制中起着重要的作用。本文主要介绍了高效液相色谱指纹图谱在蜂蜜研究中的应用，以期为蜂蜜的鉴定、质量控制及标准的制定等方面工作奠定基础。     

Sensoric and chemical limits in lowering the dose of sodium nitrite in the process of pork curing

The specific cured meat odour and taste stimulus thresholds in pork containing different quantities of sodium nitrite were determined in relation to the residual nitrite level and relative contents of nitrosylpigments in meat. It was stated, that the specific odour and taste detection thresholds were equal to 10 and below 10 mg NaNO2/kg of meat, respectively, and the specific odour and taste recognition thresholds were equal to 26 and 21 mg NaNO2/kg of meat, respectively. The detection and recognition thresholds corresponded to 2.4 and 8.5 mg of residual nitrite in meat, respectively. In all the cases the relative contents of nitrosylpigments were above 50%. Taking into account the maintening of specific cured meat odour and taste, the dose of sodium nitrite in pork curing may be lowered to 30 mg/kg.     

滚揉技术在肉制品加工中的应用研究进展

为进一步促进滚揉技术在现代肉制品加工中的应用,本文在阐明滚揉技术工作原理及其主要影响因素（真 空度、滚揉温度、滚揉时间、转速及滚揉方式）基础上,分析滚揉技术在肉制品加工中的应用现状以及滚揉技术与 现代食品加工新技术的联合应用研究进展。通过分析发现,滚揉技术在传统腌腊肉制品、西式肉制品和预调理肉制 品加工中的应用研究较多;在与食品加工新技术联合应用方面,主要有超声波、充气变压、脉动真空技术与滚揉技 术联合应用的报道。总之,滚揉技术在肉制品加工中的应用主要集中在产品品质改良和质量安全控制方面。     

Effect of Brussels sprouts and inulin/rape seed cake on the sensory profile of pork M. longissimus dorsi

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of two diets containing either Brussels sprouts or inulin/rape seed cake, compared with a standard diet (control) for slaughter pigs on flavour and odour attributes and sensory profile of cooked pork. Three weeks prior to slaughter 24 female pigs were allocated to three diets: (1) a standard grower-finishing diet (control) for slaughter pigs containing barley, wheat and soy-bean meal, (2) the control diet containing 11 energy percent Brussels sprouts and (3) a diet containing 25% inulin and 55% rape seed cake. The odour and flavour of the cooked meat from inulin/rape seed cake-fed pigs differed significantly from the other two diets, showing reduced meat odour, increased pig and acrid odour, increased pig flavour, reduced fresh flavour and total impression. Meat from the Brussels sprouts-fed pigs deviated only slightly from the control-fed pigs.     

肉制品异源基因检测技术研究进展

近年来,食品掺假逐渐成为消费者关注的重要食品安全问题之一。由于利益的驱使,在肉制品行业异 源肉质掺假现象尤其严重。目前,用于肉制品异源基因检测的技术包括普通聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）技术、DNA指纹技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术、微滴式数字PCR技术、DNA条形码技术等。本文 综述了肉制品中异源基因检测技术的研究进展,并对每种方法的优缺点和发展趋势予以讨论。     

气味指纹识别技术在乳品香精品质评价中的应用

气味指纹识别技术(又称电子鼻技术)是由传感和自动化模式识别系统组成的针对各种气味进行精确识别的智能系统。由于该技术可以客观、准确、快速、全面地测定食品气味,因而将气味指纹识别技术应用于食品风味鉴别体系是目前食品感官品质评价的热点之一。本实验通过利用电子鼻对不同类型的奶酪制品、奶粉样品、商品天然奶味香精与自制天然奶味香精样品的总体香气组分进行采集得到传感器响应值,并通过主成份分析(PCA)和统计质量控制分析(SQC)的两种方法对采集得到的数据进行处理。研究结果表明电子鼻技术可以方便、客观地确定自制奶味香精与其他香精样品的风味相似程度,并能够迅速地对自制奶味香精样品的香气品质进行评价,从而为电子鼻在香精香料领域内的研究与应用开辟了新的途径与方法。     

Nutritional and sensory aspects of light lamb meat enriched in n−3 fatty acids during refrigerated storage

Fatty acid content and sensory characteristics of meat from light lambs fed three diets supplemented with different sources of n−3 fatty acids (fish oil, extruded linseed and extruded linseed plus microalgae) and a control diet during refrigerated storage have been studied. The meat from lambs fed linseed diets had the highest levels of C18:3 n−3, while animals fed fish oil had the highest long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Thus, 100 g of meat from lamb fed the fish oil diet provided 183 mg of long-chain n−3 PUFA, representing 40% of the daily recommended intake. The levels of n−3, n−6 and long-chain n−3 PUFA decreased during a 7-day storage period. The meat from lambs fed the fish oil diet had high scores of fish odour and flavour and rancid odour and flavour and the lowest overall liking. Rancid odour and flavour increased after storage, mainly in supplemented groups.     

Effect of carnosine preblending on the quality of ground buffalo meat

A study was conducted on carnosine preblending at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% levels with ground buffalo meat obtained from spent, adult, male Murrah buffalo carcasses, to identify the level of carnosine required for improving the quality of the meat during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. It was observed that meat samples containing 1.0% and 1.5% carnosine significantly inhibited metmyoglobin formation and brown colour development. Carnosine also improved meat pH, and water-holding capacity and lowered cooking loss and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) values as compared to control sample. Carnosine also improved desired visual colour and odour, and gave higher LTCU ‘R’ and chroma of meat samples. Visual colour was inversely correlated with metmyoglobin, aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophs plate count, and odour was inversely correlated with TBARS values. Use of 1.0% carnosine for preblending extended the shelf life of ground buffalo meat up to 8 days under refrigerated storage.     

Practical application of DNA fingerprinting to trace beef

DNA fingerprinting allows the verification of conventional methods used to implement beef traceability. At any point along the supply chain, the identity of an animal or piece of meat can be checked by comparison of its DNA profile with an initial sample. Practical application of DNA fingerprinting to trace beef requires a choice of DNA markers as well as the optimization of sampling methods. This has been achieved as the result of collaboration between meat technicians and geneticists over a period of 4 years. The discrimination power of nine highly polymorphic microsatellite markers was evaluated. We propose that three markers (with a 0.001 probability that two individual profiles match by chance) are adequate for routine tests. Two key points along the production-commercialization chain where sampling must be systematic were defined: (i) the tagging of the calf (identity control) and (ii) after slaughter (slaughter control), before the animal loses its external appearance. The identity control was blood collected on a filter paper adapted to the ear tag; the slaughter control was the tagged ear itself. These constituted the control samples, which were archived with a code matching the individual tag number. Test samples were obtained on a random basis from live animals, carcasses, and pieces of meat at cutting halls and at the retail outlet and in cases when the verification of identity was needed. The DNA profiles of the test samples and the controls were then obtained and compared, to verify either an individual identity or the origin of a piece of meat from the stated animal.     

A comparative study of boar taint in cooked and dry-cured meat

A comparative study of boar taint in cooked and dry-cured pig meat products was performed. Forty-eight cooked loins and 48 dry-cured hams from entire males and castrates were studied. The samples were classified according to the androstenone (AN) and skatole (SK) fat content determined using HPLC. A trained sensory panel evaluated taste, aroma, boar odour, boar flavour, juiciness, tenderness and fatness in cooked and dry-cured samples. Threshold levels of AN and SK to separate (P<0.05) entire and castrate samples according to their boar odour and flavour were determined. The effects of castration and processing on the eating quality were studied. Finally, the relationships among boar taint and other sensory attributes in cooked and dry-cured meat were compared. Results from these studies show that the eating quality of processed meat was affected negatively by boar taint. Threshold values were higher in dry-cured ham (2 μg g(-1) AN and 0.12 SK) than cooked loin (0.5 AN and 0.1 SK). AN and SK had a synergistic effect on boar odour and flavour in both products. AN had a greater influence than SK on the aroma and taste, especially in cooked meat. Boar odour was perceived more intensely than boar flavour in both of the products studied. Castration favoured fatness and improved the aroma and taste of cooked and dry-cured meat. The loss of aroma and taste due to boar taint was more noticeable in cooking than drying and curing. In dry-cured meat boar taint was associated with less aroma, taste, juiciness and tenderness. However, in cooked meat, boar taint affected the aroma and taste more strongly, but was not related with juiciness and tenderness, probably because these attributes are influenced by cooking.