生物电化学系统在废水脱氮中的应用研究进展

为防止过量氮素对人体健康以及生态环境的危害,亟待解决水体富营养化问题,而生物电化学系统在废水处理的同时可以回收能量,在废水脱氮领域引起了广泛关注。总结了生物电化学系统(BES)在高氨氮含量废水(养殖废水、尿液、消化液、垃圾渗滤液)的氮回收以及在低C/N废水的深度脱氮的原理,工艺形式以及研究进展;指出根据实际的废水的特性,设计不同形式的BES进行氮素回收及深度脱氮来实现废水资源化利用;同时提出BES的放大是其面临的主要挑战,为实现其工程化应用,需要对反应的机理、工艺的成本及生命周期等方面进行研究。     

煤制天然气废水处理技术研究现状及展望

为实现煤制天然气项目的"废水零排放",论述了煤制天然气"废水零排放"主要工艺,如酚氨回收、有机废水处理、含盐废水处理、浓盐水处理、高浓盐水处理、结晶盐处理等,并分析了各工序处理技术的特点及存在问题,并对煤制天然气及煤化工废水零排放处理发展趋势进行展望。未来应通过生产系统与水系统的优化,研究废水处理与利用的新途径,实现废水减量化;提高酚氨回收过程的回收效率及装置稳定性,降低运行成本;开发抗毒生化技术;研发高性能、抗污染膜材料,形成新工艺;开发经济、可靠的浓盐水脱除COD技术;开发高回收率、高纯度的分盐结晶工艺;形成煤化工废水结晶盐产品标准,促进废水结晶盐资源化利用。     

钽铌冶炼过程中三废治理及综合利用

简述了钽铌湿法冶炼过程中废气、废水、废渣产生的机理及治理方法。钽铌湿法冶炼过程中废气(酸性废气、含氨废气)净化排放问题、废水(酸性废水、氨氮废水)分类处理、废渣中回收有价金属和防止放射性物质的扩散是处理钽铌湿法冶炼的关键因素。采用防堵塞移动式筛板湍球吸收塔处理含酸废气、用吹脱汽提法处理含氨废水、分类回收冶炼过程废渣,既回收了钽铌有价金属,又确保钽铌湿法废气、废水、废渣达到国家排放标准。     

治理氨厂“三废” 实现达标排放

根据氨合成装置工艺生产特点,采取源头治理,循环利用的方法:通过甲醇回收装置处理COD超标废水;采用稀氨水回收、非等压醇烷化工艺取代铜洗工艺等措施,基本达到无NH3-N废水排放;应用氨醇回收、PSA-H2技术对氨合成废气进行处理;改造油回收,减少油水污染,最终实现达标排放。     

蒸氨-脱酚-SBR处理兰炭废水的研究

兰炭废水是煤制焦化产品回收过程中产生的废水,其成分复杂多变,属于难处理的工业废水。兰炭废水的处理方法主要有生物法、化学法和物理化学法等三类。为开发高效且低成本的兰炭废水处理新技术,将蒸氨-脱酚-SBR结合的处理工艺,进行试验。对某厂兰炭废水进行处理,并考察微生物的适应情况以及对废水的处理效果。结果表明：蒸氨-脱酚-SBR处理工艺可以耐受废水中较高浓度的有害物质,对兰炭废水中各项污染物处理效果理想,该工艺运行成本低。     

开磷剑化回收氨氮废水增效益

开磷集团剑化公司坚持挖潜降耗工作不停步,仅氨氮废水回收项目每年就新增效益308万元以上。该公司硝酸铵工段每年产生的氨氮废水约80kt／a,每吨废水中含氨、硝酸铵分别为8kg、3kg。自去年10月新建氨氮废水回收系统投入生产运行后,用氨氮废水替代脱盐水进行酸吸收,不但回收了废水中的氨和硝酸铵,而且每年节约脱盐水80kt／a,同时降低了吸收塔尾气中氮氧化物含量,减少了处理尾气的气氨用量,经济效益和环境效益明显。     

焦化蒸氨废水余热回收利用新技术开发与应用

针对传统焦化蒸氨废水工艺余热未全面回收利用的问题,设计开发了蒸氨废水余热回收利用新技术。通过蒸汽、热水两用型制冷、采暖双工况吸收式热泵机组,可夏季回收蒸氨废水余热制取热水,作为制冷机驱动热源制取工艺冷却水,满足煤气净化回收系统冷却需要,冬季回收蒸氨废水余热并辅以蒸汽为热源生产取暖水,实现了蒸氨废水余热的综合利用,降低了工序能耗,具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

低温蒸发技术处理焦化厂蒸氨废水的工程试验研究

以焦化厂蒸氨废水为研究对象,针对其采用常规方法处理效果不佳的问题,研发并试验了低温蒸发技术处理蒸氨废水,考察了装置的产水回收率和能耗。结果表明:低温蒸发装置能够充分利用废水余热,产水回收率达70%,处理蒸氨废水所需能耗约28 kWh/m~3。装置连续运行产水量稳定,受环境温湿度、蒸氨废水进液量和温度影响较小,产水中TDS、COD分别下降约90%和49%,其他有害成分和水温也均降低,为下步生化处理提供了有利条件。     

水力停留时间对生物电化学系统性能影响研究

采用电极生物电化学系统(BES)处理模拟城镇废水,研究水力停留时间分别为6 h、12 h、18 h和24 h时,BES反应器对于废水中COD、氨氮、总氮去除效果及其产电性能。实验发现:综合考虑BES系统去除污染物性能和产电性能,最佳水力停留时间为12~18h;随着水力停留时间的增加,BES反应器对COD去除效果先增加后逐渐趋于稳定,NH4+-N和总氮的去除率变化不大;BES反应器对COD、NH4+-N和总氮的去除率最高可达92.1%、99.3%和98.8%;在阴极和阳极间500?电阻两端最高可以产生98 mV电压,电压和COD的处理效果有一定联系。     

兰炭废水酚氨回收工艺的研究

我国工业废水污染问题较为严重,废水治理一直是困扰兰炭企业多年的难题。治理好废水迫在眉睫。本文主要介绍了兰炭废水酚氨回收的新工艺,经过新工艺处理,废水中的各项数值达标后,后续再进行生化处理或排放都会更加符合国家对废水治理的要求。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.